A straightforward method to obtain the cohesive laws of bonded joints under mode I loading

A simple procedure to measure the cohesive laws of bonded joints under mode I loading using the double cantilever beam test is proposed. The method only requires recording the applied load–displacement data and measuring the crack opening displacement at its tip in the course of the experimental test. The strain energy release rate is obtained by a procedure involving the Timoshenko beam theory, the specimen’s compliance and the crack equivalent concept. Following the proposed approach the influence of the fracture process zone is taken into account which is fundamental for an accurate estimation of the failure process details. The cohesive law is obtained by differentiation of the strain energy release rate as a function of the crack opening displacement. The model was validated numerically considering three representative cohesive laws. Numerical simulations using finite element analysis including cohesive zone modeling were performed. The good agreement between the inputted and resulting laws for all the cases considered validates the model. An experimental confirmation was also performed by comparing the numerical and experimental load–displacement curves. The numerical load–displacement curves were obtained by adjusting typical cohesive laws to the ones measured experimentally following the proposed approach and using finite element analysis including cohesive zone modeling. Once again, good agreement was obtained in the comparisons thus demonstrating the good performance of the proposed methodology.

Anti-vibration gloves and the forearm efforts during tools operations

The objective of this paper is to analyze the forearm muscular contraction levels associated to the use of anti-vibration gloves, by comparing the contraction levels with gloves and without gloves. Two different vibration tools were used in a simulated work environment: (1) A compact Duty Multi-Cutter Bosch and (2) and a Percussion Drill with a drill bit Ø20 mm. Standard operations were performed by each subject in the following materials: (1) Performing cross- sectional cuts in 80x40 mm pine section and (2) performing 20 mm diameter holes in a concrete slab 2 x 2 m, 70 mm thick. The forearm contraction level were measured by surface electromyography in four different muscles: Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS), Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU), Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) e Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU). For the flexor muscles (FDS, FCU), an increase tendency in muscular contraction was observed when the operations are performed without gloves (2-5% MVE increase in the FDS and 3-9% MVE increase in the FCU). For the extensor muscles ECU a decrease tendency in muscular contraction was observed when the operations are performed without gloves (1-10% MVE decrease). Any tendency was found in the ECRL muscle. ECU was the muscle with the highest contraction level for 79% and 71% of the operators, during the operations respectively with the multi-cutter (P50= 27-30%MVE) and with the percussion drill (P50=46-55%MVE). As a final conclusion from this study, anti- vibration gloves may increase the forearm fatigue in the posterior region of the forearm (ECU muscle) during operations with the mentioned tools

Double power laws, fractals and self-similarity

Power law (PL) distributions have been largely reported in the modeling of distinct real phenomena and have been associated with fractal structures and self-similar systems. In this paper, we analyze real data that follows a PL and a double PL behavior and verify the relation between the PL coefficient and the capacity dimension of known fractals. It is to be proved a method that translates PLs coefficients into capacity dimension of fractals of any real data.

Pre-meal tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) intake can have anti-obesity effects in young women?

The effect of pre-meal tomato intake in the anthropometric indices and blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and uric acid of a young women population (n=35, 19.6 ± 1.3 years) was evaluated. During 4 weeks, daily, participants ingested a raw ripe tomato (~90 g) before lunch. Their anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured repeatedly during the follow-up time. At the end of the 4 weeks, significant reductions were observed on body weight (-1.09 ± 0.12 kg on average), % fat (-1.54 ± 0.52%), fasting blood glucose (-5.29 ± 0.80 mg/dl), triglycerides (-8.31 ± 1.34 mg/dl), cholesterol (-10.17 ± 1.21 mg/ dl), and uric acid (-0.16 ± 0.04 mg/dl) of the participants. The tomato pre-meal ingestion seemed to interfere positively in body weight, fat percentage, and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid of the young adult women that participated in this study.

