Reserva hídrica : Aquífero Guarani e seu uso sustentável

Alerta a respeito de um dos mais preciosos e ameaçados recursos naturais: a água. Para que a sociedade atual e possa desfrutar desse bem, mas solidariamente comprometida com as gerações, será preciso administrá-lo "equilibradamente". Como, porém, se trata de "comunidade", ou de sociedades distribuídas pelos países do mundo, o bem comum deve necessariamente ser regido por políticas e leis. Aborda o tema águas subterrâneas do Aquífero Guarani, com todo o seu potencial, reconhecendo, porém, que a legislação a respeito (a cargo da Agência Nacional de Águas - ANA) é insuficiente e sua exploração é feita sem orientação, com riscos para o futuro da reserva. Apresenta levantamento do aquífero, da legislação existente, da prática de países onde, há mais tempo, utiliza esse recurso com legislação ajustada às necessidades e ao nível de crescimento das necessidades.

Yemaya, No. 28, August 2008

Reflections/ Women in Fisheries Policies - Meeting the challenge. Africa/ South Africa - Righting gender injustices. Asia/ China - Contributing significantly. Europe/ Norway - Taking along the 'crewmembers'. Africa/ Uganda - Bringing in the catch. Reflections/ Women in Fisheries Policies - Recognizing women in fisheries: Policy considerations for developing countries. Asia/ The Philippines - 'Engendering' the fisheries industry development plan. Yemaya Recommends - Women in the Fishing: The Roots of Power between the Sexes. Profile - Meet Sherry Pictou. Q&A - Interview with Dr. Cornelia E. Nauen. Milestones - International legal instruments of relevance to women in fisheries. What's New, Webby? - Statement from Women’s Workshop, South Africa. Yemaya Mama in Bangkok – Cartoon. Poem - Ancient food for future generations.

Food habits as an ecological partitioning mechanism in the nearshore rockfishes (Sebastes) of Carmel Bay, California

In the kelp forests of Carmel Bay there are six common rockfishes (Sebastes). Three are pelagic (S. serranoides, S. mystinus, and S. melanops) and two are demersal (S. chrysomelas and S. carnatus). The sixth (S. atrovirens) is generally found a few meters above the sea floor. The pelagic rockfishes which are spatially overlapping have different feeding habits. All rockfishes except S. mystinus utilize juvenile rockfishes as their primary food source during the upwelling season. Throughout the non-upwelling season, most species consume invertebrate prey. The pelagic rockfishes have shorter maxillary bones and longer gill rakers than their demersal congeners, both specializations for taking smaller prey. They also have longer intestines, enabling them to utilize less digestable foods. S. mystinus, which has the longest intestine, may be able to use algae as a food source. Fat reserves are accumulated from July through October, when prey is most abundant. Fat is depleted throughout the rest of the year as food becomes scarce and development of sexual organs takes place. Gonad development occurs from November through February for all species except S. atrovirens.

Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the Extracytoplasmic Function (ECF) σ Factors of Arcobacter butzleri

11 p.

Identification of larval sea basses (Centropristis spp.) using ribosomal DNA-specific molecular assays

The identification of sea bass (Centropristis) larvae to species is difficult because of similar morphological characters, spawning times, and overlapping species ranges. Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) is an important fishery species and is currently considered to be overfished south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. We describe methods for identifying three species of sea bass larvae using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays based on species-specific amplification of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. The assays were tested against DNA of ten other co-occurring reef fish species to ensure the assay's specificity. Centropristis larvae were collected on three cruises during cross-shelf transects and were used to validate the assays. Seventy-six Centropristis larva were assayed and 69 (91%) were identified successfully. DNA was not amplified from 5% of the larvae and identification was inconclusive for 3% of the larvae. Those assays can be used to identify sea bass eggs and larvae and will help to assess spawning locations, spawning times, and larval dispersal.

