Grain Boundary Effects On Plastic Deformation And Fracture Mechanisms In Cu Nanowires: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Metallic nanowires have many attractive properties such as ultra-high yield strength and large tensile elongation. However, recent experiments show that metallic nanowires often contain grain boundaries, which are expected to significantly affect mechanical properties. By using molecular dynamics simulations, here, we demonstrate that polycrystalline Cu nanowires exhibit tensile deformation behavior distinctly different from their single-crystal counterparts. A significantly lowered yield strength was observed as a result of dislocation emission from grain boundaries rather than from free surfaces, despite of the very high surface to volume ratio. Necking starts from the grain boundary followed by fracture, resulting in reduced tensile ductility. The high stresses found in the grain boundary region clearly play a dominant role in controlling both inelastic deformation and fracture processes in nanoscale objects. These findings have implications for designing stronger and more ductile structures and devices on nanoscale.

Anisotropic Deformation Of Polystyrene Particles By Mev Au Ion Irradiation

MeV An irradiation leads to a shape change of polystyrene (PS) and SiO2 particles from spherical to ellipsoidal, with an aspect ratio that can be precisely controlled by the ion fluence. Sub-micrometer PS and SiO2 particles were deposited on copper substrates and irradiated with Au ions at 230 K, using an ion energy and fluence ranging from 2 to 10 MeV and 1 x 10(14) ions/cm(2) to 1 x 10(15) ions/cm(2). The mechanisms of anisotropic deformation of PS and SiO2 particles are different because of their distinct physical and chemical properties. At the start of irradiation, the volume of PS particles decrease, then the aspect ratio increases with fluence, whereas for SiO2 particles the volume remains constant. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Deformation Behavior Of Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass During Nanoindentation

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) normally exhibit super high strength but significant brittleness at ambient temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to investigate the plastic deformation behavior and mechanism in these alloys through conventional tensile and compressive tests due to lack of distinct macroscopic plastic strain. In this work, the deformation behavior of Fe52Cr15Mo9Er3C15B6 BMG was investigated through instrumented nanoindentation and uniaxial compressive tests. The results show that serrated flow, the typical plastic deformation feature of BMGs, could not be found in as-cast and partially crystallized samples during nanoindentation. In addition, the deformation behavior and mechanical properties of the alloy are insensitive to the applied loading rate. The mechanism for the appearance of the peculiar deformation behavior in the Fe-based BMG is discussed in terms of the temporal and spatial characteristics of shear banding during nanoindentation.

New Deformation Twinning Mechanism Generates Zero Macroscopic Strain In Nanocrystalline Metals

Macroscopic strain was hitherto considered a necessary corollary of deformation twinning in coarse-grained metals. Recently, twinning has been found to be a preeminent deformation mechanism in nanocrystalline face-centered-cubic (fcc) metals with medium-to-high stacking fault energies. Here we report a surprising discovery that the vast majority of deformation twins in nanocrystalline Al, Ni, and Cu, contrary to popular belief, yield zero net macroscopic strain. We propose a new twinning mechanism, random activation of partials, to explain this unusual phenomenon. The random activation of partials mechanism appears to be the most plausible mechanism and may be unique to nanocrystalline fcc metals with implications for their deformation behavior and mechanical properties.

Plastic deformation in Ce-based bulk metallic glasses during depth-sensing indentation

The deformation behavior and the effect of the loading rate on the plastic deformation features in (numbers indicate at.%) Ce60Al15Cu10Ni15, Ce65Al10Cu10Ni10Nb5, Ce68Al10Cu20Nb2, and Ce70Al10Cu20 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were investigated through nanoindentation. The load-displacement (P-h) curves of Ce65Al10Cu10Ni10Nb5, Ce68Al10Cu2, and Ce70Al10Cu20 BMGs exhibited a continuous plastic deformation at all studied loading rate. Whereas, the P-h curves of Ce60Al15Cu10Ni15 BMG showed a quite unique feature, i.e. homogeneous plastic deformation at low loading rates, and a distinct serrated flow at high strain rates. Moreover, a creep deformation during the load holding segment was observed for the four Ce-based BMGs at room temperature. The mechanism for the appearance of the "anomalous" plastic deformation behavior in the Ce-based BMGs was discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Escala de Creencias Post-Críticas : análisis psicométrico para su aplicación al estudio de la religiosidad en Argentina

