Characterization of maturity and quality of Brazilian apirenic grapes in the São Francisco river Valley

The objective of this study was to characterize and correlate maturity and quality of the first varieties of Brazilian seedless grapes 'BRS Clara', 'BRS Linda', 'BRS Morena', and 'Advanced Selection 8' compared with the American variety 'Crimson Seedless' in compliance with the Brazilian Normative/2002 and export standards Advanced Selection 8' is dark reddish, has large clusters, and is a very large ellipsoid berry; 'BRS Morena' is black with medium sized clusters and large berry shaped as ellipsoid to globoid; 'BRS Linda' is light green and has large sized clusters; 'Crimson' is pink and has small clusters with berries varying from medium to large sizes and ellipsoid shaped; and 'BRS Clara' is green yellowish has medium sized clusters and small berry of elongated ellipsoid shape. All varieties evaluated meet the standard for domestic market established as berry size minimum diameter 12 mm. 'BRS Clara' does not meet the export requirements of diameter. Berries of the red grapes 'BRS Morena' and 'Crimson Seedless' are firmer. The pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids meet the official standards. Larger clusters are less acidic and present higher soluble solids/titratable acidity ratios implying that they are the sweetest type when ripe.

Effects of algal turbidity on foraging and antipredator behaviour of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

The aim of this thesis was to examine how aquatic organisms, such as fish, behave in an altered environmental condition. Many species of fish use vision as their primary tool to gain information about their surrounding environment. The visual conditions of aquatic habitats are often altered as a result of anthropogenic disturbance, such as eutrophication that initiates algal turbidity. In general, turbidity reduces the visibility and can be hypothesized to have an influence on the behaviour of fish. I used the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model species and conducted four studies in the laboratory to test how algal turbidity affects its behaviour. In this thesis, two major behavioural aspects are discussed. The first is antipredator behaviour. In study I, the combined effects of turbidity and shoot density on habitat choice (shelter vs open) behaviour was tested on a group of sticklebacks (20 fish) in the presence and absence of piscivorous perch (Perca fluviatilis). In study II, I examined the behavioural responses of feeding sticklebacks when they were exposed to the sudden appearance of an avian predator (the silhouette of a common tern, Sterna hirundo). The study was done in turbid and clear water using three different groups sizes (1, 3 and 6 fish). The second aspect is foraging behaviour. Study III & IV focused on the effects of algal turbidity on the foraging performance of sticklebacks. In study III, I conducted two separate experiments to examine the effects of turbidity on prey consumption and prey choice of sticklebacks. In this experiment turbidity levels and the proportion of large and small prey (Daphnia spp.) were manipulated. In study IV, I studied whether a group of six sticklebacks can distribute themselves according to food input at two feeding stations in a way that provided each fish with the same amount of food in clear and turbid water. I also observed whether the fish can follow changes in resource distribution between the foraging patches. My results indicate an overall influence of algal turbidity on the antipredator and foraging behaviour of sticklebacks. In the presence of a potential predator, the use of the sheltered habitat was more pronounced at higher turbidity. Besides this, sticklebacks reduced their activity levels with predator presence at higher turbidity and shoot density levels, suggesting a possible antipredator adaptation to avoid a predator. When exposed to a sudden appearance of an avian predator, sticklebacks showed a weaker antipredator response in turbid water, which suggests that turbidity degrades the risk assessment capabilities of sticklebacks. I found an effect of group size but not turbidity in the proportion of sticklebacks that fled to the shelter area, which indicates that sticklebacks are able to communicate among group members at the experimental turbidity levels. I found an overall negative effect of turbidity on food intake. Both turbidity and changes in the proportion of prey sizes played a significant role in a stickleback’s prey selection. At lower turbidity levels (clear <1 and 5 NTU) sticklebacks showed preferences for large prey, whereas in more turbid conditions and when the proportion of large to small prey increased sticklebacks became increasingly random in their prey selection. Finally, my results showed that groups of sticklebacks disperse themselves between feeding stations according to the reward ratios following the predictions of the ideal free distribution theory. However, they took a significantly longer time to reach the equilibrium distribution in turbid water than in clear water. In addition, they showed a slower response to changes in resource distribution in a turbid environment. These findings suggest that turbidity interferes with the information transfer among group foragers. It is important to understand that aquatic animals are often exposed to a degraded environment. The findings of this thesis suggest that algal turbidity negatively affects their behavioural performance. The results also shed light on the underlying behavioural strategies of sticklebacks in turbid conditions that might help them adapt to an altered environmental situation and increase their survival. In conclusion, I hold that although algal turbidity has detrimental effects on the antipredator and foraging behaviour of sticklebacks, their behavioural adjustment might help them adapt to a changing environment.

