电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定稀土铝合金中稀土和非稀土元素

本工作用 ICP-AES 法测定稀土-6063变形铝合金中 La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Fe、Mg、Ti、Zn,Cu 和 Mn,本方法不用化学分离,可一次同时测定这些元素,并做了 ICP光源参数、基体量变化、酸度(HCl)变化、稀土总量变化、共存元素 Fe 和 Mg 量的变化对被测元素的影响。本方法速度快、准确度高(除 Cu 稍差)。回收率91.0～110.0%,相对标准偏差±1.4～8.0%。

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定混合稀土铜合金中稀土和非稀土元素

本文提出了用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP—AES)法直接测定混合稀土铜合金中13个非稀土和稀土元素。选用了合适的分析线对及ICP光源的工作参数。探讨了观察高度、功率、酸度、载气和基体量的变化对被测元素谱线强度的影响。不用化学分离,可一次同时测定La、Ce、pr、Nd、Sm、Sn、Zn、Fe、Al、Ni、Pb,Mg和Mn。测定范围(％):La_2O_3:0.096～6.4;CeO_2:0.24～16;Pr_6O_(11):0.0384～2.56;Nd_2O_3:0.096～6.4;Sn:0.096～3.2;Mg、Mn、Fe,Sm_2O_3:0.024～1.6;Zn:0.396～6.7;Pb:0.092～6.4;Ni:0.096～3.2;Al:0.0384～1.28。相对标准偏差±3.0～9.1％;回收率85～116％满足冶炼上的要求,得到了满意的结果。

HEH/EHP和伯胺N_(1923)萃取Zn(II)的协同与反协同效应

研究了HEH/EHP(HA)和伯胺N_(1923)盐酸盐(RNH_3C1)的正庚烷溶液从HC1介质中对Zn(Ⅱ)的萃取。发现当以RNH_3Cl为主体萃取剂时,添加HA有利于对Zn(Ⅱ)的萃取;当以HA为主体萃取剂时,添加RNH_3C1则抑制了对Zn(Ⅱ)的萃取。考察了温度对协萃平衡的影响,并计算了体系的热力学函数。

[Zn~+{H_2N(CH_2)_4CH(NH_2)COONa}_2SO_4~-]·H_2O配合物的合成及其晶体结构

锌是人体必需的14种微量元素之一,现已知它与近200种酶的活性有关. L-赖氨酸是人体自身不能合成的8种氨基酸之一.它们与人体的新陈代谢密切相关,而在人类食物中又极易缺乏.二者供应不足,均会引起生理障碍进而导致疾病,尤其是儿童.因此,缺锌和赖氨酸已引起人们的关注,成为引人注目的重要课题.近年来,临床上常用的补锌剂多为硫酸

稀土对Al-Mg-Si合金性能影响和稀土作用机理研究

本文研究了稀土对铝镁硅合金性能的影响通过添加稀土改善合金的综合性能,提高合金的成品率,表面光泽性和致密度,讨论了稀土对铝镁硅合金的作用机理,为稀土在铝镁硅合金型材中的推广应用提供了有力的实验依据。

伯胺N_(1923)与中性磷萃取剂对Zn(Ⅱ)的协同萃取

本文研究了仲碳伯胺N_(1923)与中性磷萃取剂的正庚烷溶液,从盐酸介质中对Zn(Ⅱ)的协同萃取。用斜率法及等摩尔系列法确定协萃配合物的组成为:(RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_2·TBP、(RNH_3Cl)_2·ZnCl_2·DBBP,求得协萃反应的平衡常数分别为logK_(12)(TBP)=3.09,logK_(12)(DBBP)=2.90,协萃配合物的生成常数分别为logβ_(12)(TBP)=1.34,logβ_(12)(DBBP)=1.90.计算了协萃反应的热力学函数值,并对协萃配合物的IR、NMR谱进行了讨论。

An efficient method for DNA isolation from red algae

A simple, inexpensive and efficient method was developed for rapid isolation of total genomic DNA from 15 red algal species. It resulted in 0.1 mug high quality DNA from 1 mg fresh algal material, with an A(260)/A(280) ratio of 1.68 - 1.90. Using this rapidly isolated DNA, the 18S ribosomal RNA genes ( rDNA) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified. The tested DNA was suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion, genetic marker analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and may be valid for other genetic manipulation.

