Permanencia y mutaciones del Estado napoleónico bajo la Restauración de los Borbones, 1814-1830

El regreso de los Borbones en 1814, a pesar del agresivo programa de extrema derecha que trajo consigo, según el cual pretendía acabar con el aparato del Estado centralizado por considerarlo la fuente misma del “peligro revolucionario”, no mermó en ningún caso el poder de una administración que había sido muy poco depurada. El realismo ultra rápidamente demostró su incapacidad para estabilizar la economía y la sociedad mediante un compromiso histórico que, sin embargo, fue rápidamente organizado por una tecnocracia compuesta por una fusión de los despachos de la Francia anterior a 1789 y los del episodio revolucionario e imperial. Entre lecciones de Turgot y de Corbert, el Estado se hizo el guardián y el tutor de un liberalismo económico y social que dotó de un nuevo impuso a la industrialización de Francia y a la formación de un mercado nacional protegido. Esta identidad modernizadora del Estado supo evolucionar. Sobrevivió al giro a la derecha de la vida política propiciado por Villèle y, para hacer frente a las dificultades que se encontró Francia en su modernización a partir de 1828, el Estado se propuso aprender de los “métodos ingleses” que hicieron evolucionar la rigidez de la administración napoleónica.

El mito contrarrevolucionario de la «Restauración»

Durante la guerra de la independencia los sectores ultra-realistas construyeron la imagen de que el mundo anterior había sido atacado en sus bases y destruidos los elementos que lo sustentaban. Una amplia publicística fue creciendo en este contexto. Sin embargo, ante el inminente regreso del rey en 1814, vieron la oportunidad de recuperar el poder perdido y cambiaron de estrategia. El mito de la recuperación del orden perdido mediante la restauración de los Borbones va a ser el instrumento del que los realistas se valdrán para negar la magnitud de los cambios vividos durante aquellos años. El presente artículo intenta explicar la importancia que tuvo la construcción del mito de la restauración para sustentar el golpe contrarrevolucionario de mayo de 1814.

El turismo internacional desde la perspectiva de las teorías de las Relaciones Internacionales

Este artículo aborda el fenómeno del turismo como objeto de los estudios internacionales y se propone comprender la naturaleza del poder construido desde el turismo en la esfera internacional. A tales efectos, se desarrollan lecturas del turismo internacional desde diversas teorías de las Relaciones Internacionales recorriendo un amplio espectro inclusivo del paradigma realista (teorías realista, de la dependencia y de la hegemonía), internacionalista (teorías de los regímenes internacionales y de la interdependencia) y universalista (teorías de las reglas sociales internacionales, de la sociedad mundial, pluralista, de la democracia internacional y de la globalización). Mediante tal ejercicio se espera revelar aspectos poco advertidos del fenómeno turístico en su dimensión global.

La ciencia y la palabra mágica. Confluencias del realismo mágico y la física cuántica en Kenzaburō Ōe y Haruki Murakami

Las relaciones literarias entre la cultura latinoamericana y la japonesa no han disfrutado del desarrollo que han tenido los estudios comparatistas centrados en los intercambios de Occidente con Japón. Este estudio pretende incidir en la influencia del realismo mágico literario latinoamericano en Japón a través de momentos puntuales en la escritura de K. Oé (M/T y la historia de las maravillas del bosque) y H. Murakami (Kafka en la orilla, 1Q84). A pesar de que este último autor sí ha sido analizado desde los postulados del realismo mágico, aquí discutimos sus resultados interpretativos. Más bien lo adscribimos al ámbito de la literatura fantástica, sin renunciar al análisis de sus mundos con modelos ficcionales inspirados en la física cuántica, por lo que aplicamos a sus novelas el principio de incertidumbre y las consecuencias de la no-localidad y de la dualidad 'onda-partícula'. En cuanto a K. Oé, nos aproximamos a su novela desde los presupuestos de la llamada «ética cuántica» para justificar cómo el realismo mágico coincide en ciertas intuiciones con lo descrito por la física cuántica. Desde esa perspectiva, lo inverosímil (bajo el paradigma newtoniano) se torna (en el paradigma cuántico) verosímil, y en el proceso se amplía el concepto de realismo.

The action cam phenomenon: a new trend in audiovisual production

When the GoPro camera was first put on the market in 2004, it brought about a new generation of ultracompact cameras designed to be attached to the user’s body, and which came to be known as action cams. Their principal characteristics were their tiny size, their high-quality images and a wide-angle, fixed-focal-length lens. This combination has made it much simpler to get spectacular subjective shots with considerable depth of field. The users of this technology now form a whole generation of citizen-filmmakers who produce thousands of videos every day in a novel realistic style dominated by first-person narrative. Their work is principally shared via video platforms like YouTube and Vimeo, which provide instant feedback in the form of millions of views. In this paper we analize the common features of the action cam recording style and we state these videos will bring about a redefinition of the realist visual style. Furthermore, we propose to relate the success of the action cam phenomenon with the cognitive concept of embodiment and argue that the viewer’s mirror neurons copy the real sensations and enable the viewer to experience, virtually and in safety, the same emotions felt by the person actually taking part in the action.