The effects of mutated cationic amino acid transporter y+LAT1 at the cellular and systemic level

y+LAT1 is a transmembrane protein that, together with the 4F2hc cell surface antigen, forms a transporter for cationic amino acids in the basolateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells. It is mainly expressed in the kidney and small intestine, and to a lesser extent in other tissues, such as the placenta and immunoactive cells. Mutations in y+LAT1 lead to a defect of the y+LAT1/4F2hc transporter, which impairs intestinal absorbance and renal reabsorbance of lysine, arginine and ornithine, causing lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), a rare, recessively inherited aminoaciduria with severe multi-organ complications. This thesis examines the consequences of the LPI-causing mutations on two levels, the transporter structure and the Finnish patients’ gene expression profiles. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) confocal microscopy, optimised for this work, the subunit dimerisation was discovered to be a primary phenomenon occurring regardless of mutations in y+LAT1. In flow cytometric and confocal microscopic FRET analyses, the y+LAT1 molecules exhibit a strong tendency for homodimerisation both in the presence and absence of 4F2hc, suggesting a heterotetramer for the transporter’s functional form. Gene expression analysis of the Finnish patients, clinically variable but homogenic for the LPI-causing mutation in SLC7A7, revealed 926 differentially-expressed genes and a disturbance of the amino acid homeostasis affecting several transporters. However, despite the expression changes in individual patients, no overall compensatory effect of y+LAT2, the sister y+L transporter, was detected. The functional annotations of the altered genes included biological processes such as inflammatory response, immune system processes and apoptosis, indicating a strong immunological involvement for LPI.

Improving purchasing process for small purchases at a manufacturing company in chemical industry

This thesis was conducted on assignment by a multinational chemical corporation as a case study. The purpose of this study is to find ways to improve the purchasing process for small purchases at the case company. The improvements looked after are mainly cost and time savings. Purchasing process is the process that starts from the requisition of goods or services and ends when the invoice is paid. In this thesis the purchases with value less than 1000€ are considered to be small. The theoretical framework of the thesis consists of general theoretical view of costs and performance of the purchasing process, different types of purchasing processes and a model for improving purchasing processes. The categorization to small and large purchases is the most important followed by the division between direct and indirect purchases. Also models that provide more strategic perspective for categorization were found to be useful. Auditing and managerial control are important parts of the purchasing process. When considering the transaction costs of purchasing from the costs–benefits perspective large and small purchases should not have the same processes. Purchasing cards, e-procurement and vendor managed inventory are seen as an alternative to the traditional purchasing process. The empirical data collection was done by interviewing the company employees that take part of the purchasing process in their daily work. The interviews had open-ended questions and the answers were coded and analyzed. The results consist of process description and assessment as well as suggestions for potential improvements. At the case company the basic purchasing process was similar to the traditional purchasing process that is entirely done with computers and online. For some categories there was already more sophisticated e-procurement solutions in use. To improve the current e-procurement based solutions elimination of authorization workflow and better information exchange can be seen as potential improvements for most of the case purchases. Purchasing cards and a lightweight form of vendor managed inventory can be seen as potential improvements for some categories. Implementing the changes incurs at least some cost and the benefits might be hard to measure. This thesis has revealed that the small purchases have potential for significant cost and time savings at the case company.

Differentiation of morphology and reproductive traits in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus): a comparison between native and introduced populations

