Auditory cues support place navigation in rats when associated with a visual cue.

Rats, like other crepuscular animals, have excellent auditory capacities and they discriminate well between different sounds [Heffner HE, Heffner RS, Hearing in two cricetid rodents: wood rats (Neotoma floridana) and grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster). J Comp Psychol 1985;99(3):275-88]. However, most experimental literature concerning spatial orientation almost exclusively emphasizes the use of visual landmarks [Cressant A, Muller RU, Poucet B. Failure of centrally placed objects to control the firing fields of hippocampal place cells. J Neurosci 1997;17(7):2531-42; and Goodridge JP, Taube JS. Preferential use of the landmark navigational system by head direction cells in rats. Behav Neurosci 1995;109(1):49-61]. To address the important issue of whether rats are able to achieve a place navigation task relative to auditory beacons, we designed a place learning task in the water maze. We controlled cue availability by conducting the experiment in total darkness. Three auditory cues did not allow place navigation whereas three visual cues in the same positions did support place navigation. One auditory beacon directly associated with the goal location did not support taxon navigation (a beacon strategy allowing the animal to find the goal just by swimming toward the cue). Replacing the auditory beacons by one single visual beacon did support taxon navigation. A multimodal configuration of two auditory cues and one visual cue allowed correct place navigation. The deletion of the two auditory or of the one visual cue did disrupt the spatial performance. Thus rats can combine information from different sensory modalities to achieve a place navigation task. In particular, auditory cues support place navigation when associated with a visual one.

Influência da cultura anterior e da compactação do solo na absorção de macronutrientes em soja

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a concentração e a absorção de macronutrientes em soja cultivada em subseqüência a sete espécies vegetais em solo com diferentes níveis de compactação. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos contendo amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho, textura franco-arenosa, com camada de 3,5 cm compactada até as densidades de 1,12, 1,36 e 1,60 Mg m³, em que se cultivou anteriormente aveia-preta, guandu, milheto, mucuna-preta, soja, sorgo granífero, tremoço azul, mantendo-se um tratamento sem planta (pousio). Essas espécies se desenvolveram por 37 a 39 dias, foram cortadas ao nível do solo, picadas em partículas de, aproximadamente, 3 cm, e deixadas sobre a superfície do vaso por 40 dias. As plantas foram colhidas 28 dias após a emergência. Avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca, concentração e acúmulo de macronutrientes na parte aérea das plantas. A compactação do solo em subsuperfície diminui a nutrição da soja. A nutrição da soja é beneficiada quando cultivada em sucessão a plantas de cobertura no solo. O pousio antecedendo a cultura da soja não é recomendado como meio de reduzir os efeitos da compactação do solo.

The evolution of unicoloniality in ant societies : recognition, dispersal and population genetic structure