Resumen: Se analizan las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de creencias post-críticas (PCBS) en una muestra de 410 ciudadanos de 18 a 55 años de Córdoba/Argentina, seleccionados a partir de un muestreo no aleatorio. La escala fue traducida para el contexto local. A partir del uso complementario de Escalamiento Multidimensional y Análisis Factorial de componentes principales, se replican las dos dimensiones constitutivas de la PCBS (inclusión-exclusión en la trascendencia e interpretación literal-simbólica de los contenidos religiosos) y las cuatro sub-escalas propuestas: Crítica Externa, Segunda Ingenuidad, Ortodoxia, y Relativismo. El estudio reporta los índices de fiabilidad y la validez externa para cada una de éstas, y se discuten cuestiones operativas y conceptuales de su adecuación en Argentina.

Vibration analysis of laminated shells using a refined shear deformation theory

A previously published refined shear deformation theory is used to analyse free vibration of laminated shells. The theory includes the assumption that the transverse shear strains across any two layers are linearly dependent on each other. The theory has the same dependent variables as first-order shear deformation theory, hut the set of governing differential equations is of twelfth order. No shear correction factors are required. Free vibration of symmetric cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells, symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply cylindrical panels is calculated. The numerical results are in good agreement with those from three-dimensional elasticity theory.

Efecto de diferentes métodos de control de malezas en post emergencia en el cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr.)

De los resultados obtenidos en el experimento se puede concluir lo siguiente: Los tratamientos químicos con excepción de Bentazon presentaron un eficiente control de malezas dicotiledónea. Solamente Betazon control a Cyperus rotundus. Ninguno de los tratamientos químicos en post – emergencia ejerció control sobre las poaceas. Todos los tratamiento probados en post- emergencia no ejerció control sobre especies Desmodium basbatum, por esta de la familia de las leguminosas igual que la soya. El control mecánico y los controles químicos exceptuando Bentazon obtuvieron rendimientos similares entre 2023.35 kg/ha y 2241.01 kg/ha. Se recomienda para trabajos posteriores buscar un manejo integrado de malezas que tomo como consecuencia la prueba de diferentes mezclas de herbicidas y combinaciones con métodos mecánicos o indicadores para poder controlar todos los componentes de la cenosis de las malezas.

Determinación de dosis y momento óptimo de aplicación de los herbicidas Fomesafen y Fluazifop-butil en el control post-emergente de malezas en frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

El experimento fue efectuado en dos localidades durante la postrera de 1988, uno en la finca experimental “la compañía” perteneciente al Instituto Superior de Ciencias Agropecuarias (ISCA), San Marcos, Carazo; y el otro en la cooperativa de producción Camilo Ortega Saavedra, del municipio de Tecuantepe, Managua. Este estudio fue creado con el objetivo de determinar dosis y momento de aplicación adecuados de dos herbicidas utilizados en el control post-emergente de malezas en frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L) Se evaluaron 3 dosis estándar de Fluazifpo-butil (0.71,1.42, y2.13 1/ha ) en mezcla con una dosis estándar de Fluazifop-butil (1.42 1/ha) , aplicados a los 13.20 y 27 días después de la siembra. Los resultados muestran que las tres combinaciones de herbicidas pueden ser utilizadas para controlar malezas en el cultivo del frijol en dependencia del tamaño y grado de infestación de la maleza: las dosis altas pueden utilizarse en presencia de altas infestaciones y las dosis bajas para combatir infestaciones menores de malezas. Además se determinó que los mejores rendimien6tos de grado se obtuvieron cuando la aplicación de herbicidas se realiza a los 20 días después de la siembra.