Purification and characterization of agarases from a marine bacterium Vibrio sp. F-6

Marine bacterium Vibrio sp. F-6, utilizing agarose as a carbon source to produce agarases, was isolated from seawater samples taken from Qingdao, China. Two agarases (AG-a and AG-b) were purified to a homogeneity from the cultural supernatant of Vibrio sp. F-6 through ammonium sulfate precipitation, Q-Sepharose FF chromatography, and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration. Molecular weights of agarases were estimated to be 54.0 kDa (AG-a) and 34.5 kDa (AG-b) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimum pH values for AG-a and AG-b were about 7.0 and 9.0, respectively. AG-a was stable in the pH range of 4.0-9.0 and AG-b was stable in the pH range of 4.0-10.0. The optimum temperatures of AG-a and AG-b were 40 and 55 degrees C, respectively. AG-a was stable at temperature below 50 degrees C. AG-b was stable at temperature below 60 degrees C. Zn2+, Mg2+ or Ca2+ increased AG-a activity, while Mn2+, Cu2+ or Ca2+ increased AG-b activity. However, Ag+, Hg2+, Fe3+, EDTA and SDS inhibited AG-a and AG-b activities. The main hydrolysates of agarose by AG-a were neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose. The main hydrolysates of agarose by AG-b were neoagarooctaose and neoagarohexaose. When the mixture of AG-a and AG-b were used, agarose was mainly degraded into neoagarobiose.

The cDNA cloning and mRNA expression of cytoplasmic Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene in scallop Chlamys farreri

Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases (SODs) are rnetalloenzymes that represent one important line of defence against reactive oxygen species (ROS). A cytoplasmic Cu. Zn SOD cDNA sequence was cloned from scallop Chlamys farreri by the homology-based cloning technique. The full-length cDNA of scallop cytoplasmic Cu, Zn SOD (designated CfSOD) was 1022 bp with a 459 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 153 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence of CfSOD shared high identity with cytoplasmic Cu. Zn SOD in molluscs, insects, mammals and other animals, such as cytoplasmic Cu, Zn SOD in oyster Crassostrea sostrea gigas (CAD42722), mosquito Aedes aegypti (ABF18094), and cow Bos taurus (XP_584414). A quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was developed to assess the mRNA expression of CfSOD in different tissues and the temporal expression of CfSOD in scallop challenged with Listonella anguillarum, Micrococcus luteus and Candida lipolytica respectively. Higher-level mRNA expression of CfSOD was detected in the tissues of haemocytes, gill filaments and kidney. The expression of CfSOD dropped in the first 8-16 h and then recovered after challenge with L. anguillarum and M. litteus, but no change was induced by the C. lipolytica challenge. The results indicated that CfSOD was a constitutive and inducible acute-phase protein, and could play an important role in the immune responses against L. anguillarum and M. luteus infection. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Formation of Fe-oxyhydroxides from the East Pacific Rise near latitude 13 degrees N: Evidence from mineralogical and geochemical data

The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Fe-oxyhydroxide samples from one dredge station (long. 103 degrees 54.48'W, lat. 12 degrees 42.30'N, water depth 2655 m) on the East Pacific Rise near lat 13 degrees N were analyzed by XRD, ICP-AES, and ICP-MS. Most Fe-oxyhydroxides are amorphous, with a few sphalerite microlites. In comparison with Fe-oxyhydroxides from other fields, the variable ranges in the chemical composition of Fe-oxyhydroxide samples are very narrow; their Fe, Si, and Mn contents were 39.90%, 8.92%, and 1.59%, respectively; they have high Cu (0.88%-1.85%) and Co (65x10(-6)-704x10(-6)) contents, and contain Co+Cu+Zn+Ni > 1.01%. The trace-element (As, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ba, Sr) and major-element (Fe, Ca, Al, Mg) contents of these samples are in the range of hydrothermal sulfide from the East Pacific Rise near 13 degrees N, reflecting that this type of Fe-oxyhydroxide constitutes a secondary oxidation product of hydrothermal sulfide. The Fe-oxyhydroxide samples from one dredge station on the East Pacific Rise near 13 degrees N are lower in Sigma REE (5.44x10(-6)-17.01x10(-6)), with a distinct negative Ce anomaly (0.12-0.28). The Fe-oxyhydroxide samples have similar chondrite-normalized rare-earth-element (REE) patterns to that of seawater, and they are very different from the REE composition characteristics of hydrothermal plume particles and hydrothermal fluids, showing that the REEs of Fe-oxyhydroxide are a major constituent of seawater and that the Fe-oxyhydroxides can become a sink of REE from seawater. The quick settling of hydrothermal plume particles resulted in the lower REE content and higher Mn content of these Fe-oxyhydroxides, which are captured in part of the V and P from seawater by adsorption. The Fe-oxyhydroxides from one dredge station on the East Pacific Rise near 13 degrees N were formed by secondary oxidation in a low temperature, oxygenated environment. In comparison with the elemental (Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Co, Cu) average content of hydrothermal sulfide samples from the East Pacific Rise near 13 degrees N, the Zn, Cd, and Pb contents of the Fe-oxyhydroxides are lower, and their Fe, Co, and Cu contents are higher.

