Quantitatively distinguishing sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River using delta Eu-N-I REEs pound plot

Sediment samples were collected from the lower channel of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River and the contents of rare earth elements (REEs) were measured. In addition, some historical REEs data were collected from published literatures. Based on the delta Eu-N-I REEs pound plot, a clear boundary was found between the sediments from the two rivers. The boundary can be described as an orthogonal polynomial equation by ordinary linear regression with sediments from the Yangtze River located above the curve and sediments from the Yellow River located below the curve. To validate this method, the REEs contents of sediments collected from the estuaries of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were measured. In addition, the REEs data of sediment Core 255 from the Yangtze River and Core YA01 from the Yellow River were collected. Results show that the samples from the Yangtze River estuary and Core 255 almost are above the curve and most samples from the Yellow River estuary and Core YA01 are below the curve in the delta Eu-N-I REEs pound plot. The plot and the regression equation can be used to distinguish sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River intuitively and quantitatively, and to trace the sediment provenance of the eastern seas of China. The difference between the sediments from two rivers in the delta Eu-N-I REEs pound plot is caused by different mineral compositions and regional climate patterns of the source areas. The relationship between delta Eu-N and I REEs pound is changed little during the transport from the source area to the river, and from river to the sea. Thus the original information on mineral compositions and climate of the source area was preserved.

Element enrichment and U-series isotopic characteristics of the hydrothermal sulfides at Jade site in the Okinawa Trough

The geochemical and U-series isotopic characteristics of hydrothermal sulfide samples from the Jade site (127A degrees 04.5'E, 27A degrees 15'N, water depth 1300-1450 m) at Jade site in the Okinawa Trough were analyzed. In the hydrothermal sulfide samples bearing sulfate (samples HOK1 and HOK2), the LREEs are relatively enriched. All the hydrothermal sulfide samples except HOK1 belong to Zn-rich hydrothermal sulfide. In comparison with Zn-rich hydrothermal sulfides from other fields, the contents of Zn, Pb, Ag, Cd, Au and Hg are higher, the contents of Fe, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, Te, Cs, Ti and U lower, and the Pb-210 radioactivity ratios and Pb-210/Pb ratios very low. In the hydrothermal sulfide mainly composed of sphalerite, the correlations between rare elements Hf and U, and Hf and Mn as well as that between dispersive elements Ga and Zn, are strongly positive; also the contents of Au and Ag are related to Fe-sulfide, because the low temperature promotes enrichment of Au and Ag. Meanwhile, the positive correlations between Fe and Bi and between Zn and Cd are not affected by the change of mineral assemblage. Based on the Pb-210/Pb ratios of hydrothermal sulfide samples (3.99x10(-5)-5.42x10(-5)), their U isotopic composition (U-238 content 1.15-2.53 ppm, U-238 activity 1.07-1.87 dpm/g, U-234 activity 1.15-2.09 dpm/g and U-234/U-238 ratio 1.07-1.14) and their Th-232 and Th-230 contents are at base level, and the chronological age of hydrothermal sulfide at Jade site in the Okinawa Trough is between 200 and 2000 yr.