A review of the ecological effectiveness of subtidal marine reserves in Central California, Part II: Summary of existing marine reserves in Central California and their potential benefits

In Central California, and elsewhere around the world, a great deal of discussion is occurring about the use of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a tool to help manage marine resources. This discussion is taking place because there is growing evidence that humans have depleted marine resources in many parts of the world, often despite strong regulatory efforts. Moreover, there is also mounting evidence that the degradation of marine resources began long ago, and we do not fully realize how much humans have altered “natural” environments. This uncertainty has led people to discuss the use of MPAs as a precautionary tool to prevent depletion or extinction of marine resources, and as a means of redressing past damages. The discussion about the use of marine reserves is increasing in intensity in California because several resource management agencies are considering reserves as they create or revise management plans. Often, the discussions surrounding this important public policy debate lead to questions about the biological or ecological value of existing marine protected areas. More than 100 MPAs exist along the coast of California. Many of these were established arbitrarily and lack specific purposes. Some California marine protected areas also have co-occurring or overlapping boundaries, have conflicting designations for use, and have conflicting rules and regulations. Because few of the existing marine protected areas have clearly articulated goals or objectives, however, it is difficult or impossible to evaluate their ecological effectiveness. (PDF contains 18 pages.)

Building digital capability: the six elements defined

A digital capability framework which describes the skills needed by staff in a wide range of academic, administrative and professional roles to thrive in a digital environment. This will provide a structure to help managers and individuals understand what is needed and supports the development of tools. We have produced an initial model of the framework which describes digital capability as six overlapping elements.

Lessons from the breeding program of rohu

For the first time in India, selective breeding work has been initiated at the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India in collaboration with the Institute of Aquaculture Research (AKVAFORSK), Norway. Rohu has been chosen as the model species because it enjoys the highest consumer preference among Indian major carps (IMC) although its performance was observed to be slower than other IMC. As this was the first ever selection work on any Indian major carp, many procedures and techniques for successful implementation of the programs were standardized (i.e. production of full-sib groups, establishment of model hatchery for selective breeding of carps, rearing of full-sib groups in partitioned nursery ponds, individual tagging with the Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag, communal rearing, sampling, data analysis, field testing and dissemination of improved rohu). After four generations of selection, an average of 17 per cent higher growth per generation was observed in improved rohu.

Field Guide to the Searobins (Prionotus and Bellator) in the Western North Atlantic

Species identifications of Prionotus and Bellator are often difficult under field conditions owing to the large number of species and their overlapping taxonomic characteristics. This key is intended to provide a simplified, accurate means to identify adult searobins greater than 10 cm standard length. All recognized species from the western North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea are included. (PDF file contains 30 pages.)

Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic): Alewife/Blueback Herring

This profile covers life history and environmental requirements of both alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), since their distribution is overlapping and their morphology, ecological role, and environmental requirements are similar. The alewife is an anadromous species found in riverine, estuarine, and Atlantic coastal habitats, depending on life cycle stage, from Newfoundland (Winters et al. 1973) to Soutn Carolina (Berry 1964). Landlocked populations are i n the Great Lakes, Finger Lakes, and many other freshwater lakes (Bigelow and Sch roeder 1953; Scott and Crossman 1973). The blueback herring is an anadromous species found in riverine, estuarine, and Atlantic coastal habitats, depending on life stage cycle, from Nova Scotia to the St. Johns River, Florida (Hildebrand 1963)

Climate change adaptation and planning: An example from Kailua Beach, Oahu, Hawaii

The University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program (UHSG) in partnership with the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands (OCCL) is developing a beach and dune management plan for Kailua Beach on the eastern shoreline of Oahu. The objective of the plan is to develop a comprehensive beach management and land use development plan for Kailua Beach that reflects the state of scientific understanding of beach processes in Kailua Bay and abutting shoreline areas and is intended to provide long-term recommendations to adapting to climate change including potential coastal hazards such as sea level rise. The development of the plan has lead to wider recognition of the significance of projected sea level rise to the region and provides the rational behind some of the land use conservation strategies. The plan takes on a critical light given global predictions for continued, possibly accelerated, sea-level rise and the ongoing focus of intense development along the Hawaiian shoreline. Hawaii’s coastal resource managers are faced with the daunting prospect of managing the effects of erosion while simultaneously monitoring and regulating high-risk coastal development that often impacts the shoreline. The beach and dune preservation plan is the first step in a more comprehensive effort prepare for and adapt to sea level rise and ensure the preservation of the beach and dune ecosystem for the benefit of present and future generations. The Kailua Beach and Dune Management plan is intended to be the first in a series of regional plans in Hawaii to address climate change adaptation through land use planning. (PDF contains 3 pages)

The South Atlantic Alliance: A southeastern U.S. state Governors initiative to address opportunities and challenges embodied in the region's coastal and ocean domain

