Estudio de mercado y propuesta técnica operativa, para la comercialización de pan dulce y frances, en la comunidad de San Juan Loma Alta del municipio de Berlín, departamento de Usulután.

Con el propósito de contribuir en alguna medida con el desarrollo socioeconómico de El Salvador, la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de El Salvador y la Fundación INTERVIDA, han establecido un convenio para que, a través de estudiantes en proceso de graduación se desarrollen estudios que apoyen los proyectos que esta fundación está llevando a cabo. Dichos proyectos se enmarcan en la productividad y competitividad agro-empresarial y generación de autoempleo para las personas que viven en las áreas rurales de nuestro país. En base a lo anterior, este documento presenta un estudio de Mercado y una propuesta técnica operativa para la comercialización de pan dulce y francés en la comunidad de San Juan Loma Alta del municipio de Berlín, departamento de Usulután. Con el estudio se pretende: Brindar información a INTERVIDA a través de datos confiables que sirvan para la sustentación del proyecto de panadería y así garantizar que sus inversiones sean exitosas. Beneficiar a los productores de pan, proporcionándoles información adecuada para la toma de decisiones en cuanto a la comercialización de sus productos. Contribuir al fortalecimiento técnico operativo y administrativo para mejorar a corto plazo los procesos productivos, contribuyendo en la comercialización de pan. Para la realización del presente estudio fue necesario realizar visitas de campo al lugar donde está ubicada la panadería, también se utilizaron cuestionarios y entrevistas para conocer los gustos y preferencias de los consumidores de la comunidad. La muestra que se utilizo fue de 60 familias consumidoras de pan, distribuidas en los diferentes sectores que conforman a la comunidad San Juan Loma Alta, además se realizaron entrevistas a la tiendas de la comunidad que distribuyen pan, así como también a panaderías que están ubicadas en el municipio de Berlín para conocer aspectos de la competencia. Los resultados más relevantes que se obtuvieron a través del estudio de mercado son los siguientes: Del 100% de la población encuestada, el 98% está dispuesta a comprar el pan producido por la panadería, esto significa que la panadería San Juan cuenta con un mercado potencial para la comercialización de pan en la comunidad y sus alrededores. La frecuencia de compra del producto es a diario y lo confirma un 55% de las opiniones, también, se determinó que el pan más consumido en la zona es el pan dulce respaldado con un 73% de los encuestados que además manifestaron, que el pan que consumen es de mala calidad y que existe una oferta escasa del producto debido a la falta de productores de pan en la zona. La panadería San Juan cuenta con capacidad de producción adecuada para satisfacer la demanda insatisfecha puesto que posee el equipo necesario, mano de obra capacitada, disponibilidad de materia prima para la elaboración de diferentes productos que son atractivos para los consumidores, además la panadería no cuenta con competencia dentro de la comunidad debido a que los productores que distribuyen pan en las tiendas provienen de otros municipios no tan cercano a la comunidad. La comunidad cuenta con los servicios básicos, por otra parte lo que se puede considerar como la debilidad más grande de la panadería, es el mal estado de los caminos puesto que a la comunidad no puede entrar cualquier clase de vehículos, hecho que puede dificultar la distribución del producto a las comunidades aledañas. En base a los resultados anteriores se elaboró una propuesta técnica operativa para la comercialización del pan dulce y francés, por medio de la cual se pretende aprovechar la capacidad de producción encontrada en la panadería a partir de la cual se elaboraron estrategias de comercialización. Este estudio será un aporte bibliográfico para la Universidad de El Salvador y una guía de comercialización para panaderías desarrolladas por la fundación INTERVIDA en comunidades con condiciones socioeconómicas similares.

Fiesta e imaginería cívica: la memoria de la estatuaria de las celebraciones patrias costarricenses, 1876-1921

ResumenEste artículo se encarga de estudiar las develaciones de estatuas que se dieron en Costa Rica durante las fiestas patrias de la independencia, en un periodo ubicado entre 1876 y 1921. Su objetivo fundamental consiste en comprender la forma en que se seleccionó un cierto pasado político, y las estrategias discursivas que se utilizaron para fomentarlo y representarlo a través de la estatuaria. Así, inspecciona las discusiones que se dieron en torno de la elección de los personajes históricos que se iban a seleccionar para ser convertidos en estatuas públicas, y el papel de las representaciones en la elaboración de una memoria oficial.AbstractThis article intends to study the unveiling of statues carried out during the national independence celebrations between 1876 and 1921. Its fundamental purpose is to understand how a certain political period from the past was chosen, as well as the discourse strategies used for promoting and representing it through statuary activities. Therefore, it assesses the discussions that arose in relation with the selection of historical characters that were to be sculpted as public statues, and the role played by the representatives in the preparation of an official memory.