Introduction Societies of ants, bees, wasps and termites dominate many terrestrial ecosystems (Wilson 1971). Their evolutionary and ecological success is based upon the regulation of internal conflicts (e.g. Ratnieks et al. 2006), control of diseases (e.g. Schmid-Hempel 1998) and individual skills and collective intelligence in resource acquisition, nest building and defence (e.g. Camazine 2001). Individuals in social species can pass on their genes not only directly trough their own offspring, but also indirectly by favouring the reproduction of relatives. The inclusive fitness theory of Hamilton (1963; 1964) provides a powerful explanation for the evolution of reproductive altruism and cooperation in groups with related individuals. The same theory also led to the realization that insect societies are subject to internal conflicts over reproduction. Relatedness of less-than-one is not sufficient to eliminate all incentive for individual selfishness. This would indeed require a relatedness of one, as found among cells of an organism (Hardin 1968; Keller 1999). The challenge for evolutionary biology is to understand how groups can prevent or reduce the selfish exploitation of resources by group members, and how societies with low relatedness are maintained. In social insects the evolutionary shift from single- to multiple queens colonies modified the relatedness structure, the dispersal, and the mode of colony founding (e.g. (Crozier & Pamilo 1996). In ants, the most common, and presumably ancestral mode of reproduction is the emission of winged males and females, which found a new colony independently after mating and dispersal flights (Hölldobler & Wilson 1990). The alternative reproductive tactic for ant queens in multiple-queen colonies (polygyne) is to seek to be re-accepted in their natal colonies, where they may remain as additional reproductives or subsequently disperse on foot with part of the colony (budding) (Bourke & Franks 1995; Crozier & Pamilo 1996; Hölldobler & Wilson 1990). Such ant colonies can contain up to several hundred reproductive queens with an even more numerous workforce (Cherix 1980; Cherix 1983). As a consequence in polygynous ants the relatedness among nestmates is very low, and workers raise brood of queens to which they are only distantly related (Crozier & Pamilo 1996; Queller & Strassmann 1998). Therefore workers could increase their inclusive fitness by preferentially caring for their closest relatives and discriminate against less related or foreign individuals (Keller 1997; Queller & Strassmann 2002; Tarpy et al. 2004). However, the bulk of the evidence suggests that social insects do not behave nepotistically, probably because of the costs entailed by decreased colony efficiency or discrimination errors (Keller 1997). Recently, the consensus that nepotistic behaviour does not occur in insect colonies was challenged by a study in the ant Formica fusca (Hannonen & Sundström 2003b) showing that the reproductive share of queens more closely related to workers increases during brood development. However, this pattern can be explained either by nepotism with workers preferentially rearing the brood of more closely related queens or intrinsic differences in the viability of eggs laid by queens. In the first chapter, we designed an experiment to disentangle nepotism and differences in brood viability. We tested if workers prefer to rear their kin when given the choice between highly related and unrelated brood in the ant F. exsecta. We also looked for differences in egg viability among queens and simulated if such differences in egg viability may mistakenly lead to the conclusion that workers behave nepotistically. The acceptance of queens in polygnous ants raises the question whether the varying degree of relatedness affects their share in reproduction. In such colonies workers should favour nestmate queens over foreign queens. Numerous studies have investigated reproductive skew and partitioning of reproduction among queens (Bourke et al. 1997; Fournier et al. 2004; Fournier & Keller 2001; Hammond et al. 2006; Hannonen & Sundström 2003a; Heinze et al. 2001; Kümmerli & Keller 2007; Langer et al. 2004; Pamilo & Seppä 1994; Ross 1988; Ross 1993; Rüppell et al. 2002), yet almost no information is available on whether differences among queens in their relatedness to other colony members affects their share in reproduction. Such data are necessary to compare the relative reproductive success of dispersing and non-dispersing individuals. Moreover, information on whether there is a difference in reproductive success between resident and dispersing queens is also important for our understanding of the genetic structure of ant colonies and the dynamics of within group conflicts. In chapter two, we created single-queen colonies and then introduced a foreign queens originating from another colony kept under similar conditions in order to estimate the rate of queen acceptance into foreign established colonies, and to quantify the reproductive share of resident and introduced queens. An increasing number of studies have investigated the discrimination ability between ant workers (e.g. Holzer et al. 2006; Pedersen et al. 2006), but few have addressed the recognition and discrimination behaviour of workers towards reproductive individuals entering colonies (Bennett 1988; Brown et al. 2003; Evans 1996; Fortelius et al. 1993; Kikuchi et al. 2007; Rosengren & Pamilo 1986; Stuart et al. 1993; Sundström 1997; Vásquez & Silverman in press). These studies are important, because accepting new queens will generally have a large impact on colony kin structure and inclusive fitness of workers (Heinze & Keller 2000). In chapter three, we examined whether resident workers reject young foreign queens that enter into their nest. We introduced mated queens into their natal nest, a foreign-female producing nest, or a foreign male-producing nest and measured their survival. In addition, we also introduced young virgin and mated queens into their natal nest to examine whether the mating status of the queens influences their survival and acceptance by workers. On top of polgyny, some ant species have evolved an extraordinary social organization called 'unicoloniality' (Hölldobler & Wilson 1977; Pedersen et al. 2006). In unicolonial ants, intercolony borders are absent and workers and queens mix among the physically separated nests, such that nests form one large supercolony. Super-colonies can become very large, so that direct cooperative interactions are impossible between individuals of distant nests. Unicoloniality is an evolutionary paradox and a potential problem for kin selection theory because the mixing of queens and workers between nests leads to extremely low relatedness among nestmates (Bourke & Franks 1995; Crozier & Pamilo 1996; Keller 1995). A better understanding of the evolution and maintenance of unicoloniality requests detailed information on the discrimination behavior, dispersal, population structure, and the scale of competition. Cryptic genetic population structure may provide important information on the relevant scale to be considered when measuring relatedness and the role of kin selection. Theoretical studies have shown that relatedness should be measured at the level of the `economic neighborhood', which is the scale at which intraspecific competition generally takes place (Griffin & West 2002; Kelly 1994; Queller 1994; Taylor 1992). In chapter four, we conducted alarge-scale study to determine whether the unicolonial ant Formica paralugubris forms populations that are organised in discrete supercolonies or whether there is a continuous gradation in the level of aggression that may correlate with genetic isolation by distance and/or spatial distance between nests. In chapter five, we investigated the fine-scale population structure in three populations of F. paralugubris. We have developed mitochondria) markers, which together with the nuclear markers allowed us to detect cryptic genetic clusters of nests, to obtain more precise information on the genetic differentiation within populations, and to separate male and female gene flow. These new data provide important information on the scale to be considered when measuring relatedness in native unicolonial populations.