The pressures placed on the natural, environmental, economic, and cultural sectors from continued growth, population shifts, weather and climate, and environmental quality are increasing exponentially in the southeastern U.S. region. Our growing understanding of the relationship of humans with the marine environment is leading us to explore new ecosystem-based approaches to coastal management, marine resources planning, and coastal adaptation that engages multiple state jurisdictions. The urgency of the situation calls for coordinated regional actions by the states, in conjunction with supporting partners and leveraging a diversity of resources, to address critical issues in sustaining our coastal and ocean ecosystems and enhancing the quality of life of our citizens. The South Atlantic Alliance (www.southatlanticalliance.org) was formally established on October 19, 2009 to “implement science-based policies and solutions that enhance and protect the value of coastal and ocean resources of the southeastern United States which support the region's culture and economy now and for future generations.” The Alliance, which includes North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, will provide a regional mechanism for collaborating, coordinating, and sharing information in support of resource sustainability; improved regional alignment; cooperative planning and leveraging of resources; integrated research, observations, and mapping; increased awareness of the challenges facing the South Atlantic region; and inclusiveness and integration at all levels. Although I am preparing and presenting this overview of the South Atlantic Alliance and its current status, there are a host of representatives from agencies within the four states, universities, NGOs, and ongoing southeastern regional ocean and coastal programs that are contributing significant time, expertise, and energy to the success of the Alliance; information presented herein and to be presented in my oral presentation was generated by the collaborative efforts of these professionals. I also wish to acknowledge the wisdom and foresight of the Governors of the four states in establishing this exciting regional ocean partnership. (PDF contains 4 pages)

Water quality strategy for the Lockwoods Folly River: A partnership for an ailing river

As with a majority of the remaining undeveloped coastal areas in North Carolina, Brunswick County is not a hidden treasure any more. Since 1980 the county’s population has more than tripled to over 95,000 and another 30,000 or so residents are expected to make this last bastion of undeveloped southeastern NC their home by 2020, even with the current economic downturn. As the 29th fastest growing county in the nation this population explosion is resulting in rapid landscape scale land use changes within the watershed of the Lockwoods Folly River. Subdivisions, shopping centers, new highways and bridges, golf courses, and marinas are becoming significant land use activities. The surging development within this 150-square mile 88 thousand-acre watershed has had a severe effect on the health of the river. The portion of the river closed to shell fishing has more that tripled from 18 percent in 1980 to more than 55 percent today and 60% of the beds are considered impaired. For generations, locals have enjoyed the bounty of the Lockwoods Folly River and estuarine system famed for its rich and abundant shell fish beds and excellent coastal inshore fishing. This river system stretches from the Lockwoods Folly Inlet at the Atlantic Ocean inland where it makes the transformation from saltwater marshes to a winding blackwater river that snakes into hundreds of smaller tributaries and blackwater swamps. (PDF contains 4 pages)

Ultrafast control of multiple filamentation by ultrafast laser pulses

Control of multiple filamentation by laser-induced microlens effect due to a nonlinear interaction of two overlapping laser beams inside a glass plate was demonstrated. Individual or multiple spots on the white light pattern which is a product of multiple filamentation through a mesh can be switched on and off with a very high contrast ratio on a femtosecond time scale. This phenomenon can find applications such as ultrafast optical switch and high-speed sampling. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Topology of toroidal helical fields in non-circular cross-sectional tokamaks

The ordinary differential magnetic field line equations are solved numerically; the tokamak magnetic structure is studied on Hefei Tokamak-7 Upgrade (HT-7U) when the equilibrium field with a monotonic q-profile is perturbed by a helical magnetic field. We find that a single mode (m, n) helical perturbation can cause the formation of islands on rational surfaces with q = m/n and q = (m +/- 1, +/- 2, +/- 3,...)/n due to the toroidicity and plasma shape (i.e. elongation and triangularity), while there are many undestroyed magnetic surfaces called Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) barriers on irrational surfaces. The islands on the same rational surface do not have the same size. When the ratio between the perturbing magnetic field B-r(r) and the toroidal magnetic field amplitude B(phi)0 is large enough, the magnetic island chains on different rational surfaces will overlap and chaotic orbits appear in the overlapping area, and the magnetic field becomes stochastic. It is remarkable that the stochastic layer appears first in the plasma edge region.