Estudio psicométrico y adaptación de escalas The McCarthy Scales for Children Abilities sobre población valenciana.

El objetivo principal de la investigación es elaborar baremos representativos de la población valenciana de las escalas The Mccarthy Scales for Childrens Abilities. Se tomó una muestra inicial de 800 sujetos de origen valenciano de edades comprendidas entre los 2 y los 8 años. La muestra se eligió teniendo en cuenta las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, lugar de residencia y tipo de centro. Para la tipificación de las escalas se utilizó un diseño transversal y posteriormente se realizó un estudio diferencial de las escalas en función de las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, tipo de centro y lugar de residencia. También se realizó un estudio psicométrico de la misma desde una doble perspectiva: a.- Análisis de los elementos y estructura interna de la prueba y b.- Recomprobación factorial de la escala. Mccarthy Scales for Childrens Abilities. Para el análisis psicométrico se han utilizado los siguientes indicadores: índices de dificultad, desviación típica y fiabilidad. Para recomprobar la estructura factorial de las escalas se ha utilizado el análisis factorial, concretamente el método de factores principales con rotación Varimax. Para el estudio diferencial de las escalas en función de las variables definidas se empleó el análisis de varianza. Respecto al estudio diferencial de las escalas se ha encontrado que no existen diferencias significativas en función de la variable sexo y que existen diferencias en las escalas verbal, perceptivo manipulativa, numérica, general cognitiva y memoria en función de las variables tipo de centro y tipo de residencia. Los índices de fiabilidad encontrados para las distintas escalas son muy aceptables.

Evaluación de la conducta adapatativa de las personas con discapacidad intelectual : valoración y usos de la Escala ABS-RC:2.

Se trata de comprobar si la Escala de Conducta Adaptativa ABS-RC:2 para niños y adolescentes de 3 a 18 años (versión adultos en comunidad y en residencias) sirve por un lado, para poder ser aplicada a las personas con discapacidad intelectual al cumplir los criterios de fiabilidad y validez apropiados para su utilización y, por otro, si a los profesionales de atención directa se les ofrece la información que desea obtener de la población de estudio. Se pretende saber si discrimina bien entre los diferentes tipos de discapacidad intelectual, si proporciona información válida para ayudar en la toma de decisiones sobre los diferentes tipos de recursos y apoyos que precisa el individuo, o si discrimina el grado de adquisición o uso de conducta adaptativa en función de la edad. La investigación persigue cuatro objetivos generales: adaptar al castellano la Escala americana de Conducta Adaptativa 'Adptative Behavior Scales-Resdential an Community ABS-RC:2'; realizar una estimación de la validez y fiabilidad de la Escala ABS-RC:2, ya que pueden ser buenos estimadores de los correspondientes parámetros poblacionales; estudiar el poder discriminatorio de la Escala, observando si en su aplicación a personas con discapacidad intelectual de diferentes centros para adultos de la Asociación Aspanias de Burgos, la escala ofrece resultados diferentes y significativos, lo que facilitaría a los profesionales utilizarla con fines específicos en los centros educativos, ocupacionales, preelaborales y laborales; y por último, valorar si la Escala es adecuada y sirve para estandarizarse y usarse con la población de discapacitados intelectuales adultos de habla castellana en España. El trabajo consta de dos partes: la primera se denomina revisión bibliográfica y conceptual y consta de cinco capítulos en los que se revisa y expone el estado de conocimiento de la temática. La segunda parte está compuesta por dos capítulos que hacen referencia a la investigación y sus planteamientos. En esta segunda fase las acciones vinieron encaminadas a solicitar a la Fundación INTRAS los correspondientes permisos para investigar con el SBS-RC:2, y posteriormente, se empezó con el proceso de adaptación de la Escala. Para ello cinco psicólogos revisaron y valoraron su idoneidad para después aplicar la Escala. La Escala se aplicó a 208 personas de las 249 personas que acuden al Centro Ocupacional y al Centro Especial de Empleo, lo que implica que el 83 por ciento de los adultos que asisten a dichos centros de Aspanias participan en el estudio. A modo de conclusión se exponen los hallazgos extraídos en el análisis de los datos: 1 la Escala obtiene índices de fiabilidad adecuados tanto en consistencia interna, fiabilidad test-retest y fiabilidad interevaluadores; 2 la Escala presenta índices adecuados en todos los resultados dirigidos a valorar su validez; 3 el análisis factorial de la Escala manifestó la existencia de los cinco factores principales que componen el instrumento original americano; 4 la escala es idónea y adecuada para ser utilizada en la población con discapacidad intelectual de los centros de adultos de Aspanias en los que se ha hecho el estudio, ya que sus propiedades técnicas cumplen con los criterios de calidad exigidos; 5 la Escala sirve para hacer una descripción o clasificación del uso o adquisición de estas conductas; 6 han sido contrastadas en el estudio algunas de las características más sobr4esalientes del concepto actual de conducta adaptativa; 7 junto a las limitaciones en conducta adaptativa que manifiestan las personas afectadas, coexisten también capacidades o puntos fuertes; 8 las puntuaciones totales de conducta desadaptada se relacionan inversamente con las puntuaciones totales de conducta adaptativa, a mayor puntuación en conducta desadaptada menor puntuación en la adaptada; 9 esiste una amplia heterogeneidad en los individuos afectados, pero se puede demostrar que la conducta adaptativa disminuye según aumenta la edad de las personas afectadas; 10 las personas que acceden al Centro Especial de Empleo obtienen mayores puntuaciones en conducta adaptativa que las que acuden al Centro Ocupacional; 11 los hallazgos encontrados facilitan una mayor adecuación de la intervención en los centros que atienden a las personas con discapacidad intelectual; 12, y a modo de conclusión general, la Escala adaptada es un instrumento que permite hacer estudios sobre las capacidades y limitaciones de la conducta adaptativa del colectivo y de cada individuo discapacitado en particular, es de fácil aplicación, sirve para ser un vehículo de comunicación entre profesionales y como herramienta práctica para el desempeño profesional.