Identificação de impurezas e misturas em pó de café por meio de comportamento espectral e análise de imagens digitais

Para eliminar divergências na interpretação dos resultados e agilizar os atuais métodos de detecção de fraudes em café torrado e moído, foi estabelecido um método baseado na análise por imagem e fundamentado no princípio de que diferentes materiais de origem orgânica, como o pó de café, podem apresentar reflectâncias distintas em diferentes comprimentos de onda do espectro eletromagnético. Partiu-se da hipótese de que o pó de café adulterado, quando submetido a uma fonte artificial de iluminação, apresenta uma reflectância, nos canais vermelho (R), verde (G) e azul (B), diferente em relação à do pó de café não-adulterado. Após as etapas de limpeza, secagem e homogeneização, foram geradas imagens multiespectrais das amostras de café, por meio de uma lupa acoplada a uma câmara CCD (Charge Coupled Device). A quantificação das impurezas na amostra foi obtida utilizando-se curvas de calibração entre a área relativa obtida pela classificação supervisionada de imagens e a porcentagem de impurezas presentes nas amostras. Esse novo método permite agilidade da resposta, ausência de subjetividade nos resultados e não-destruição das amostras analisadas, e assegura um patamar mínimo de detecção de 95% das impurezas do produto.

Crescimento radicular de soja em razão da sucessão de cultivos e da compactação do solo

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar o crescimento radicular e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivada após diversas espécies vegetais, em solo com diferentes níveis de compactação. O trabalho foi realizado em vasos contendo amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho, textura franco arenosa, com camada de 3,5 cm (profundidade de 15 a 18,5 cm) compactada até as densidades 1,12, 1,36 e 1,60 Mg m-3, onde cultivaram-se anteriormente aveia-preta, guandu, milheto, mucuna-preta, soja, sorgo granífero e tremoço-azul, e um tratamento sem planta (pousio). Essas espécies se desenvolveram por 37 a 39 dias, foram cortadas ao nível do solo, picadas em partes de aproximadamente 3 cm e deixadas sobre a superfície do vaso por 40 dias. Após esse período, cultivou-se a soja até 28 dias após a emergência, quando, então, as plantas foram colhidas. Foram avaliados produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e de raízes, e comprimento e diâmetro radicular da soja. O cultivo anterior com aveia-preta, guandu e milheto favoreceu o crescimento radicular da soja abaixo de camadas compactadas do solo. Independentemente do nível de compactação, o cultivo anterior com qualquer das espécies estudadas beneficiou a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea da soja.

Avaliação genética em erva-mate pelo procedimento BLUP individual multivariado sob interação genótipo x ambiente

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos e realizar a predição de valores genéticos de matrizes e procedências de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Foram avaliadas 164 progênies de oito procedências, em três locais (Ivaí, PR, Guarapuava, PR e Rio Azul, PR), em relação ao caráter produção de massa foliar (PMF). Os componentes de variância, parâmetros genéticos e valores genéticos foram estimados pelo procedimento REML/BLUP individual (máxima verossimilhança restrita/melhor predição linear não viciada), realizando a análise multivariada para os três locais. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade individual, no sentido restrito, para o caráter PMF foram 0,15 em Ivaí, 0,62 em Guarapuava e 0,23 em Rio Azul. A baixa magnitude desses coeficientes em Ivaí e Rio Azul demanda a utilização de métodos de seleção que utilizem todos os efeitos aleatórios do modelo estatístico. O efeito de procedências foi significativo em Ivaí e Rio Azul, com correlação fenotípica intraclasse de 0,13 em Ivaí e de 0,09 em Rio Azul. As procedências apresentaram correlação genética de 0,95 entre os locais Ivaí e Rio Azul. Nesses locais, as procedências foram mais estáveis nos diferentes ambientes do que as progênies. Foram preditos os valores genéticos em relação a todas as procedências e matrizes em todos os locais quanto ao caráter avaliado. As melhores procedências são Barão de Cotegipe, Quedas do Iguaçu, Cascavel e Ivaí.