海洋要素垂直剖面测量系统的数据存储

长期、定点、连续测量海洋环境参数，尤其是从海洋表面到海底的垂直剖面的监测一直以来大都是由船只完成，耗费大量的人力和财力。“海浪驱动自持式海洋要素垂直剖面测量系统”（简称“海马”）利用海洋无时不在的波浪能，驱动滑行器单方向下潜运动，直达海底或程序设定的预定深度，在控制系统作用下，滑行器依靠自身的浮力匀速上浮， 并在此过程中，完成海洋要素的自动测量和存储。 当今海洋仪器大多采用“闪存”来存储数据，主要有RS－232串口和并型口的CF(Compact Flash)卡两种形式。但是两种接口都有一定的缺陷：CF卡不能和PC机直接通信，必须通过转接口才能将数据传送到PC机上；而RS-232接口虽然可以和PC机直接通信，但是由于其传输速度较慢，不利于大量数据的传输。由于上述两种接口的缺点，“海马”采用U盘来实现数据的存储。 USB接口不仅可以和PC机直接通信，而且具有使用方便，数据传输率高，又支持即插即用等特点，但由于USB接口协议复杂，涉及的方面广，特别是软件种类比较多，而且USB芯片种类繁多，使得USB设备的开发非常困难。 本文设计的USB(Universal Serial Bus)接口电路以单片机AT89C51以及CYPRESS公司生产的USB接口芯片SL811HS为核心，结合了随机存储芯片HY62256以及看门狗芯片X25165。在介绍了SL811HS控制器芯片的主要特点的基础上，重点阐述了利用这一芯片在C语言的编程控制之下如何识别U盘的插入和拔出，以及如何将单片机的数据按协议规定写入U盘，其中的协议包括FAT文件协议，USB协议和UFI命令协议。 本系统实现了单片机对U盘的数据存储，速度快，存储容量大，数据读取方便，直观明了，系统工作安全可靠，抗干扰能力强，可扩展性大，而且针对下位机设计的串口协议简单，可以满足“海马”海量数据的存储要求。

真鲷（Pagrus major）胚胎超低温损伤机理研究

鱼类胚胎由于其自身结构特征：体积大、含水量高、多室结构等，迄今超低温保存尚未成功。超低温保存过程中所造成的冷冻损伤是制约鱼类胚胎超低温保存成功与否的关键，具体表现为渗透压影响、抗冻剂毒性、冰晶损伤等。系统研究并阐明鱼类胚胎冷冻损伤机理，是成功建立鱼类胚胎超低温保存技术的基础。本论文主要针对胚胎对渗透压的耐受性、抗冻剂对胚胎的渗透性、降温速率对胚胎内外冰晶形成温度的影响等冷冻损伤机理进行了系统研究，主要研究结果如下： 1.通过检测胚胎在不同浓度人工海水（0%、25%、50%、75%、1×、2×、3×、4×，渗透压范围0~3740 mOsm/kg）中的孵化率，确定了真鲷不同发育时期胚胎对渗透压的耐受范围，以及心跳期胚胎浸泡不同时间对渗透压的耐受范围。结果显示：①真鲷2-4细胞期、原肠期、10-14体节期胚胎、心跳期和出膜前期胚胎孵化率>50%时渗透压的范围依次为：919~1391 mOsm/kg、919~1391 mOsm/kg、462 ~1391 mOsm/kg、232~1878 mOsm/kg和692~1391 mOsm/kg，表明心跳期胚胎对渗透压变化的耐受范围最广；②在不同浓度人工海水中分别浸泡10 min、30 min、1 h、5 h和10 h后，真鲷胚胎孵化率无显著变化的渗透压范围分别为0~2804 mOsm/kg、0~1878 mOsm/kg、232~1391 mOsm/kg、232~1391 mOsm/kg和919~1391 mOsm/kg；结果表明心跳期胚胎对渗透压的耐受范围随浸泡时间的延长而减小。 2.采用毛细管电泳技术检测胚胎内部DMSO的浓度，并且分析了胚胎孵化率和胚胎内部DMSO的浓度随浸泡时间变化与外部抗冻剂的关系。结果表明胚胎孵化率随胚胎外部抗冻剂溶液浓度和浸泡时间的增加而降低；胚胎内部DMSO浓度随胚胎外部抗冻剂溶液浓度和浸泡时间的增加而增加。对胚胎孵化率（y1）随抗冻剂溶液浓度（x）的变化进行一元三次多项式回归，当浸泡时间分别为10 min、30 min和60 min时，回归方程依次为：y1 = -2832.7x3 + 575.01x2 - 37.011x + 99.641（R2 = 0.9722）；y1 = 30288x3 - 16322x2 + 2077.3x + 27.603（R2 = 0.9876）；y1 = 16052x3 - 5985.2x2 - 32.696x + 119.6（R2 = 0.9124）。对胚胎内部DMSO浓度（y2）随抗冻剂溶液浓度（x）的变化进行回归，当浸泡时间分别为10 min、30 min和60 min时，回归方程依次为：y2 = 0.2584e6.7294x（R2 = 0.9876）；y2 = 0.2521e10.964x（R2 = 0.9644）；y2 = 0.4054e10.95x（R2 = 0.8954）。 3. 利用低温显微镜观察了不同降温速率（20、40、60、80、100、120℃/min）对胚胎内外冰晶形成温度的影响。胚胎外部冰晶形成温度（TEIF）随降温速率的增加显著下降，在降温速率大于80℃/min之后，TEIF随降温速率增加而降低的幅度减小；胚胎内部冰晶形成温度（TIIF）在降温速率小于80℃/min 时随降温速率的升高而降低，在降温速率大于80℃/min 时随降温速率的升高而升高；胚胎内外冰晶形成温度差值（TEIF - TIIF）在降温速率小于80℃/min时随降温速率的升高而增大，在降温速率大于80℃/min时随降温速率的升高而减小。 4. 在低温显微镜下观察了真鲷胚胎低温保存中有复活胚胎记录的保存方法在冷冻解冻过程中的冰晶形成过程，结果表明：①在冷冻过程中，玻璃化法冷冻的胚胎的内部冰晶形成温度（-53.70，-64.33℃）显著低于程序降温法（-17.51，-21.40℃）；而且在玻璃化法冷冻的胚胎内部冰晶形成温度高于外部冰晶后形成（-70.30℃），程序降温法中则相反，胚胎内部冰晶形成温度显著低于外部冰晶形成温度（-4.93，-5.00℃）；玻璃化法中，40%PG冷冻的胚胎外部溶液出现玻璃化现象，其他组均未出现；②在解冻过程中，各组均出现重结晶现象；解冻后，玻璃化法的胚胎完整率（62.82%）远高于程序降温法（9.21%）。