Opções de utilização sequencial de anti-retrovíricos em doentes com falência terapêutica em Angola

A infecção pelo VIH/SIDA constitui um dos principais problemas de saúde no Mundo e em África. A África Sub-sahariana detém actualmente 67% das infecções a nível global. Angola, localizada na sub-região central de África (OMS) tem uma prevalência actual média estimada em 2.4%, estando rodeada a Sul e Leste por países de prevalências mais elevadas. Em Angola, predomina o VIH-1. Os dados publicados sobre a epidemiologia molecular do VIH em Angola mostram uma grande diversidade de subtipos e formas recombinantes circulantes (CRF), recombinantes circulantes únicas (URF) e amostras não tipificadas. A motivação para o estudo presente foi o conhecimento ainda limitado sobre a infeção por VIH em Angola, desde a epidemiologia molecular às características clínicas, imunológicas, virológicas, resposta à terapêutica anti-retrovírica combinada (TARVc) e perfil de resistência do VIH à TARVc. Foi estudado um coorte de 300 doentes adultos, com infecção por VIH, de 15 de Junho de 2006 a 15 de Junho de 2010. Predomina o género feminino, 65% (194/300) e o grupo etário dos 25 aos 39 anos, 62% (186/300). A mediana de idades é 33 anos, residem em Luanda 98% (295/300), 94% são angolanos, sendo os estrangeiros de S. Tomé e RDC. A Classificação CDC de 1993 na linha de base mostrou um predomínio de doentes da categoria clínica C, 53% (160/300), com uma ou duas doenças definidoras; 34% (101/300) dos doentes eram da Categoria C3 do CDC e 49% (147/300) tinham linfócitos T CD4+ abaixo das 200 cel/l. A doença definidora mais frequente foi a Tuberculose, em 39% dos doentes (117/300). A mediana de linfócitos T CD4+ na linha de base foi de 195 cel/μl [1-1076]. Apenas 12,2% dos doentes (37/302) tinha T CD4+ de base superior a 500 células/l. Determinou-se a carga vírica na linha de base, em 213 dos doentes (71%), verificando-se que 46% destes doentes (97/213) tinham cargas virícas superiores a 100.000 cp/ml, 32% (69/213) entre 10001 e 100000, 21% (45/213) entre 400 e 10000, 0,9% (2/213) abaixo de 400 cp/ml. Iniciaram terapêutica anti-retrovírica no período de estudo 206 doentes (69%) com esquemas terapêuticos baseados em NNRTI, sendo 131 (64%) medicados com a associação d4t+3TC+ NVP. Ao fim de 4 anos, em Junho de 2010, havia 126 doentes monitorizados com contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CV, estando 62% dos doentes com CV indetectável (79/126). Os doentes em falência virológica corresponderam a 16% (20/126), 9% (11/126) tinham resultados discordantes (boa resposta imunológica mas carga viral detectável) e 13% (16/126) foram inconclusivos. Foi mudada a terapêutica para esquema de 2ª linha em 5 doentes, 4 dos 5 doentes com critérios de falência virológica e 1 sem critérios de falência virológica, por toxicidade ao EFV. Os doentes com critérios de falência imunológica ou virológica segundo a OMS e os doentes com dados inconclusivos foram seleccionados para testes genotípicos de resistência aos anti-retrovíricos (TR). Foram realizados TR e subtipagem em 37 doentes. Nos doentes que realizaram TR sob TARVc, as mutações de resistência mais frequentemente encontradas foram a M184V, em 16 doentes, a K103N em 12 doentes e a Y181C em 7 doentes. O subtipo C, foi o subtipo predominante em 30% (11/37) dos casos. Para avaliar a adesão à TARVc, foram estudados 63 doentes, faltosos a consultas ou demonstrado sinais de falência clínica, imunológica ou virológica. O método realizado foi o auto-relato por entrevista. Verificou-se uma adesão à TARVc de 100% em 33% (21/63), adesão entre 100% e 90% em 7% (4/63), de 50 a 90% em 7% (4/63) e inferior a 50% em 54% (34/63). Como factores de não-adesão, predominavam a mobilidade no emprego Opções de utilização sequencial de anti-retrovíricos em doentes com falência terapêutica em Angola X e factores familiares e sociais, apontados como razão para a falta às consultas que davam acesso aos medicamentos ARV. Fazendo corresponder os resultados dos testes de resistência realizados à adesão de todos os doentes entrevistados, verifica-se que o grupo de 34 doentes com menos de 50% de adesão, 19 realizaram TR e desses, 13 mostraram mutações de resistência, sendo 10 resistentes a 2 classes de ARV, NITR e NNITR, 2 a NNITR e 1 a NITR. Os restantes 6 doentes deste grupo eram aparentemente susceptíveis às 3 classes de ARV. Actualmente, estão em seguimento 58% dos doentes (176/300), 26 % (77/300) perderam-se no seguimento e 16% (47/300) faleceram. O estudo realizado salienta a fase tardia da chegada aos cuidados médicos; mostra a tuberculose como doença indicadora mais frequente e mostra que a maioria dos doentes foi medicada com D4T+3TC+NVP. Os critérios de sucesso terapêutico descem ao longo do estudo de 71% para 62%. Indica a necessidade de acções urgentes para acesso mais precoce aos cuidados de saúde e intervenção social para ultrapassar as limitações à adesão à TARVc e tornar esta mais eficaz. As opções de segunda linha já disponíveis são muito reduzidas (tenofovir, lopinavir potenciado com ritonavir e saquinavir), havendo necessidade de continuar estes estudos para uma avaliação mais profunda da eficácia destas terapêuticas.

