Un instrumento para evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de inducción de estado de ánimo : la Escala de Valoración del Estado de Ánimo (EVEA).

Resumen tomado de la revista

Las ludotecas : proyecto para su implantación en el ámbito educativo de México.

El objetivo del trabajo es dar a conocer lo que es una ludoteca y que los responsables políticos en México tomen conciencia de la necesidad de creación de ludotecas. Comienza tratando ampliamente el tema del juego y el juguete, como fundamento real de las ludotecas. Se remonta al origen de las ludotecas y abarca diferentes aspectos en relación a las mismas: objetivos y posibilidades de educación, funciones, ubicación, locales, criterios en la elección del juguete, los ludotecarios, normas de funcionamiento, gestiones para su apertura y presupuestos para un barrio. La ludoteca se plantea como recurso en el ��mbito escolar dentro del marco de una legislación que permite nuevas estrategias. Como paso previo a la creación de ludotecas se informar�� a los padres y profesores sobre las mismas y se pasarán encuestas con la finalidad de que se dé una mayor sensibilización y se obtengan sugerencias. Define la estructura administrativa de ��stas y propone una reformulación respecto a los contenidos y los materiales educativos. Delimita un plan inicial para la formación de ludotecarios. Finalmente establece una serie de pautas para la evaluación del funcionamiento de las ludotecas y para la elaboración del presupuesto..

Intervenci??n eficaz en la comprensi??n lectora en los alumnos con trastornos de aprendizaje y sin ellos : estimulaci??n de los procesos inferenciales

Resumen basado en el del autor

Biotecnolog��a, genética molecular y cambio en la Educación : investigación de las necesidades educativas del profesorado de Biolog��a y de nuevas propuestas curriculares en la Enseñanza Media y Universitaria.

Establecer las implicaciones educativas y políticas que conlleva la introducción de la Biotecnología, as�� como la respuesta Institucional dada hasta el momento comparándola con la situación en otros países. Investigar las necesidades de alumnos y profesores en estas materias. Desarrollar unas bases para una pol��tica educativa adecuada a este tema. Profesores y alumnos de EEMM y Universidad. A) Revisi��n te��rica y estado actual. Revisa los siguientes aspectos: definiciones, áreas de aplicación e investigación, empresas e Instituciones vinculadas y situación en otros países. B) Necesidades y actitudes de alumnos y profesores. Aplicación de encuestas por correo. Obtienen información sobre los siguientes aspectos: aspectos didácticos y curriculares de la Biológica, recursos, necesidades de formación, actitudes y líneas de investigación. Estad��sticas y documentos oficiales. 2 cuestionarios elaborados ad hoc (no incluídos en la memoria). A) Análisis te��rico. B) Datos directos. C) Frecuencias. En primer lugar, se constata la dificultad de una definición única de Biotecnología, aunque los campos de aplicación son más claros. Por otro lado, un 6 de los investigadores nacionales se dedican a estos temas. Además el sector privado tiene cierta presencia. También se comentan los objetivos del programa movilizador sobre Biotecnolog��a. Respecto a los currícula, subsisten problemas de definiciones de objetivos, aunque se aportan recomendaciones. En relación con los estudios de opinión efectuados, se observan tendencias homog��neas en relación con las horas dedicadas a materias básicas, contenidos, etc. Sin embargo, los contenidos aplicados y los m��s novedosos están poco representados. Por otro lado, un 60 por ciento de los profesores demandan formación en ��stos, que son considerados como una revolución científico-técnica que debe incorporarse al currículum. A nivel mundial, la preocupación por la Enseñanza de la Biotecnología crece. Se han creado numerosos Organismos y Programas para introducirla en todos los niveles educativos. Respecto a las directrices más importantes, es necesario definir una política clara que reconozca la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías, elabore currícula y dote de los medios necesarios, que desarrolle un plan de perfeccionamiento de profesorado y fomente programas de investigación.

Catalase in fluvial biofilms: a comparison between different extraction methods and example of application in a metal-polluted river

Antioxidant enzymes are involved in important processes of cell detoxification during oxidative stress and have, therefore, been used as biomarkers in algae. Nevertheless, their limited use in fluvial biofilms may be due to the complexity of such communities. Here, a comparison between different extraction methods was performed to obtain a reliable method for catalase extraction from fluvial biofilms. Homogenization followed by glass bead disruption appeared to be the best compromise for catalase extraction. This method was then applied to a field study in a metal-polluted stream (Riou Mort, France). The most polluted sites were characterized by a catalase activity 4���6 times lower than in the low-polluted site. Results of the comparison process and its application are promising for the use of catalase activity as an early warning biomarker of toxicity using biofilms in the laboratory and in the field

Visual efficiency detection index : a new composite measure of visual search

Visual search is an important component of our interaction with our surroundings, allowing us to successfully identify external cues that impact our spatial navigation. Previous research has established fixation duration, fixation count, saccade velocity, and saccade amplitude as important indices of visual search. We examined the Visual Efficiency Detection Index (VEDI) comprising multiple aspects of visual search performance into a single measure of global visual performance. Forty participants, 10 adults ages 22-48, and children ages 6, 8, and 10, completed tests of working memory and visual search in response to stimuli relevant to pedestrian decision making. Results indicated VEDI statistically relates to established indices of visual search in relation to their interpretability for human performance. The VEDI was also sensitive to developmental differences in visual search performance, suggesting insight to its utility in the developmental psychological literature.