House Finches (CarpQdacqs mexiCAnuS) were introduced to Long Island, New York from southern'California in 1940. Apparently, an initial sample of less than 100 birds has given rise to a population that now occupies much of the eastern United States. This study was to determine if morphological and reproductive changes have taken place in introduced eastern birds, which have colonized a novel environment. A study area in Goleta, California (CAL) represented the parental population whereas for comparison, House Finches in St. Catharines, Ontario (ONT) represented the introduced population. Interlocality variation in 25 morphometric characters of 100 adult House Finches was examined statistically. Singleclassification analysis of variance revealed significant interlocality differentiation in seven characters of males and nine of females. Females showed differentiation in more limb elements than males. Analysis of character variation using discriminant and principal component analysis distinguished samples on the basis of variation in shape. Compared to CAL, aNT birds (especially females) had smaller extremities relative to certain core parts and weight. Females showed similar patterns of character covariation in each locality on the second principal component, which suggests that differentiation of the ONT population may not be solely environmentally induced. Sexual dimorphism was evident in four charaoters in aNT and five in CAL. Disoriminant analysis distinguished sex on the basis of variation in shape. Males possessed a relatively larger flying apparatus and small.er hind limbs than females. The dearee of sexual dimorphism did not vary sicnifioantly between looalities. 3 Data on reproduotive parameters were oolleoted in 1983 and 1984 in ONT, and 1984 in CAL. In 1984, Bouse Finohes began breedina approximately three months earlier in CAL than in ONT. In ONT, there was no sianifioant differenoe in mean olutoh initiation date between 1983 and 1984. In both looalities most nests oontained either four or five ea",s, and olutoh size differenoes between looalites were not signifioant. Seasonal deolines in olutch size were evident in ONT but not in CAL. Intralooality variation in e.g weight and size was not related to clutch size. E",g weiaht showed no seasonal trend in ONT, but inoreased sianifioantly with breed ina season in OAL. In both looalities e8'''' weiaht increased sipifioantly with order of layina in olutohes of four but not in clutohes of five. Eag's in ONT in 1983 and 1984 were sip.ificantly larser than in CAL in 1984. The modal inoubation period was 13 days and did not vary sip.ifioantly between localites. In both looalities nestling weiaht on the day of hatohing was oorrelated to fresh ega welaht. For muoh of the period between hatohing and 14 days post-hatoh, ONT nestlinas were signifioantly laraer than CAL nestlings in terms of weiaht. bill length, bill depth, and manus length.

Habitat selection of three rodents in a frequently burned boreal environment : productivity and habitat diversity

How does fire affect the plant and animal community of the boreal forest? This study attempted to examine the changes in plant composition and productivity, and small mammal demography brought about by fire in the northern boreal environment at Chick Lake, N.W.T. (65053fN, 128°14,W). Two 5*6 ha plots measuring 375m x 150m were selected for study during the summers of 1973 and 197^. One had been unburned for 120 years, the other was part of a fire which burned in the spring of 1969. Grids of 15m x 15m were established in each plot and meter square quadrats taken at each of the 250 grid intersections in order to determine plant composition and density. Aerial primary production was assessed by clipping and drying 80 samples of terminal new production for each species under investigation. Small mammal populations were sampled by placing a Sherman live trap at each grid intersection for ten days in every month. The two plots were similar in plant species composition which suggested that most regrowth in the burned area was from rootstocks which survived the fire. The plant data were submitted to a cluster analysis that revealed nine separate species associations, six of which occured in the burned area and eight of which occured in the control. These were subsequently treated as habitats for purposes of comparison with small mammal distributions. The burned area showed a greater productivity in flowers and fruits although total productivity in the control area was higher due to a large contribution from the non-vascular component. Maximum aerial productivity as dry wieght was measured at 157.1 g/m and 207.8 g/m for the burn and control respectively. Microtus pennsylvanicus and Clethrionomys rutilus were the two most common small mammals encountered; Microtus xanthognathus, Synaptomys borealis, and Phenacomys intermedius also occured in the area. Populations of M. pennsylvanicus and C. rutilus were high during the summer of 1973; however, M. pennsylvanicus was rare on the control but abundant on the burn, while C. rutilus was rare on the burn but abundant in the control. During the summer of 197^ populations declined, with the result that few voles of any species were caught in the burn while equal numbers of the two species were caught in the control. During the summer of 1973 M. pennsylvanicus showed a positive association to the most productive habitat type in the burn which was avoided by C. rutilus. In the control £• rutilus showed a similar positive association to the most productive habitat type which was avoided by M. pennsylvanicus. In all cases for the high population year of 1973# the two species never overlapped in habitat preference. When populations declined in 197^f "both species showed a strong association for the most productive habitat in the control. This would suggest that during a high population year, an abundant species can exclude competitors from a chosen habitat, but that this dominance decreases as population levels decrease. It is possible that M. pennsylvanicus is a more efficient competitor in a recently burned environment, while C. rutilus assumes this role once non-vascular regrowth becomes extensive.