坛紫菜中藻胆蛋白和多糖的化学结构特征研究

本文对北移坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）中的藻胆蛋白和多糖进行了深入的研究，并发现其化学结构特征与南方坛紫菜存在一定差异，其主要结果如下：坛紫菜的水溶性色素粗提物经过耱酸铵沉淀和羟基磷灰石（HA）柱层析后，分离到三种藻胆蛋白，即藻蓝蛋白（RPC）、藻红蛋白（RPE）和变藻蓝蛋白（APC）。在中性介质中，其吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱与文献报告基本一致，但在酸性（PH_3）或碱性（PH_(12)）介质中，吸收光谱有明显改变，原有的荧光性质也消失。RPC和APC只分离到一种聚集体，但RPE有两种不同的聚体，用Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤方法，测得藻胆蛋白的分子量分别为：RPC 117，000，APC 122，000，小分子RPE 34，000，大分子RPE 232，000。 而且RPE的两种聚集体的吸收光谱、荧光光谱以及等电点等物理性质都有所差异。对RPE的氨基酸分析结果表明，以天冬氨酸、丙氨酸和谷氨酸为主，且酸性氨基酸的含量大于碱性基酸的含量。用分级法对南北方两种坛紫菜的热水和冷水提取多糖进行了层析分级，用~(13)C-NMR和红外光谱研究了各级分的化学结构特征，南北方坛紫菜琼胶分别主要由用1.0M和0.5M NaCl从DEAE-Sephadex A50层析柱洗脱下的带电荷的琼胶分子组成，~(13)C-NMR谱图表明坛紫菜主要由琼胶糖结构及其生物前体（硫酸基结合在L-半乳糖的第6位碳上）构成，且甲基化琼胶糖在南方坛紫菜中的含量明显比北移坛紫菜高，这是坛紫菜由南方移植北方后的明显差异，这种差异对于进一步研究坛紫菜的生理学特点是有意义的。

Radioactivity Concentrations in Soils in the Qingdao Area, China

The specific activity concentrations of radionuclides U-238, Th-212, and K-40 of 2300 sampling points in the Qingdao area were measured by an FD-3022 gamma-ray spectrometer. The radioactivity concentrations of U-238, Th-232, and K-40 ranged from 3.3 to 185.3, from 6.9 to 157.2, and from 15.8 to 7834.4 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The air-absorbed dose at I meter above ground, effective annual dose, external hazard index, and radium equivalent activity were also calculated to systematically evaluate the radiological hazards of the natural radioactivity in Qingdao. The air-absorbed dose, effective annual dose, external hazard index, and radium equivalent activity in the study area were 98.6 nGy h(-1), 0.12 mSv, 0.56, 197 Bq kg(-1), respectively. Compared with the worldwide value, the air-absorbed dose is slightly high, but the other factors are all lower than the recommended value. The natural external exposure will not pose significant radiological threat to the population. In conclusion, the Qingdao area is safe with regard to the radiological level and suitable for living.