Identi???cation of degrees of anxiety in children with three- and ???ve-face facial scales

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Development of different spatial frames of reference for orientation in small-scale environments

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The dilemma of combining positive and negative items in scales

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Combination treatment in the rehabilitation of visuo-spatial neglect

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Slopes of Avian Species-Area Relationships, Human Population Density, and Environmental Factors

There is increasing interest in how humans influence spatial patterns in biodiversity. One of the most frequently noted and marked of these patterns is the increase in species richness with area, the species211;area relationship (SAR). SARs are used for a number of conservation purposes, including predicting extinction rates, setting conservation targets, and identifying biodiversity hotspots. Such applications can be improved by a detailed understanding of the factors promoting spatial variation in the slope of SARs, which is currently the subject of a vigorous debate. Moreover, very few studies have considered the anthropogenic influences on the slopes of SARs; this is particularly surprising given that in much of the world areas with high human population density are typically those with a high number of species, which generates conservation conflicts. Here we determine correlates of spatial variation in the slopes of species211;area relationships, using the British avifauna as a case study. Whilst we focus on human population density, a widely used index of human activities, we also take into account (1) the rate of increase in habitat heterogeneity with increasing area, which is frequently proposed to drive SARs, (2) environmental energy availability, which may influence SARs by affecting species occupancy patterns, and (3) species richness. We consider environmental variables measured at both local (10 km × 10 km) and regional (290 km × 290 km) spatial grains, but find that the former consistently provides a better fit to the data. In our case study, the effect of species richness on the slope SARs appears to be scale dependent, being negative at local scales but positive at regional scales. In univariate tests, the slope of the SAR correlates negatively with human population density and environmental energy availability, and positively with the rate of increase in habitat heterogeneity. We conducted two sets of multiple regression analyses, with and without species richness as a predictor. When species richness is included it exerts a dominant effect, but when it is excluded temperature has the dominant effect on the slope of the SAR, and the effects of other predictors are marginal.

Contrasting Effects of Cattle Grazing Intensity on Upland-Nesting Duck Production at Nest and Field Scales in the Aspen Parkland, Canada