Investigating Microbial Trace-fossils and Abiotic Alteration in Hydrovolcanic Tuffs of the Fort Rock Volcanic Field, Oregon

Microbial ichnofossils in volcanic rocks provide a significant record of subsurface microbes and potentially extraterrestrial biosignatures. Here, the textures, mineralogy, and geochemistry of two continental basaltic hydrovolcanic deposits - Reed Rocks and Black Hills - in the Fort Rock Volcanic Field (FRVF) are investigated. Methods include petrographic microscopy, micro and powder X-ray diffraction, SEM/BSE/EDF imaging, energy dispersive spectroscopy, stable isotopes, and X-ray fluorescence. Petrographic analysis revealed granular and tubular textures with biogenic morphologies that include terminal enlargements, septate divisions, branching forms, spiral filaments, and ovoid bodies resembling endolithic microborings described in ocean basalts. They display evidence of behaviour and a geologic context expressing their relative age and syngenicity. Differences in abiotic alteration and the abundance/morphotype assemblage of putative microborings between the sites indicate that water/rock ratio, fluid composition and flux, temperature and secondary phase formation are influences on microboring formation. This study is the first report of reputed endolithic microborings in basalts erupted in a continental lacustrine setting.

Signaling of angiotensin II-induced vascular protein synthesis in conduit and resistance arteries in vivo

Affiliation: Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal & Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal

La prise de contrôle inversée en droit canadien

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LLM en droit"

Les freins à l'adoption d'une approche d'éco-conception dans le processus de développement de produits: le cas des petites et moyennes entreprises

Scientifiques, gouvernements, entreprises et consommateurs s’entendent aujourd’hui pour dire que le système naturel est déréglé, que l’activité industrielle en est la cause principale. L’éco-conception est une manière de concevoir des biens ou des services en diminuant leurs impacts sur l’environnement et la société. De plus en plus présente dans les grandes entreprises où, associée à une gestion intégrée de l’environnement, elle procure des bénéfices non négligeables et une image de marque, l’éco-conception a beaucoup de difficultés à s’implanter dans les petites et moyennes entreprises. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à comprendre les raisons de ces difficultés. Deux approches ont été utilisées, l’une basée sur une analyse documentaire des rapports de RSE de dix entreprises, grandes et petites, de différents secteurs d’activité, qui nous a permis de fixer le cadre et le formalisme de la démarche de recherche, l’autre sur le principe d’entretiens semi-dirigés à partir de questions ciblées. Après une présentation générale de ce qu’est l’éco-conception et quelle en est la problématique appliquée aux PME (chapitre 2), nous précisons le cadre méthodologique de la recherche (chapitre 3) et exposons ses résultats (chapitre 4). Nous montrons que les freins à l’adoption de l’éco-conception dans les PME sont multiples et complexes, tant la diversité de ces entreprises est grande et difficile à synthétiser. En soulignant les freins, les leviers, les risques et les opportunités liés à l’intégration des principes de développement durable dans ces entreprises, nous faisons un portrait global de la situation actuelle et des difficultés rencontrées par ces PME pour adhérer à ces principes.

Linear block copolymers of L–lactide and 2–dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate : synthesis and properties

Part of the research described in this thesis is conducted in collaboration with Centre d' étude et de Recherche sur les Macromolécules (CERM), Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium

Les pratiques d'attraction et de rétention de la génération Y dans les PME

Les dirigeants-propriétaires des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) sont de plus en plus intéressés par la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH); certains y voient un avantage concurrentiel face à la pénurie de main-d’œuvre actuelle. Considérant que la compatibilité entre les caractéristiques des travailleurs et celles de l’organisation peut générer des résultats positifs (Kristof-Brown et Guay, 2011), notre étude s’intéresse aux pratiques de GRH associées aux valeurs au travail de la génération Y ainsi que leur effet sur la capacité des PME à attirer et retenir cette cohorte. Cette étude qualitative s’est réalisée grâce à des données primaires colligées à la suite d’entrevues avec des dirigeants de quatre PME du secteur de la construction et seize employés appartenant à la génération Y œuvrant au sein de ces entreprises. Par nos résultats, nous avons relevé que la qualité des relations, autant avec les collègues que les superviseurs, demeure généralement la principale source d’attraction et de rétention des Y dans les PME. Nos résultats soutiennent aussi que leur attraction et rétention peut être très fortement favorisée grâce à des pratiques de communication bidirectionnelle et illimitée, une communication stratégique et une liberté dans la gestion du temps et des méthodes de travail. La conciliation travail et vie personnelle, les défis variés, les possibilités d’avancement, la gestion des ressources humaines socialement responsable, la reconnaissance des compétences ainsi que la gestion participative sont aussi des pratiques pouvant être fortement liées à l’attraction et la rétention de cette génération. Nos résultats montrent aussi que l’attraction et la rétention des Y dans les PME sont modérément favorisées par le travail d’équipe, les conditions de travail équitables et objectives et la rémunération globale concurrentielle. À l’inverse, la présence de technologies de l’information et des communications et la formation continue sont des sources plus faibles d’attraction et de rétention en comparaison aux autres pratiques abordées dans cette étude. En somme, cette étude contribue à la littérature sur la GRH dans les PME, puisque les spécificités relatives à ces entreprises ont été peu considérées jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Elle permet aussi la recommandation de pratiques utiles aux dirigeants-propriétaires et professionnels en ressources humaines œuvrant avec le défi d’attraction et de rétention de la génération Y au sein de leur entreprise.

Searching for novel gene functions in yeast : identification of thousands of novel molecular interactions by protein-fragment complementation assay followed by automated gene function prediction and high-throughput lipidomics

La compréhension de processus biologiques complexes requiert des approches expérimentales et informatiques sophistiquées. Les récents progrès dans le domaine des stratégies génomiques fonctionnelles mettent dorénavant à notre disposition de puissants outils de collecte de données sur l’interconnectivité des gènes, des protéines et des petites molécules, dans le but d’étudier les principes organisationnels de leurs réseaux cellulaires. L’intégration de ces connaissances au sein d’un cadre de référence en biologie systémique permettrait la prédiction de nouvelles fonctions de gènes qui demeurent non caractérisées à ce jour. Afin de réaliser de telles prédictions à l’échelle génomique chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nous avons développé une stratégie innovatrice qui combine le criblage interactomique à haut débit des interactions protéines-protéines, la prédiction de la fonction des gènes in silico ainsi que la validation de ces prédictions avec la lipidomique à haut débit. D’abord, nous avons exécuté un dépistage à grande échelle des interactions protéines-protéines à l’aide de la complémentation de fragments protéiques. Cette méthode a permis de déceler des interactions in vivo entre les protéines exprimées par leurs promoteurs naturels. De plus, aucun biais lié aux interactions des membranes n’a pu être mis en évidence avec cette méthode, comparativement aux autres techniques existantes qui décèlent les interactions protéines-protéines. Conséquemment, nous avons découvert plusieurs nouvelles interactions et nous avons augmenté la couverture d’un interactome d’homéostasie lipidique dont la compréhension demeure encore incomplète à ce jour. Par la suite, nous avons appliqué un algorithme d’apprentissage afin d’identifier huit gènes non caractérisés ayant un rôle potentiel dans le métabolisme des lipides. Finalement, nous avons étudié si ces gènes et un groupe de régulateurs transcriptionnels distincts, non préalablement impliqués avec les lipides, avaient un rôle dans l’homéostasie des lipides. Dans ce but, nous avons analysé les lipidomes des délétions mutantes de gènes sélectionnés. Afin d’examiner une grande quantité de souches, nous avons développé une plateforme à haut débit pour le criblage lipidomique à contenu élevé des bibliothèques de levures mutantes. Cette plateforme consiste en la spectrométrie de masse à haute resolution Orbitrap et en un cadre de traitement des données dédié et supportant le phénotypage des lipides de centaines de mutations de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Les méthodes expérimentales en lipidomiques ont confirmé les prédictions fonctionnelles en démontrant certaines différences au sein des phénotypes métaboliques lipidiques des délétions mutantes ayant une absence des gènes YBR141C et YJR015W, connus pour leur implication dans le métabolisme des lipides. Une altération du phénotype lipidique a également été observé pour une délétion mutante du facteur de transcription KAR4 qui n’avait pas été auparavant lié au métabolisme lipidique. Tous ces résultats démontrent qu’un processus qui intègre l’acquisition de nouvelles interactions moléculaires, la prédiction informatique des fonctions des gènes et une plateforme lipidomique innovatrice à haut débit , constitue un ajout important aux méthodologies existantes en biologie systémique. Les développements en méthodologies génomiques fonctionnelles et en technologies lipidomiques fournissent donc de nouveaux moyens pour étudier les réseaux biologiques des eucaryotes supérieurs, incluant les mammifères. Par conséquent, le stratégie présenté ici détient un potentiel d’application au sein d’organismes plus complexes.