The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review

Sponges (phylum Porifera) had been considered as an enigmatic phylum, prior to the analysis of their genetic repertoire/tool kit. Already with the isolation of the first adhesion molecule, galectin, it became clear that the sequences of sponge cell surface receptors and of molecules forming the intracellular signal transduction pathways triggered by them, share high similarity with those identified in other metazoan phyla. These studies demonstrated that all metazoan phyla, including Porifera, originate from one common ancestor, the Urmetazoa. The sponges evolved prior to the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary (542 million years ago [myr]) during two major "snowball earth events", the Sturtian glaciation (710 to 680 myr) and the Varanger-Marinoan ice ages (605 to 585 myr). During this period the ocean was richer in silica due to the silicate weathering. The oldest sponge fossils (Hexactinellida) have been described from Australia, China and Mongolia and are thought to have existed coeval with the diverse Ediacara fauna. Only little younger are the fossils discovered in the Sansha section in Hunan (Early Cambrian; China). It has been proposed that only the sponges possessed the genetic repertoire to cope with the adverse conditions, e.g. temperature-protection molecules or proteins protecting them against ultraviolet radiation. The skeletal elements of the Hexactinellida (model organisms Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia or Hyalonema sieboldi) and Demospongiae (models Suberites domuncula and Geodia cydonium), the spicules, are formed enzymatically by the anabolic enzyme silicatein and the catabolic enzyme silicase. Both, the spicules of Hexactinellida and of Demospongiae, comprise a central axial canal and an axial filament which harbors the silicatein. After intracellular formation of the first lamella around the channel and the subsequent extracellular apposition of further lamellae the spicules are completed in a net formed of collagen fibers. The data summarized here substantiate that with the finding of silicatein a new aera in the field of bio/inorganic chemistry started. For the first time strategies could be formulated and experimentally proven that allow the formation/synthesis of inorganic structures by organic molecules. These findings are not only of importance for the further understanding of basic pathways in the body plan formation of sponges but also of eminent importance for applied/commercial processes in a sustainable use of biomolecules for novel bio/inorganic materials.

A preliminary genetic linkage map of the pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

Preliminary genetic linkage maps were constructed for the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and microsatellite markers segregating in a F, family. Nine microsatellite loci, 41 RAPD, and 2688 AFLP markers were genotyped in the parents and 86 progeny of the mapping family. Among the 2738 markers, 384 (including 365 AFLP markers, 10 RAPD markers, and 9 microsatellite loci) were polymorphic and segregated in one or both parents: 241 in the female and 146 in the male. The majority of these markers, 232 in the female and 134 in the male, segregated according to the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio (alpha = 0.05). Two genetic linkage maps were constructed using markers segregating in the female or the male parent. The female framework map consisted of 119 markers in 22 linkage groups, covering 1773.6 cM with an average intermarker space of 18.3 cM. The male framework map contained 94 markers in 19 linkage groups, spanning 1365.9 cM with an average intermarker space of 18.2 cM. The sex determination locus was mapped to the male map but not to the female map, suggesting a XY-male determination mechanism. Distorted markers showing excess of homozygotes were mapped in clusters, probably because of their linkage to a gene that is incompatible between two parental populations.