Las revoluciones liberales y su legitimidad. La restauración del orden republicano. El caso centroamericano, 1870-1876

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la concepción política que proporcionó legitimidad a las revoluciones liberales que tuvieron lugar en Costa Rica, Guatemala, El salvador y Honduras, entre 1870 y 1876, las cuales inauguraron una nueva etapa histórica en cada uno de esos países. Abstract This article analyzes the political conception which legitimized the liberal revolutions which occurred in Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras between 1870 and 1876, revolutions which inaugurated a new stage of history in each of those countries.

Una peste de viruelas en la región de la frontera de Guerra hispano-indígena en el Reino de Chile (1791)

ResumenEn la frontera de guerra del río Bío Bío se enfrentaron dos sociedades totalmente diferentes: la sociedad colonial hispánica contra los mapuches y otras sociedades indígenas. El análisis de los documentos sobre la peste general de viruelas que se desató en la región de frontera en 1791, permite al autor adentrarse en el conocimiento de aquellas sociedades.AbstractTwo completely different societies confronted each other on the military frontier of the Bío Bío River: Hispanic colonial society and that of the Mapuches and other Indian societies. An analysis of the documents on the widespread small pocks epidemic of the frontier region in 1791 allows the author to study those two societies in contact.

NINETEENTH CENTURY BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE: LETTERS FROM THE BARONESS OF GUARAÚNA AND THE EMPRESS THEREZA

 1 Doutora em Linguística e Língua Portuguesa pela Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", campus de Araraquara (1998). Professora Associado A, no Departamento de Letras Vernáculas da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Atua no Mestrado em Linguagem, Identidade e Subjetividade desde 03/2010. 2 Mestranda em Estudos da Linguagem pela Universidade Estadual de Londrina (2012). Bolsista CAPES. Especialista em Língua, Linguística e Literatura pela Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (2010) e graduada em Letras Português/Inglês pela mesma instituição (2006). As with societies, history and culture, language also evolves, a process which is inherent to it. The Portuguese of Brazil has its own characteristics due to the influence of Indian, African peoples and others who have lived here. This study researched 19th century handwritten letters for the origins of Brazilian Portuguese. The corpus consists of three personal letters collected by the Museu do Tropeiro in Castro. Two of them were written by the Baroness of Guaraúna and one by the Empress Thereza de Bourbon. This textual genre is Revista Línguas & Letras ISSN: 1517-7238 Vol. 13 nº 24 1º Sem. 2012 a valuable source for socio-historical studies because it brings, through the linguistic register, an immeasurable cultural and intellectual legacy. Studying the educated Portuguese Brazilian language, used informally between 1880 and 1893, one is able to notice syntactic phenomena, which are found in forms of treatment and spelling diversity characteristic of the century in which they were written. Our focus was not to exhaust all the possibilities of analysis and observation on the origin of this entire legacy but to contribute towards the studies of the history of Brazilian Portuguese, and in particular, the one from the state of Paraná.

Efficient microwave hydrothermal preparation of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 colloids

Titanium dioxide nanocrystals are an important commercial product used primarily in white pigments and abrasives, however, more recently the anatase form of TiO2 has become a major component in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical devices. An important property of titanium dioxide nanocrystals for electrical applications is the degree of crystallinity. Numerous preparation methods exist for the production of highly crystalline TiO2 particles. The majority of these processes require long reaction times, high pressures and temperatures (450–1400 °C). Recently, hydrothermal treatment of colloidal TiO2 suspensions has been shown to produce quality crystalline products at low temperatures (<250 °C). In this paper we extend this idea utilising a direct microwave heating source. A comparison between convection and microwave hydrothermal treatment of colloidal TiO2 is presented. The resulting highly crystalline TiO2 colloids were characterised using Raman spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and electron diffraction. The results show that the microwave treatment of colloidal TiO2 gives comparable increases in crystallinity with respect to normal hydrothermal treatments while requiring significantly less time and energy than the hydrothermal convection treatment.