Characterization of glutaraldehyde-immobilized chymotrypsin and an in-situ immobilized enzyme reactor using capillary electrophoresis-based peptide mapping

La digestion enzymatique des protéines est une méthode de base pour les études protéomiques ainsi que pour le séquençage en mode « bottom-up ». Les enzymes sont ajoutées soit en solution (phase homogène), soit directement sur le gel polyacrylamide selon la méthode déjà utilisée pour l’isolation de la protéine. Les enzymes protéolytiques immobilisées, c’est-à-dire insolubles, offrent plusieurs avantages tels que la réutilisation de l’enzyme, un rapport élevé d’enzyme-sur-substrat, et une intégration facile avec les systèmes fluidiques. Dans cette étude, la chymotrypsine (CT) a été immobilisée par réticulation avec le glutaraldehyde (GA), ce qui crée des particules insolubles. L’efficacité d’immobilisation, déterminée par spectrophotométrie d’absorbance, était de 96% de la masse totale de la CT ajouté. Plusieurs différentes conditions d’immobilisation (i.e., réticulation) tels que la composition/pH du tampon et la masse de CT durant la réticulation ainsi que les différentes conditions d’entreposage tels que la température, durée et humidité pour les particules GA-CT ont été évaluées par comparaison des cartes peptidiques en électrophorèse capillaire (CE) des protéines standards digérées par les particules. Les particules de GA-CT ont été utilisés pour digérer la BSA comme exemple d’une protéine repliée large qui requit une dénaturation préalable à la digestion, et pour digérer la caséine marquée avec de l’isothiocyanate de fluorescéine (FITC) comme exemple d’un substrat dérivé afin de vérifier l’activité enzymatique du GA-CT dans la présence des groupements fluorescents liés au substrat. La cartographie peptidique des digestions par les particules GA-CT a été réalisée par CE avec la détection par absorbance ultraviolet (UV) ou fluorescence induite par laser. La caséine-FITC a été, en effet, digérée par GA-CT au même degré que par la CT libre (i.e., soluble). Un microréacteur enzymatique (IMER) a été fabriqué par immobilisation de la CT dans un capillaire de silice fondu du diamètre interne de 250 µm prétraité avec du 3-aminopropyltriéthoxysilane afin de fonctionnaliser la paroi interne avec les groupements amines. Le GA a été réagit avec les groupements amine puis la CT a été immobilisée par réticulation avec le GA. Les IMERs à base de GA-CT étaient préparé à l’aide d’un système CE automatisé puis utilisé pour digérer la BSA, la myoglobine, un peptide ayant 9 résidus et un dipeptide comme exemples des substrats ayant taille large, moyenne et petite, respectivement. La comparaison des cartes peptidiques des digestats obtenues par CE-UV ou CE-spectrométrie de masse nous permettent d’étudier les conditions d’immobilisation en fonction de la composition et le pH du tampon et le temps de réaction de la réticulation. Une étude par microscopie de fluorescence, un outil utilisé pour examiner l’étendue et les endroits d’immobilisation GA-CT dans l’IMER, ont montré que l’immobilisation a eu lieu majoritairement sur la paroi et que la réticulation ne s’est étendue pas si loin au centre du capillaire qu’anticipée.

Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structure of the Monsoon Boundary Layer over India

The objective of the study is to examine the dynamic and thermodynamic structure and the variations that occur in the surface layer during the pre-monsoon, onset and post-monsoon periods over the Indian region. The variations caused during the occurrence of micro and mesoscale systems, structure and variation in the marine boundary layer over the Indian region is also investigated. The drag coefficient computed indirectly also shows variation during various seasons. The thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere shows variation during the various seasons. The onset monsoon causes lowering of the Lifting Condensation Levels. The outcome of the study is expected to provide a better understanding of the structure and variations in the boundary layer over India, which is useful for many applications especially for numerical modeling studies.