"Conscience is the best casuist" (manuscript essay), 1799 September 10

Three-page handwritten essay in English by Buckminster on the subject of conscience told through a story about a young man named Henry who saves a starving woman. The essay begins, "The disquisitions of the metaphysical world upon the origin and nature of conscience are quite unnecessary to a complete comprehension of the significancy of our motto." The essay is titled with a quote from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile, Or on Education.

Fleshing Out and Losing Flesh: The Decomposing Corpse as Narrative Object in American Hardboiled Detective Fiction

This dissertation examines the corpse as an object in and of American hardboiled detective fiction written between 1920 and 1950. I deploy several theoretical frames, including narratology, body-as-text theory, object relations theory, and genre theory, in order to demonstrate the significance of objects, symbols, and things primarily in the clever and crafty work of Dashiell Hammett (1894-1961) and Raymond Chandler (1888-1959), but also touching on the writings of their lesser known accomplices. I construct a literary genealogy of American hardboiled detective fiction originating in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe, compare the contributions of classic or Golden Age detective fiction in England, and describe the socio-economic contexts, particularly the predominance of the “pulps,” that gave birth to the realism of the Hardboiled School. Taking seriously Chandler’s obsession with the art of murder, I engage with how authors pre-empt their readers’ knowledge of the tricks of the trade and manipulate their expectations, as well as discuss the characteristics and effect of the inimitable hardboiled style, its sharpshooting language and deadpan humour. Critical scholarship has rarely addressed the body and figure of the corpse, preferring to focus instead on the machinations of the femme fatale, the performance of masculinity, or the prevalence of violence. I cast new light on the world of hardboiled detective fiction by dissecting the corpse as the object that both motivates and de-composes (or rots away from) the narrative that makes it signify. I treat the corpse as an inanimate object, indifferent to representation, that destabilizes the integrity and self-possession, as well as the ratiocination, of the detective who authors the narrative of how the corpse came to be. The corpse is all deceptive and dangerous surface rather than the container of hidden depths of life and meaning that the detective hopes to uncover and reconstruct. I conclude with a chapter that is both critical denouement and creative writing experiment to reveal the self-reflexive (and at times metafictional) dimensions of hardboiled fiction. My dissertation, too, in the manner of hardboiled fiction, hopes to incriminate my readers as much as enlighten them.

Uma justificação coerentista dos direitos humanos em Rawls

The aim of this paper is to identify how the ethical-political foundation of human rights in John Rawls’s theory of justice makes use of a coherentist model of moral justification in which cognitivism, liberalism, pluralism, non-foundationalism, and mitigated intuititionism stand out, leading to a pragmatic model of foundation with public justification in The Law of Peoples (LP). The main idea is to think about the reasonableness of the universal defence of human rights as primary goods with the aspects follows: its political nature, not metaphysical; its theoretical coherentist model, non-foundationalist; its pragmatic function and its public justification.

El uso aristotélico de variables en lógica y sus supuestos ontológicos

A logical reading on Aristotle’s Organon discovers some inconsistencies in the text which have to be solved by reducing them to metaphysical decisions of the author, if they are not just identified as deficiencies in the exposition that should be corrected. The present article tries to display a line of reading paying attention to those so-called inconsistencies, in an attempt to understand them as specific steps in Aristotle’s research. In order to this goal it focuses on the exposition procedure of the Aristotelian figures: the use of variables, whose introduction by Aristotle has been celebrated all over logical tradition. An analysis of the distinctive and internal features in this procedure will allow us to link Aristotle’s logos research and the “being qua being” investigation, and to determine also –though in a negative way– the connection between this reading and the logical-traditional one on Aristotle’s Organon.

A importância da liberdade na correspomdência entre Gottfried Leibniz e Samuel Clarke, 1717/1716: análise temática da totalidade da polémica

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar tematicamente a polémica de 1715/16 entre Leibniz e Clarke, não apenas, como é usual, no âmbito das conceções do espaço e do tempo, mas no conjunto dos seus temas metafísicos, teológicos, gnosiológicos e físicos. Na estruturação da dissertação, adquiriu um papel central o confronto dos autores em torno da noção de liberdade, cuja importância é evidente na utilização do princípio da razão suficiente e seus corolários, na distinção entre verdades de razão e verdades de facto, entre os diversos tipos de necessidade, nas conceções alternativas de espaço e de tempo, na alternativa entre átomos e mónadas, na questão dos limites do universo, na relação entre a alma e o corpo, nas teses relativas à providência divina, na forma como se concebe a relação de Deus com a sua máquina, na noção de milagre e nas próprias noções de força e de movimento, pelo menos no que respeita à sua relação com Deus, isto sem desprezar a abordagem direta da própria noção de liberdade. Com este enquadramento, pretende-se mostrar, através de um eloquente exemplo histórico, que as teorias científicas naturais se podem alicerçar em teorias metafísicas e que esses alicerces não têm que se esgotar, mesmo no seio da metafísica, nas questões estritamente cosmológicas, isto para lá de poderem existir influências nunca menosprezáveis de domínios não filosóficos, como é o caso da teologia dogmática. Apesar disto ser evidente na abordagem dos textos, existe uma sistemática menorização contemporânea desta determinação, como se fosse uma idiossincrasia da época ou uma deferência que a ciência tinha de ter numa época ainda obscurecida pela autoridade das igrejas e pela especulação filosófica. Esta abordagem pretende compreender todos os aspetos do pensamento expresso pelos autores na polémica, na sua integralidade, sem reservas de qualquer tipo.