青藏高原特有害鼠黑唇鼠兔的危害及防治对策

黑唇鼠兔既是青藏高原的特有害鼠，也是青藏高原的优势害鼠，严重威胁草原的生态环境、畜牧业的可持续发展以及人们的身体健康；防治鼠兔常用的方法有物理防治、化学防治、生物防治以及生态防治，文章分析了各种方法的优缺点，认为只有采取综合治理的方法才能从根本上控制鼠害；提倡对黑唇鼠兔的开发利用，化害为益，探索防治鼠兔的新途径。

高寒草甸不同海拔梯度土壤有机质氮磷的分布和生产力变化及其与环境因子的关系

以高寒草甸6个不同海拔(从低到高依次为3 840,3 856,3 927,3 988,4 232,4 435 m)梯度内的野外观测和土壤实测数据,分析了土壤有机质、氮、磷的分布特征及其与土壤含水量和土壤温度之间的关系.结果表明,土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤速效氮、土壤全磷含量均在第一梯度(3 840 m)和第六梯度(4 435 m)较高,中间梯度较低,但土壤速效磷变化有波动;土壤含水量对土壤有机质、氮、磷作用强度依次为土壤全氮、土壤有机质、土壤全磷、土壤速效氮、土壤速效磷;土壤温度对土壤有机质、氮、磷作用强度依次为土壤速效氮、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤速效磷;温度对高寒草甸植物群落初级生产力(地上生物量)的作用最大,是决定不同海拔梯度植物群落初级生产力的主要环境因子,其回归方程为:Ya＝-92.982+13.832X3(F＝13.355,P<0.05).

柴达木盆地农牧交错区种草养畜的生态经济效益

家庭牧场通过人工草地和暖棚等基础建设,农牧业结构调整,以及饲草、饲料加工调制和羔羊育肥等综合配套技术的应用,使试验区生态、经济和社会效益明显改善.结果表明:草地中优良牧草比例和植被盖度明显增加;弃耕地种草养畜不仅提高了初级生产力,减轻荒漠草地载畜压力,而且降低土壤含盐量;暖棚养畜改善了家畜的生存环境,提高了抗病和越冬能力;通过家庭牧场生产结构的优化和基础设施建设,经济效益明显提高,年净收入达19767元,投入产出比为2.25.

人工食物对高原鼠兔稳定性碳和氮同位素组成的影响

以玉米面、小米面和绿豆粉(质量比为5：3：2)的混合食物饲喂青藏高原地区特有种高原鼠兔，40 d后断头杀死，取其后腿肌肉测定稳定性碳和氮同位素组成。结果表明，用混合食物饲喂后，高原鼠兔的稳定性碳同位素比值显著升高，由对照的(一24．660．25)‰上升为(一19．050．09)％。；稳定性氮同位素的组成变化较小，仅由对照的(3 280．13)‰增加为饲喂后的(3．6l0．32)‰。经人工食物饲喂后，高原鼠兔与其食物间稳定性碳同位素的分馏效应为4．73‰o，稳定性氮同位素的分馏效应为2．79％e。c。组分食物的加入影响高原鼠兔的稳定性同位素(特别是氮同位素)代谢模式，其稳定性同位素代谢周转率可能高于原来预测的40 d。

高寒草甸牧草产量形成过程及与气象因子的关联分析

高寒草甸牧草产量的形成过程与生物量的积累过程和自然界各种生物种群消长规律一样，可用逻辑斯谛生长函数来描述。随着季节的进程，依环境条件的周期变化表现为有缓慢积累-快速增加-相对稳定-折损减少等4个阶段。对气象因子影响高寒草甸牧草产量灰色关联分析结果表明，高寒草甸地区降水量可基本满足牧草生长发育的需求，而温度因子则成为主要的限制因子。其气象因子影响程度大小的序次为：1月平均气温＞5～8月平均气温＞5～8月日照时数＞5～8月水热综合配合(降水量与气 温的比值)＞5～8月降水量＞上年度末9～11月的降水量。在分辨系数取0.5的条件下，以上各因子所对应的关联度排列为：0.835＞0.791＞0.771＞0.754＞0.743＞0.638。将上述各气象因子进行主成分处理后，建立评估或预报高寒草甸牧草产量的模拟模型方程：GW=a+aJ∑Xj。其拟合及试报效果很好，可作高寒草甸牧草产量的评估或预测预报工具。