ICP-OES测定浮游有孔虫的Mg/Ca比值及其在SST分析中的应用

海洋是驱动大气环流的主要“引擎”，海表温度（SST）又是揭示海洋环境变化的重要参数。利用有孔虫Mg/Ca比值恢复SST具有较高精密度，是目前恢复SST较成功的方法之一。本论文旨在建立一套有效的有孔虫清洗方法和ICP-OES测试有孔虫Mg/Ca比值的分析方法。 文中分析了53份西菲律宾海区(N18°40.23′，E135°37.11′；水深3225m)表层沉积物中浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber（白色）Mg/Ca比值。结合本研究区的特点，文中使用的清洗方法是有孔虫Mg/Ca比值测试常用的“Mg”清洗方法，主要是由以下步骤构成：①用超纯水和甲醇在超声波水浴中清洗，②显微镜下剔除深色硅酸盐颗粒，③用氧化试剂去除有机质(加入30%H2O2和0.1M NaOH溶液在90℃左右的沸水浴中加热)，④酸洗(250μl 0.001N HNO3 超声波水浴中清洗10S)。清洗干净的样品经超纯硝酸溶解成溶液后，利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)对其进行Mg/Ca比值的分析测试。仪器操作条件如下：辅助气流量（Ar）为0.5L/min（0.5L/min-1.5L/min），雾化器压力为0.2Mpa（0-0.4Mpa），泵速为20rpm（0-125rpm），高频输出功率（RF）为1150W（750W-1500W），火焰高度为15.5mm（8-21mm），通过多次重复测量一组Mg/Ca=3.333mmol/mol的标准溶液，其Mg/Ca短期精密度<0.5%,长期精密度为1%。53份样品之间Mg/Ca比值的RSD为2.7%，利用Lea(2000)建立的太平洋地区浮游有孔虫G. ruber(白色)的Mg/Ca与SST的校正公式:Mg/Ca(mmol/mol) ＝0.30exp[0.089×SST(℃)]，得到本研究区的SST为28℃±0.3℃。