Double power laws, fractals and self-similarity

Power law (PL) distributions have been largely reported in the modeling of distinct real phenomena and have been associated with fractal structures and self-similar systems. In this paper, we analyze real data that follows a PL and a double PL behavior and verify the relation between the PL coefficient and the capacity dimension of known fractals. It is to be proved a method that translates PLs coefficients into capacity dimension of fractals of any real data.

Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: Occurrence and environmental risk

The occurrence of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics therapeutic classes was studied in seawaters. A total of 101 samples covering fourteen beaches and five cities were evaluated in order to assess the spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals among north Portuguese coast. Seawaters were selected in order to embrace different bathing water quality (excellent, good and sufficient). Acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen were detected in all the seawater samples at maximum concentrations of 584, 89.7 and 287 ng L− 1, respectively. Carboxyibuprofen had the highest seawater concentration (1227 ng L− 1). The temporal distribution of the selected pharmaceuticals during the bathing season showed that, in general, higher concentrations were detected in August and September. The environmental risk posed by the pharmaceuticals detected in seawaters towards different trophic levels (fish, daphnids and algae) was also assessed. Only diclofenac showed hazard quotients above one for fish, representing a potential risk for aquatic organisms. These results were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. Additional data is needed in order to support the identification and prioritization of risks posed by pharmaceuticals in marine environment.

Development of a SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS methodology for thedetermination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesicpharmaceuticals in seawaterPaula

An analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics therapeutic groups was developed based on off-line solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS). Extraction conditions were optimized taking into account parameters like sorbent material, sample volume and sample pH. Method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.02 to 8.18 ng/L were obtained. This methodology was successfully applied to the determination of the selected pharmaceuticals in seawater samples of Atlantic Ocean in the Northern Portuguese coast. All the pharmaceuticals have been detected in the seawater samples, with pharmaceuticals like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen being the most frequently detected at concentrations that can reach some hundreds of ng/L.

Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Drug Eruptions: One Patient, More Than a Pattern

Background: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) antagonists are effective in treating several immune-inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. The paradoxical and unpredictable induction of psoriasis and psoriasiform skin lesions is a recognized adverse event, although of unclear aetiology. However, histological analysis of these eruptions remains insufficient, yet suggesting that some might constitute a new pattern of adverse drug reaction, rather than true psoriasis. Case report: The authors report the case of a 43-year-old woman with severe recalcitrant Crohn disease who started treatment with infliximab. There was also a personal history of mild plaque psoriasis without clinical expression for the past eight years. She developed a heterogeneous cutaneous eruption of psoriasiform morphology with pustules and crusts after the third infliximab infusion. The histopathological diagnosis was of a Sweet-like dermatosis. The patient was successfully treated with cyclosporine in association with both topical corticosteroid and vitamin D3 analogue. Three weeks after switching to adalimumab a new psoriasiform eruption was observed, histologically compatible with a psoriasiform drug eruption. Despite this, and considering the beneficial effect on the inflammatory bowel disease, it was decided to maintain treatment with adalimumab and to treat through with topicals, with progressive control of skin disease. Discussion: Not much is known about the pathogenesis of psoriasiform eruptions induced by biological therapies, but genetic predisposition and Koebner phenomenon may contribute to it. Histopathology can add new facets to the comprehension of psoriasiform reactions. In fact, histopathologic patterns of such skin lesions appear to be varied, in a clear asymmetry with clinical findings. Conclusion: The sequential identification in the same patient of two clinical and histopathologic patterns of drug reaction to TNFα antagonists is rare. Additionally, to the authors’ knowledge, there is only one other description in literature of a TNFα antagonist-induced Sweet-like dermatosis, emphasizing the singularity of this case report.