Molecular dynamics simulation of plastic deformation of nanotwinned copper

The plastic deformation of polycrystalline Cu with ultrathin lamella twins has been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The results of uniaxial tensile deformation simulation show that the abundance of twin boundaries provides obstacles to dislocation motion, which in consequence leads to a high strain hardening rate in the nanotwinned Cu. We also show that the twin lamellar spacing plays a vital role in controlling the strengthening effects, i.e., the thinner the thickness of the twin lamella, the harder the material. Additionally, twin boundaries can act as dislocation nucleation sites as they gradually lose coherency at large strain. These results indicate that controlled introduction of nanosized twins into metals can be an effective way of improving strength without suppression tensile ductility. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Vacancy clusters in ultrafine grained Al by severe plastic deformation

Bulk nanostructured metals are often formed via severe plastic deformation (SPD). The dislocations generated during SPD evolve into boundaries to decompose the grains. Vacancies are also produced in large numbers during SPD, but have received much less attention. Using transmission electron microscopy, here we demonstrate a high density of unusually large vacancy Frank loops in SPD-processed Al. They are shown to impede moving dislocations and should be a contributor to strength. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Microstructure, deformation and failure of polymer bonded explosives

Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) are highly particle filled composite materials comprised of explosive crystals and a polymeric binder (ca. 5-10% by weight). The microstructure and mechanical properties of two pressed PBXs with different binder systems were studied in this paper. The initial microstructure of the pressed PBXs and its evolution under different mechanical aggressions were studied, including quasi-static tension and compression, ultrasonic wave stressing and long-pulse low-velocity impact. Real-time microscopic observation of the PBXs under tension was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a loading stage. The mechanical properties under tensile creep, quasi-static tension and compression were studied. The Brazilian test, or diametrical compression, was used to study the tensile properties. The influences of pressing pressures and temperatures, and strain rates on the mechanical properties of PBXs were analyzed. The mesoscale damage modes in initial pressed samples and the samples insulted by different mechanical aggressions, and the corresponding failure mechanisms of the PBXs under different loading conditions were analyzed.

Deformation mechanisms of face-centered-cubic metal nanowires with twin boundaries

This letter addresses the issue of deformation mechanisms and mechanical tensile behavior of the twinned metal nanowires using atomistic simulations. Free surfaces are always the preferential dislocation nucleation sites in the initial inelastic deformation stage, while with further plastic deformation, twin boundary interfaces will act as sources of dislocations with the assistance of the newly formed defects. The smaller the twin boundary spacing, the higher the yielding stresses of the twinned nanowires. Twin boundaries, which serve both as obstacles to dislocation motion and dislocation sources, can lead to hardening effects and contribute to the tensile ductility. This work illustrates that the mechanical properties of metal nanowires could be controlled by tailoring internal growth twin structures. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Prevalencia de anestro post parto en el ganado bovino de doble propósito en el municipio de Camoapa, departamento de Boaco

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de Determinar la prevalencia de Anestro post parto en el ganado bovino de doble propósito en el Municipio de Camoapa Departamento de Boaco. El municipio de Camoapa está ubicado en la parte sudeste del departamento, su extensión territorial es de 1,478 Km2 siendo el de mayor extensión territorial del departamento de Boaco, limita al norte con el departamento de Matagalpa y el municipio de Boaco, al sur con Chontales, al este con la RAAS y al oeste con el municipio de San Lorenzo, la zona donde se encuentra ubicado corresponde a una parte ondulada y baja que se extiende descendiendo hacia la llanura aluvial del Caribe, con predominancia de una cultura productiva ganadera y donde la tenencia de la tierra está orientada hacia haciendas de ganadería extensiva. El tamaño requerido de la muestra de este trabajo fue de 84 vacas en periodo posparto en total de toda la zona en estudio, extrayéndose muestra representativas de las distintas zonas del Municipio. De las 84 vacas en posparto analizadas por los registros a los 60 días, se encontró que el 85.7% de las vacas estudiadas presentaron anestro posparto, un 14.3% presentaron su estro normal entre los 57 - 60 días posparto. De 72 animales que presentaron anestro 13 que representan un 18% entraron en celo después en un lapso de tiempo entre 61- 150 días y 59 que representan un 82% se mantuvieron en anestro durante el periodo del estudio, la principal causa es la hipofunción ovárica presente en 62 vacas que representa un 86%, seguido de cuerpo lúteo persistente que representan 7 vacas con un 9.7% y los quistes ováricos 3 animales con un 4.3%. El intervalo parto primer celo (IPPC) comprende entre 57 -150 días en et 29.7% de las vacas en estudio.