Análise de imagem para determinação do teor de saponina em quinoa

Um grupo de sementes lavadas e 35 acessos de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) foram avaliados pelo método de coluna de espuma e sua coloração foi decomposta pelo modelo RGB (R, vermelho; G, verde; B, azul) com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do teor de saponina na cor do grão. Sementes amarelas apresentaram alto teor de saponina. Houve correlação negativa (p£0,05) entre o teste de coluna de espuma e as bandas R (r = -0,751), G (r = -0,660) e B (r = -0,594). Estabeleceram-se quatro grupos de similaridade. Foram considerados amargos os acessos do grupo 4 (sementes amarelas) e doces os acessos do grupo 1 (sementes brancas). A dispersão observada representa provável diferença na freqüência gênica, refletida pela cor e teor de saponina.

Toxicidade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura do tomateiro a Trichogramma pretiosum

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos inseticidas acetamipride (0,05 g L-1 de i.a.), clorfenapir (0,12 g L-1 de i.a.), imidaclopride (1,16 g L-1 de i.a.), tiaclopride (0,48 g L-1 de i.a.) e tiametoxam (0,05 g L-1 de i.a.) a Trichogramma pretiosum em diferentes fases imaturas. Ovos de Anagasta kuehniella foram aderidos em cartelas de cartolina azul e expostos ao parasitismo de T. pretiosum por 48 horas. Os ovos supostamente parasitados, contendo os parasitóides no período de ovo-larva e nas fases de pré-pupa e pupa, foram imersos nas caldas químicas e em água (testemunha) por cinco segundos, e mantidos em câmara climatizada a 24±1ºC, UR de 70±10% e 12 horas de fotófase. Clorfenapir e imidaclopride reduziram em 76,0% e 64,4%, respectivamente, a emergência de indivíduos da geração F1 de T. pretiosum. A razão sexual dos indivíduos da geração F1 não foi afetada por nenhum dos compostos avaliados, variando de 0,7 a 0,8. Clorfenapir reduziu em aproximadamente 50% a taxa de parasitismo de T. pretiosum da geração F1. Acetamipride e tiametoxam foram inofensivos ao parasitóide e podem ser utilizados em associação com essa espécie no controle de pragas na cultura do tomateiro.

Relação entre a estrutura foliar de feijoeiro e a pré-infecção por Glomerella cingulata f.sp. phaseoli

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram mensurar a área da nervura secundária e quantificar o número de tricomas da superfície foliar de cultivares de feijoeiro suscetível (Carioca), moderadamente resistente (Pérola) e resistente (IAPAR-81) à antracnose, e observar as relações entre tais características com o estágio pré-infeccional. Para mensurar a área da nervura secundária, fragmentos foliares foram amostrados, fixados em FAA 50, conservados em álcool 70%, infiltrados em resina glicol-metacrilato, cortados transversalmente e corados com azul de toluidina. Os tricomas foram quantificados em impressões epidérmicas em microscópio de projeção. Na análise pré-infeccional, o material foi fixado em glutaraldeído 2,5% e processado para o estudo ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura. A cultivar resistente apresentou menor área de nervura secundária e maior pilosidade que a cultivar moderadamente resistente e a suscetível. Na cultivar resistente, por causa da menor área de nervura e maior pilosidade, o patógeno permaneceu sobre a nervura e envolvido com o tricoma. Na cultivar suscetível, com maior área de nervura e menor pilosidade, foram observadas necrose e estruturas fúngicas na superfície foliar. Há relação entre estas características foliares e a resistência à antracnose durante o estágio pré-infeccional do patógeno.

Postnatal expression pattern of calcium-binding proteins in organotypic thalamic cultures and in the dorsal thalamus in vivo.