Effect of third-order aberrations on dynamic accommodation

We investigate the potential for the third-order aberrations coma and trefoil to provide a signed cue to accommodation. It is first demonstrated theoretically (with some assumptions) that the point spread function is insensitive to the sign of spherical defocus in the presence of odd-order aberrations. In an experimental investigation, the accommodation response to a sinusoidal change in vergence (1–3 D, 0.2 Hz) of a monochromatic stimulus was obtained with a dynamic infrared optometer. Measurements were obtained in 10 young visually normal individuals with and without custom contact lenses that induced low and high values of r.m.s. trefoil (0.25, 1.03 μm) and coma (0.34, 0.94 μm). Despite variation between subjects, we did not find any statistically significant increase or decrease in the accommodative gain for low levels of trefoil and coma, although effects approached or reached significance for the high levels of trefoil and coma. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that the presence of Zernike third-order aberrations on the eye does not seem to play a crucial role in the dynamics of the accommodation response.

Human resource management and innovation: what are knowledge-intensive firms doing?

An undeniable shift in focus from traditional production companies to Knowledge-Intensive Firms (KIFs) poses challenges for academics and practioners alike. In particular, effective management of an organization's human resources has become a critical issue for ensuring sustained innovation capacity. The relationship between Human Resource Management (HRM) in KIFs is however still a largely unexplored arena. The objective of this paper is to explore this relationship in an effort to identify HRM practices that support innovation. To this end, the paper includes reviews of the literature relevant to HRM and innovation in KIFs and four case studies from companies in Denmark and Australia that have been recognized for excellence in innovation. On the basis of content analyses conducted on the case data, some preliminary conclusions are posited regarding the role of HRM in KIFs. More specifically, the findings from this study suggest that while there are commonalities between HRM practices in traditional manufacturing companies and KIFs, there are also important differences, especially in terms of staffing practices. The paper contributes by offering recommendations for management of HRM in innovative KIFs and potential avenues for research to further develop our understanding of how HRM can support innovation in KIFs.

Every player wins a prize? Family provision applications and bequests to charity

This research deals with the interaction of family provision law and charitable bequests in wills, including qualitative research relating to the practical issues arising with both legal practitioners and charities’ bequest officers.

Maternal anxiety and attention problems in children at 5 and 14 years

Objective: This study examines the association between maternal anxiety from pregnancy to 5 years and child attention problems at 5 and 14 years. Method: Birth cohort of 3,982 individuals born in Brisbane between 1981 and 1983 are assessed. Self-reported measures of maternal anxiety are assessed at four time points. Maternal reports of child attention problems using Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist are assessed at 5 and 14 years. Results: Children of mothers experiencing anxiety during or after pregnancy are at greater risk of experiencing attention problems at 5 and 14 years. After adjusting for maternal age and child’s gender, antenatal anxiety is strongly associated with persistent attention problems (OR = 3.65, 95% CI = 2.19, 6.07). Children with chronically anxious mothers are 5.67 (95% CI = 3.56, 9.03) times more likely to have persistent attention problems. These associations remain consistent after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: Maternal anxiety appears to increase the rate of child attention problems and identifies a need for treatment programs to have a dual focus—the mother and her child. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; XX(X) 1-XX)

Decentred optical axes and aberrations along principal visual field meridians

Suggestions that peripheral imagery may affect the development of refractive error have led to interest in the variation in refraction and aberration across the visual field. It is shown that, if the optical system of the eye is rotationally symmetric about an optical axis which does not coincide with the visual axis, measurements of refraction and aberration made along the horizontal and vertical meridians of the visual field will show asymmetry about the visual axis. The departures from symmetry are modelled for second-order aberrations, refractive components and third-order coma. These theoretical results are compared with practical measurements from the literature. The experimental data support the concept that departures from symmetry about the visual axis in the measurements of crossed-cylinder astigmatism J45 and J180 are largely explicable in terms of a decentred optical axis. Measurements of the mean sphere M suggest, however, that the retinal curvature must differ in the horizontal and vertical meridians.