The Aspen Parkland of Canada is one of the most important breeding areas for temperate nesting ducks in North America. The region is dominated by agricultural land use, with approximately 9.3 million ha in pasture land for cattle grazing. However, the effects of using land for cattle grazing on upland-nesting duck production are poorly understood. The current study was undertaken during 2001 and 2002 to investigate how nest density and nesting success of upland-nesting ducks varied with respect to the intensity of cattle grazing in the Aspen Parkland. We predicted that the removal and trampling of vegetation through cattle grazing would reduce duck nest density. Both positive and negative responses of duck nesting success to grazing have been reported in previous studies, leading us to test competing hypotheses that nesting success would (1) decline linearly with grazing intensity or (2) peak at moderate levels of grazing. Nearly 3300 ha of upland cover were searched during the study. Despite extensive and severe drought, nest searches located 302 duck nests. As predicted, nest density was higher in fields with lower grazing intensity and higher pasture health scores. A lightly grazed field with a pasture score of 85 out of a possible 100 was predicted to have 16.1 nests/100 ha (95% CI = 11.7211;22.1), more than five times the predicted nest density of a heavily grazed field with a pasture score of 58 (3.3 nests/100 ha, 95% CI = 2.2211;4.5). Nesting success was positively related to nest-site vegetation density across most levels of grazing intensity studied, supporting our hypothesis that reductions in vegetation caused by grazing would negatively affect nesting success. However, nesting success increased with grazing intensity at the field scale. For example, nesting success for a well-concealed nest in a lightly grazed field was 11.6% (95% CI = 3.6211;25.0%), whereas nesting success for a nest with the same level of nest-site vegetation in a heavily grazed field was 33.9% (95% CI = 17.0211;51.8%). Across the range of residual cover observed in this study, nests with above-average nest-site vegetation density had nesting success rates that exceeded the levels believed necessary to maintain duck populations. Our findings on complex and previously unreported relationships between grazing, nest density, and nesting success provide useful insights into the management and conservation of ground-nesting grassland birds.

Uncertainty assessment of a process-based integrated catchment model of phosphorus

Despite the many models developed for phosphorus concentration prediction at differing spatial and temporal scales, there has been little effort to quantify uncertainty in their predictions. Model prediction uncertainty quantification is desirable, for informed decision-making in river-systems management. An uncertainty analysis of the process-based model, integrated catchment model of phosphorus (INCA-P), within the generalised likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) framework is presented. The framework is applied to the Lugg catchment (1,077 km2), a River Wye tributary, on the England–Wales border. Daily discharge and monthly phosphorus (total reactive and total), for a limited number of reaches, are used to initially assess uncertainty and sensitivity of 44 model parameters, identified as being most important for discharge and phosphorus predictions. This study demonstrates that parameter homogeneity assumptions (spatial heterogeneity is treated as land use type fractional areas) can achieve higher model fits, than a previous expertly calibrated parameter set. The model is capable of reproducing the hydrology, but a threshold Nash-Sutcliffe co-efficient of determination (E or R 2) of 0.3 is not achieved when simulating observed total phosphorus (TP) data in the upland reaches or total reactive phosphorus (TRP) in any reach. Despite this, the model reproduces the general dynamics of TP and TRP, in point source dominated lower reaches. This paper discusses why this application of INCA-P fails to find any parameter sets, which simultaneously describe all observed data acceptably. The discussion focuses on uncertainty of readily available input data, and whether such process-based models should be used when there isn’t sufficient data to support the many parameters.

A geostatistical analysis of the spatial variation of soil mineral nitrogen and potentially available nitrogen within an arable field.

The technology for site-specific applications of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has exposed a gap in our knowledge about the spatial variation of soil mineral N, and that which will become available during the growing season within arable fields. Spring mineral N and potentially available N were measured in an arable field together with gravimetric water content, loss on ignition, crop yield, percentages of sand, silt, and clay, and elevation to describe their spatial variation geostatistically. The areas with a larger clay content had larger values of mineral N, potentially available N, loss on ignition and gravimetric water content, and the converse was true for the areas with more sandy soil. The results suggest that the spatial relations between mineral N and loss on ignition, gravimetric water content, soil texture, elevation and crop yield, and between potentially available N and loss on ignition and silt content could be used to indicate their spatial patterns. Variable-rate nitrogen fertilizer application would be feasible in this field because of the spatial structure and the magnitude of variation of mineral N and potentially available N.

Spatial and temporal scale issues in determining biomass burning regimes in Bolivia and Peru