A influência do protestantismo na educação do colégio Americano Batista em Pernambuco

Em in��cio do século XX, no ano de 1905, no momento que se afigurou promissor, foi fundado o Colégio Americano Batista-C.A.B. Já predominava no Brasil o ensino religioso ministrado pelos Jesuítas vindos de Portugal. Fora um trabalho evangel��stico-educacional, numa concep��ão de reeligere, numa cosmovisão unirreligiosa. Os conteúdos dessa disciplina ficavam sob a responsabilidade da igreja, visto ser ela considerada �� ��nica com habilidades plaus��veis. José Eduardo Franco, (2006, p.311), em seu artigo O mito dos Jesuítas em Portugal - século XVI-XX menciona que “Portugal não teve, no seu território, nenhuma origem religiosa que tivesse obtido em tão elevado grau, o prest��gio e o renome, que a partir de 1540, os Jesuítas conquistaram. Mas tamb��m nenhuma outra instituição religiosa foi julgada de forma tão dupla contraditória”. A despeito das possíveis qualidades do trabalho efetuado pelos Jesuítas, ou porventura, o aflorar de suas limita��ões, n��o é o que neste trabalho de pesquisa pretendemos analisar particularmente. Propomos investigar como o ensino religioso protestante tem influenciado a educaç��o do Col��gio Americano Batista desde as suas origens à atualidade sem excluir a promulgaç��o da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional-9.394/96 e com a estrutura do ensino religioso mediante a produç��o dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais-PCNs. Utilizamos como material empírico os depoimentos de docentes, discentes, e de toda a equipe técnica e pedagógica desta instituiç��o. Pretendemos com tal metodologia assegurar a dimensão da influência do Ensino Religioso na educação como agente transformador na sociedade. Compreendemos a relev��ncia desta pesquisa, à medida que observamos a interação do diálogo interreligioso e o avanço obtido quanto à concep��ão catequ��tica numa passagem para uma nova concep��ão de ensino religioso, na concep��ão do sentido para a vida.

Bryozoan populations reflect nutrient enrichment and productivity gradients in rivers

1. The hypothesis that nutrient enrichment will affect bryozoan abundance was tested using two complementary investigations; a field-based method determining bryozoan abundance in 20 rivers of different nutrient concentrations by deploying statoblast (dormant propagule) traps and an experimental laboratory microcosm study measuring bryozoan growth and mortality. These two methods confirmed independently that increased nutrient concentrations in water promote increases in the biomass of freshwater bryozoans. 2. Statoblasts of the genus Plumatella were recorded in all rivers, regardless of nutrient concentrations, demonstrating that freshwater bryozoans are widespread. Concentrations of Plumatella statoblasts were high in rivers with high nutrient concentrations relative to those with low to moderate nutrient concentrations. Regression analyses indicated that phosphorus concentrations, in particular, significantly influenced statoblast concentrations. 3. Concentrations of Lophopus crystallinus statoblasts were also higher in sites characterised by high nutrient concentrations. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of L. crystallinus statoblasts was significantly associated with decreasing altitude and increasing phosphorus concentrations. This apparently rare species was found in nine rivers (out of 20), seven of which were new sites for L. crystallinus. 4. Growth rates of Fredericella sultana in laboratory microcosms increased with increasing nutrient concentration and high mortality rates were associated with low nutrient concentrations. 5. Our results indicate that bryozoans respond to increasing nutrient concentrations by increased growth, resulting in higher biomasses in enriched waters. We also found that an important component of bryozoan diets can derive from food items lacking chlorophyll a. Finally, bryozoans may be used as independent proxies for inferring trophic conditions, a feature that may be especially valuable in reconstructing historical environments by assessing the abundance of statoblasts in sediment cores.