The present study describes the postnatal expression of calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in organotypic monocultures of rat dorsal thalamus compared to the thalamus in vivo. Cultures were maintained for up to 7 weeks. Cortex-conditioned medium improved the survival of thalamic cultures. MAP2-immunoreactive material was present in somata and dendrites of small and large-sized neurons throughout the cultures. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity was present in larger multipolar or bitufted neurons along the edge of a culture. These neurons also displayed strong parvalbumin mRNA and GAD mRNA expression, and GABA immunoreactivity. They likely corresponded to cells of the nucleus reticularis thalami. Parvalbumin mRNA, but neither parvalbumin protein nor GAD mRNA, was expressed in neurons with large somata within the explant. They likely represented relay cells. GAD mRNA, but not parvalbumin mRNA, was expressed in small neurons within the explants. Small neurons also displayed calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactivity. The small neurons likely represented local circuit neurons. The time course of expression of the calcium-binding proteins revealed that all were present at birth with the predicted molecular weights. A low, but constant parvalbumin expression was observed in vitro without the developmental increase seen in vivo, which most likely represented parvalbumin from afferent sources. In contrast, the explantation transiently downregulated the calretinin and calbindin expression, but the neurons recovered the expression after 14 and 21 days, respectively. In conclusion, thalamic monocultures older than three weeks represent a stable neuronal network containing well differentiated neurons of the nucleus reticularis thalami, relay cells and local circuit neurons.

GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment.

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

Radiação, fotossíntese, rendimento e qualidade de frutos em macieiras 'Royal Gala' cobertas com telas antigranizo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a intensidade e a qualidade da radiação solar disponibilizada às plantas e os seus impactos sobre a fotossíntese, rendimento e qualidade dos frutos, em macieiras 'Royal Gala', cobertas ou não com telas antigranizo nas cores branca e preta. A tela preta provocou redução maior na densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos acima do dossel das plantas (24,8%), em comparação à tela branca (21,2%). O interior do dossel das plantas sob tela preta recebeu menores valores de radiação ultravioleta, azul, verde, vermelho e vermelho distante, bem como da relação vermelho:vermelho distante, em relação às plantas descobertas. Estas alterações na quantidade e qualidade da luz sob tela preta aumentaram o teor de clorofila total e a área específica nas folhas, e reduziram a taxa fotossintética potencial, o peso de frutos por cm² de seção transversal de tronco e a coloração vermelha dos frutos. As telas antigranizo branca e preta reduziram a incidência de queimadura de sol, porém não tiveram efeito sobre a severidade de "russeting" e sobre o número de sementes por fruto.

Mining the human phenome using allelic scores that index biological intermediates.

It is common practice in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to focus on the relationship between disease risk and genetic variants one marker at a time. When relevant genes are identified it is often possible to implicate biological intermediates and pathways likely to be involved in disease aetiology. However, single genetic variants typically explain small amounts of disease risk. Our idea is to construct allelic scores that explain greater proportions of the variance in biological intermediates, and subsequently use these scores to data mine GWAS. To investigate the approach's properties, we indexed three biological intermediates where the results of large GWAS meta-analyses were available: body mass index, C-reactive protein and low density lipoprotein levels. We generated allelic scores in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, and in publicly available data from the first Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. We compared the explanatory ability of allelic scores in terms of their capacity to proxy for the intermediate of interest, and the extent to which they associated with disease. We found that allelic scores derived from known variants and allelic scores derived from hundreds of thousands of genetic markers explained significant portions of the variance in biological intermediates of interest, and many of these scores showed expected correlations with disease. Genome-wide allelic scores however tended to lack specificity suggesting that they should be used with caution and perhaps only to proxy biological intermediates for which there are no known individual variants. Power calculations confirm the feasibility of extending our strategy to the analysis of tens of thousands of molecular phenotypes in large genome-wide meta-analyses. We conclude that our method represents a simple way in which potentially tens of thousands of molecular phenotypes could be screened for causal relationships with disease without having to expensively measure these variables in individual disease collections.

Postnatal intracerebroventricular administrations of NGF alter spatial memory in adulthood

The present work assessed the effects of intracerebroventricular injections (2x5 mg/2.5 ml) of recombined human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) at postnatal days 2 and 3 upon the development of spatial learning capacities in rats. The treated rats were trained at the age of 22 days to escape onto an invisible platform at a fixed position in space in a Morris navigation task. For half of the subjects, the training position was also cued, a procedure aimed at facilitating escape and reducing attention to the distant spatial cues. At the age of 2 months all the rats were retrained in the same task. Treatment effects were found in both immature and adult rats. The injection of NGF induced a slight alteration of the immature rats' performance. In contrast, a marked impairment of spatial abilities was shown in the 2-month-old rats. The most consistent effects were a significant increase in the escape latency and a decrease bias towards the training platform area during probe trials. The reduction of spatial memory was particularly marked if the subjects had been trained in a cued condition. Taken together, these experiments reveal that an acute pharmacological treatment that leads to transient modifications during early development might induce a behavioural change long after treatment. Thus, the development and the maintenance of an accurate spatial representation are tightly related to the development of brain structures that could be altered by precocious NGF administrations.