ATSR-2 active fire data from 1996 to 2000, TRMM VIRS fire counts from 1998 to 2000 and burn scars derived from SPOT VEGETATION ( the Global Burnt Area 2000 product) were mapped for Peru and Bolivia to analyse the spatial distribution of burning and its intra- and inter-annual variability. The fire season in the region mainly occurs between May and October; though some variation was found between the six broad habitat types analysed: desert, grassland, savanna, dry forest, moist forest and yungas (the forested valleys on the eastern slope of the Andes). Increased levels of burning were generally recorded in ATSR-2 and TRMM VIRS fire data in response to the 1997/1998 El Nino, but in some areas the El Nino effect was masked by the more marked influences of socio-economic change on land use and land cover. There were differences between the three global datasets: ATSR-2 under-recorded fires in ecosystems with low net primary productivities. This was because fires are set during the day in this region and, when fuel loads are low, burn out before the ATSR-2 overpass in the region which is between 02.45 h and 03.30 h. TRMM VIRS was able to detect these fires because its overpasses cover the entire diurnal range on a monthly basis. The GBA2000 product has significant errors of commission (particularly areas of shadow in the well-dissected eastern Andes) and omission (in the agricultural zone around Santa Cruz, Bolivia and in north-west Peru). Particular attention was paid to biomass burning in high-altitude grasslands, where fire is an important pastoral management technique. Fires and burn scars from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data for a range of years between 1987 and 2000 were mapped for areas around Parque Nacional Rio Abiseo (Peru) and Parque Nacional Carrasco (Bolivia). Burn scars mapped in the grasslands of these two areas indicate far more burning had taken place than either the fires or the burn scars derived from global datasets. Mean scar sizes are smaller and have a smaller range in size between years the in the study area in Peru (6.6-7.1 ha) than Bolivia (16.9-162.5 ha). Trends in biomass burning in the two highland areas can be explained in terms of the changing socio-economic environments and impacts of conservation. The mismatch between the spatial scale of biomass burning in the high-altitude grasslands and the sensors used to derive global fire products means that an entire component of the fire regime in the region studied is omitted, despite its importance in the farming systems on the Andes.

Physico-chemical controls on phosphorus cycling in two lowland streams. Part 2 - The sediment phase

This article investigates the temporal and spatial controls on sediment-phosphorus (P) dynamics in two contrasting sub-catchments of the River Kennet, England. Suspended sediment (collected under representative flow conditions) and size-fractionated bedload (collected weekly for one year) from the Rivers Lambourn and Enborne was analysed for a range of physico-chemical determinands. Total P concentrations were highest in the most mobile fractions of sediment: suspended sediment, fine silt and clay and organic matter (mean concentrations of 1758, 1548 and 1440 mug P g(-1) dry sediment, respectively). Correlation analysis showed significant relationships between total P and total iron (n = 110), total manganese (n = 110), organic matter (n = 110) and specific surface area (n = 28) in the Lambourn (r(2) 0.71, 0.68, 0.62 and 0.52, respectively) and between total P and total iron (n = 110), total manganese (n = 110) and organic matter (n = 110) in the Enborne (r(2) 0.74, 0.85 and 0.68, respectively). These data highlight the importance of metal oxyhydroxide adsorption of P on fine particulates and organic matter. However, high total P concentrations in the granule gravel and coarse sand size fraction during the summer period (mean concentration 228 mug P g(-1) dry sediment) also highlight the role of calcite co-precipitation on P dynamics in the Lambourn. P to cation ratios in Lambourn sediment indicated that fine silt and clay and granule gravel and coarse sand size fractions were potential sources of P release to the water column during specific periods of the summer and autumn. In the Enborne, however, only the granule gravel and coarse sand size fraction had high ratios and a slow, constant release of P was observed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy work confirmed the association of P with calcite in the Lambourn and P with iron on clay particles in the Enborne. The study highlighted the importance of the chemical and physical properties of the sediment in influencing the mechanisms controlling P storage and release within river channels. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mapping the spatial distribution of geomorphological processes in the Okstindan area of northern Norway, using Geomorphic Process Units as derived from remote sensing and ground survey

The delineation of Geomorphic Process Units (GPUs) aims to quantify past, current and future geomorphological processes and the sediment flux associated with them. Five GPUs have been identified for the Okstindan area of northern Norway and these were derived from the combination of Landsat satellite imagery (TM and ETM+) with stereo aerial photographs (used to construct a Digital Elevation Model) and ground survey. The Okstindan study area is sub-arctic and mountainous and is dominated by glacial and periglacial processes. The GPUs exclude the glacial system (some 37% of the study area) and hence they are focussed upon periglacial and colluvial processes. The identified GPUs are: 1. solifluction and rill erosion; 2. talus creep, slope wash and rill erosion; 3. accumulation of debris by rock and boulder fall; 4. rockwalls; and 5. stable ground with dissolved transport. The GPUs have been applied to a ‘test site’ within the study area in order to illustrate their potential for mapping the spatial distribution of geomorphological processes. The test site within the study area is a catchment which is representative of the range of geomorphological processes identified.