A Imprensa Portuguesa e a Guerra. 1914-1918. Os jornais intervencionistas e anti-intervencionistas. A acção da censura e da propaganda

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação, especialidade de Comunicação e Ciências Sociais

Para uma compreensão da segregação residencial: o plano especial de realojamento e o (anti-racismo)

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Migrações, Interetnicidades e Transnacionalismo

Anti-sepulcro - Desprivatização de memórias, memória pública e contra hegemonias

in PEREIRA, Dionisio (coord.). 2013. Emigrantes, Exilados e Perseguidos - A comunidade portuguesa na galiza (1890-1940), Santiago de Compostela, Através Editora.

O Ne bis in idem no Espaço de Liberdade, Segurança e Justiça e no Direito Europeu da Concorrência

Ne bis in idem, understood as a procedural guarantee in the EU assumes different features in the AFSJ and in european competition law. Despite having a common origin (being, in both sectors the result of the case law of the same jurisdictional organ) its components are quite distintic in each area of the integration. In the AFSJ, the content of bis and idem are broader and addressed at a larger protection of individuals. Its axiological ground is based on the freedom of movements and human dignity, whereas in european competition law its closely linked to defence rights of legal persons and the concept of criminal punishment of anticompetitive sanctions as interpreted by the ECHR´s jurisprudence. In european competition law, ne bis in idem is limited by the systemic framework of competition law and the need to ensure parallel application of both european and national laws. Nonetheless, the absence of a compulsory mechanism to allocate jurisdiction in the EU (both in the AFSJ and in the field of anti-trust law) demands a common axiological framework. In this context, ne bis in idem must be understood as a defence right based on equity and proportionality. As far as its international dimension is concerned, ne bis in idem also lacks an erga omnes effect and it is not considered to be a rule of ius cogens. Consequently, the model which the ECJ has built regarding the application of the ne bis in idem in transnational and supranational contexts should be replicated by other courts through cross fertilization, in order to internationalize that procedural guarantee and broaden its scope of application.

A novel anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (GBR 401) with high killing activity against B cell malignancies.

BACKGROUND: CD19 is a B cell lineage specific surface receptor whose broad expression, from pro-B cells to early plasma cells, makes it an attractive target for the immunotherapy of B cell malignancies. In this study we present the generation of a novel humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb), GBR 401, and investigate its therapeutic potential on human B cell malignancies. METHODS: GBR 401 was partially defucosylated in order to enhance its cytotoxic function. We analyzed the in vitro depleting effects of GBR 401 against B cell lines and primary malignant B cells from patients in the presence or in absence of purified NK cells isolated from healthy donors. In vivo, the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) efficacy of GBR 401 was assessed in a B cell depletion model consisting of SCID mice injected with healthy human donor PBMC, and a malignant B cell depletion model where SCID mice are xenografted with both primary human B-CLL tumors and heterologous human NK cells. Furthermore, the anti-tumor activity of GBR 401 was also evaluated in a xenochimeric mouse model of human Burkitt lymphoma using mice xenografted intravenously with Raji cells. Pharmacological inhibition tests were used to characterize the mechanism of the cell death induced by GBR 401. RESULTS: GBR 401 exerts a potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity against primary samples from patients representing various B-cell malignancies. GBR 401 elicits a markedly higher level of ADCC on primary malignant B cells when compared to fucosylated similar mAb and to Rituximab, the current anti-CD20 mAb standard immunotherapeutic treatment for B cell malignancies, showing killing at 500 times lower concentrations. Of interest, GBR 401 also exhibits a potent direct killing effect in different malignant B cell lines that involves homotypic aggregation mediated by actin relocalization. CONCLUSION: These results contribute to consolidate clinical interest in developing GBR 401 for treatment of hematopoietic B cell malignancies, particularly for patients refractory to anti-CD20 mAb therapies.