南黄海重金属的演变特征及控制因素

本文以南黄海1997～2006年10年表层海水和沉积物中重金属为主要研究对象，同时结合对生态环境信息的综合分析，系统探讨了海水和沉积物中重金属的生物地球化学特征、影响控制因素、演变趋势，并对海域生态风险进行了评估，获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识： 1．系统获得了南黄海海水和沉积物中重金属的地球化学分布模式，揭示了影响和控制其生物地球化学特征的因素 南黄海表层海水中重金属As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的平均浓度分别为2.33、0.078、1.41、0.0036、0.37、6.21 μg/L，低于其它中国近海海水，而高于水交换较好的深海；表层海水重金属的分布模式（除Pb外）表现为在离岸较远的南黄海中部地区其含量较低，而近岸海区则普遍含量较高，区域分布呈现“高Cd-Cu-Hg-Zn区”，“高Pb-Cu-Zn区”以及“高Pb区”三个地球化学分区。 南黄海表层沉积物中重金属比邻近海域沉积物中的浓度低，南黄海重金属主要受沉积物粒度控制，即在细粒度高的南黄海中部区域重金属（除As外）的含量较高，粗粒度的近岸区则较低，区域分布呈现“高Cd-Cu-Pb-Zn区”，“高Hg低As-Cu-Zn区”以及“高As低Cd-Hg-Zn区”三个地球化学分区。 人类活动已经显著影响了南黄海海水中重金属的含量水平，重金属分布是径流、大气沉降、pH、盐度和重金属自身性质等各种影响因子耦合的结果。沉积物重金属的富集因子Pb>As>Hg>Cd>Zn>Cr>Cu，其中Pb和As主要来自人为污染排放，污染状况相对较重，Cr和Cu几乎没有受到人为污染的影响。沉积物的粒度是控制表层沉积物重金属分布的最主要因素，次要的因素包括沉积物有机质的含量、沉积速率以及重金属存在形态等。 2．首次获得了南黄海海水和沉积物中重金属的演变趋势 近10年来南黄海表层海水中，Zn呈上升趋势，As、Cd、Cu、Pb基本稳定变化不大，而Hg则呈略下降趋势。Zn的线性上升趋势明显，在近岸水域和中央水域中其浓度和公元年的统计关系分别为y=0.9524x+0.0034（R=0.97）和y=0.8622x+0.0299（R=0.95）（其中y为Zn的浓度，x为年度，取1997～2004）。近10年沉积物中重金属年际变化较小，浓度变化在多年均值的±（10%～30%）之间变动。As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn的均值变化范围分别为7.17±1.70、0.108±0.024、17.61±1.65、0.024±0.008、18.44±4.26、70.53±5.73 mg/kg，除了Hg随公元年呈较好的线性增加（y=0.0033x-6.50，R=0.75）外，其它重金属未显现出有明显的演变趋势。 近百年来，南黄海重金属的变化可分为3个阶段，20世纪60年代以前，20世纪60年代至90年代，及20世纪90年代至今。第一个阶段的60年可以看作是南黄海未明显受人类活动影响的一个时期，该段时期内明显的特征是重金属含量的变化受径流输入不均等多种因素影响，变化规律性不强；第二阶段是南黄海近岸工农业迅猛发展的阶段，由近岸传输到这一海域的重金属量增加，南黄海沉积物重金属浓度增加，沉积物质量有下降的趋势，这一阶段是人类活动影响南黄海最为明显的一个阶段；第三个阶段是20世纪90年代至今，南黄海沉积物重金属浓度呈降低趋势，与中韩两国减排及治污措施有关。近几年，南黄海沉积物的环境质量较20世纪末期有了较明显的改善。 3. 初步阐明了南黄海重金属的环境污染危害和潜在生态风险 采用潜在生态危害指数法和地积累指数等方法对南黄海沉积环境进行分析，结果表明，中等重金属污染程度海区占研究海区面积的38.7%，中等生态风险的区域则占了研究海区面积77.8%，但均未发现沉积物中的重金属与生物量的分布有明显的关系，总体表明，南黄海沉积物中的重金的污染状况及生态风险较低，南黄海沉积物质量良好。

热海水中高效铝基牺牲阳极的研制

随着社会的高速发展和人口急剧增加，淡水资源危机问题已引起世界各国的普遍关注。我国属于贫水国家，部分地区淡水资源严重缺乏，沿海城市尤为严重。据统计，城市用水中约80%为工业用水，工业用水中约80%为工业泠却用水。针对这种情况，人们试图在工业生产中用海水代替淡水做工业冷却水，以节约淡水资源。然而，在海水冷却系统中，换热器的出口及其后续部位的钢铁设施由于海水温度较高，一般50℃左右，有的还大于55℃，腐蚀特别严重。因此，解决该部位的腐蚀防护问题是直接利用海水代替淡水做工业冷却用水中不可缺少的一环。牺牲阳极法是防止海水中钢铁设备腐蚀的一种行之有效的方法，但是常用的几种牺牲阳极在该温度下电流效率明显降低。因此研究一种能在较高温度下（50℃左右）使用的新型高效牺牲阳极是一项很有意义的工作。这也是本课题的研究目的。本文自制了28种Al-Zn-In系牺牲阳极，按国标GB 4950-85的要求测试了开路电位、工作电位；计算了电流效率；观察了腐蚀产物脱落情况及腐蚀均匀性，结果表明腐蚀均匀性是影响高温铝基牺牲阳极性能的最主要因素。进一步测试了三种试样的恒电流阳极极化曲线，结果表明，牺牲阳极阳极极化时，在开始的0.2（或0.4）mA/cm~2较小的阳极极化电流下，极化程度最大，随后尽管增加阳极极化电流，极化电位基本维持稳定；随着温度的升高，极化程度也越来越大，说明温度升高，会使牺牲阳极的工作电位正移，不利于提供足够的保护电位。用灰箱分析法研究了各元素与工作电位、电流效率、腐蚀产物均匀性的关联性。结果表明，对提高牺牲阳极的腐蚀均匀性来说，在20℃、40℃时，Mg是合适的添加元素；在60℃时，Ga是合适的添加元素。根据灰箱分析结果，建议牺牲阳极配方：20℃、40℃时，为Al-Zn-In-Ga-Mg；60℃时为Al-Zn-In-Ga。