Arsenate-induced phosphate release from soils and its effect on plant phosphorus

Adsorption of arsenic onto soil was investigated as a means of understanding arsenic-induced release of phosphate. In batch adsorption experiments As adsorption was accompanied by P desorption. At low As additions, the ratio As adsorbed: P desorbed remained constant. At higher As additions, P desorption reached a maximum while As adsorption continued to increase. The P desorption maximum coincided with an increase in pH. Barley plants were grown on soils spiked with arsenate (0-360 mg As kg(-1)) to investigate the effect on plant growth and P uptake. As arsenic concentration increased, above ground plant yield decreased and the plants showed symptoms typical of As toxicity and P deficiency. At low As additions to the soil, uptake of As and P by barley increased. At higher As additions P uptake decreased. It is argued that this was due to the change in As:P ratio in the soil solution. It is concluded that input of arsenic to the soil could mobilise phosphate. Crop yield is likely to be affected, either due to reduced phosphate availability at low arsenic additions or arsenic toxicity at higher additions.

An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales

An inventory of heavy metal inputs (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg) to agricultural soils in England and Wales in 2000 is presented, accounting for major sources including atmospheric deposition, sewage sludge, livestock manures, inorganic fertilisers and lime, agrochemicals, irrigation water, industrial by-product 'wastes' and composts. Across the whole agricultural land area, atmospheric deposition was the main source of most metals, ranging from 25 to 85% of total inputs. Livestock manures and sewage sludge were also important sources, responsible for an estimated 37-40 and 8-17% of total Zn and Cu inputs, respectively. However, at the individual field scale sewage sludge, livestock manures and industrial wastes could be the major source of many metals where these materials are applied. This work will assist in developing strategies for reducing heavy metal inputs to agricultural land and effectively targeting policies to protect soils from long-term heavy metal accumulation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Leaching of nitrate from cropped rainfed terraces in the mid-hills of Nepal

Intensification of crop production in the mid-hills of Nepal has led to concerns that nitrogen loss by leaching may increase. This study estimated the amount of N leached during two years from rainfed terraces (bari-land) at three locations in Nepal. Maize or upland rice grown in the monsoon season was given either no nutrient inputs or inputs via either nitrogen fertilizer or farmyard manure. Nitrate concentration in soil solution was measured regularly with porous ceramic cup samplers and drainage estimated from a simple soil water balance. Estimated losses of nitrogen by leaching ranged from 0 to 63.5 kg N ha(-1) depending on location and the form of nitrogen applied. Losses from plots receiving no nutrient inputs were generally small (range: 0-35 kg N ha(-1)) and losses from plots where nitrogen was applied as manure (range: 2-41 kg N ha(-1)) were typically half those from plots with nitrogen applied as fertilizer. Losses during the post-monsoon crops of finger millet were small (typically <5% of total loss) although losses from the one site with blackgram were larger (about 13%). The highest concentrations of nitrate in solution were measured early in the season as the monsoon rains began and immediately following fertilizer applications. Leaching losses are likely to be minimised if manure is applied as a basal nutrient dressing followed by fertilizer nitrogen later in the season.

A singular vector perspective of 4DVAR: The spatial structure and evolution of baroclinic weather systems

The extent to which the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) is able to use information about the time evolution of the atmosphere to infer the vertical spatial structure of baroclinic weather systems is investigated. The singular value decomposition (SVD) of the 4DVAR observability matrix is introduced as a novel technique to examine the spatial structure of analysis increments. Specific results are illustrated using 4DVAR analyses and SVD within an idealized 2D Eady model setting. Three different aspects are investigated. The first aspect considers correcting errors that result in normal-mode growth or decay. The results show that 4DVAR performs well at correcting growing errors but not decaying errors. Although it is possible for 4DVAR to correct decaying errors, the assimilation of observations can be detrimental to a forecast because 4DVAR is likely to add growing errors instead of correcting decaying errors. The second aspect shows that the singular values of the observability matrix are a useful tool to identify the optimal spatial and temporal locations for the observations. The results show that the ability to extract the time-evolution information can be maximized by placing the observations far apart in time. The third aspect considers correcting errors that result in nonmodal rapid growth. 4DVAR is able to use the model dynamics to infer some of the vertical structure. However, the specification of the case-dependent background error variances plays a crucial role.

A singular vector perspective of 4D-Var: Filtering and interpolation

Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) combines the information from a time sequence of observations with the model dynamics and a background state to produce an analysis. In this paper, a new mathematical insight into the behaviour of 4D-Var is gained from an extension of concepts that are used to assess the qualitative information content of observations in satellite retrievals. It is shown that the 4D-Var analysis increments can be written as a linear combination of the singular vectors of a matrix which is a function of both the observational and the forecast model systems. This formulation is used to consider the filtering and interpolating aspects of 4D-Var using idealized case-studies based on a simple model of baroclinic instability. The results of the 4D-Var case-studies exhibit the reconstruction of the state in unobserved regions as a consequence of the interpolation of observations through time. The results also exhibit the filtering of components with small spatial scales that correspond to noise, and the filtering of structures in unobserved regions. The singular vector perspective gives a very clear view of this filtering and interpolating by the 4D-Var algorithm and shows that the appropriate specification of the a priori statistics is vital to extract the largest possible amount of useful information from the observations. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society