Ireland gets the new Trio Presidency off to a propitious start. CEPS Commentary, 30 August 2013

The Irish Presidency of the Council of the EU (January-June 2013) faced numerous challenges, not least of which was to negotiate the financial framework for the period 2014-2020 and the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy with the European Parliament, as well as the pressure to advance the banking agenda. Moreover, the fact that it was the start of a new Trio Presidency, the small size of the Irish administration and its fragile financial situation gave rise to some doubts as to how much it could achieve. Nevertheless, this post mortem on the Irish presidency finds that the Irish government approached the task with realism and optimism, a firm focus on results and the strong conviction that a good performance would enhance its reputation at home and in the EU. It is now for Lithuania and subsequently Greece, in the first half of 2014, to continue to tackle the remaining formidable challenges.

L’idéalisme et le phénoménalisme leibnizien

La question de l’idéalisme leibnizien, qui permet d’entrer au cœur de la métaphysique de Leibniz, intéresse encore aujourd’hui de nombreux commentateurs. Ceux-ci utilisent les termes « réalisme », « idéalisme », voire « phénoménalisme », pour caractériser la métaphysique leibnizienne et un travail doit être fait pour rassembler et comparer leurs analyses, ce que nous proposons de faire d’abord dans ce mémoire. Ce sont surtout les textes mêmes de Leibniz qui seront abordés dans le présent travail et qui permettront de proposer la lecture suivante : si la métaphysique leibnizienne est réaliste en ce sens qu’elle met en place une entité elle-même « mind-independent », c'est-à-dire la monade, elle peut être considérée comme idéaliste (idéalisme substantiel), puisque cette entité, étant sans partie et sans étendue, est en ce sens idéelle. Et si tout peut se réduire à cette monade, c’est toute la fondation de la métaphysique de Leibniz qui se retrouve à être idéelle. Or, ceci ne règle pas le statut des corps qui peuvent être considérés soit comme de simples phénomènes réductibles aux perceptions des monades (idéalisme matériel), soit comme des êtres ayant une réalité indépendante d’un esprit, lesquels se réduiraient cette fois aux monades qui les composent (réalisme matériel). Face à ces deux possibilités, nous développerons une position mitoyenne qui défend l’idée que les corps sont en effet composés de monades qui leur procurent une certaine réalité, mais qu’ils dépendront toujours de l’action d’un esprit qui lui seul pourra leur procurer une certaine unité.

Nietzsche, la pulsion, l’histoire

Cette étude vise à comprendre le rôle de l’histoire dans la philosophie de Nietzsche et à faire ressortir son lien étroit avec l’articulation du corps vivant comme fil conducteur philosophique. Notre objectif principal est de montrer comment cette philosophie aphoristique a su maintenir les préoccupations historiographiques de jeunesse en permutant leur sens à l’aune de la pulsionnalité interprétative du corps. Prenant notre départ des considérations critiques écrites lors de son professorat à Bâle, nous démontrons que le sens historique se manifeste alors comme une sensibilité historique déterminée par une saisie intuitive, mais existentiellement difficile, du passé. Nous procédons ensuite à décrire comment le renouveau philosophique de sa période intermédiaire peut être vu comme une réduction pathologique de l’histoire de la métaphysique qui emprunte ses éléments critiques au scepticisme de Michel de Montaigne, à l’évolutionnisme naissant et au développement du néo-kantisme. Cette réduction, qui ramène l’expression des valeurs morales et métaphysiques au corps vécu (Leib). Par sa déconstruction de la subjectivité au profit d’une réalité pulsionnelle primordiale, mais irréductible, nous démontrons ensuite comment Nietzsche a su réinterpréter l’hérédité biologique comme une mémoire physiologique incorporée dont l’expression première est la reconduction de la notion d’espèce à celle de type. Enfin, par un retour à la sensibilité historique et notre analyse du phénomène historique en tant que tel, nous proposons de comprendre l’articulation ultime de la philosophie nietzschéenne comme une philosophie historique qui ne cherche pas à comprendre ou à expliquer le devenir, mais en opérer la synthèse par le truchement de « l’instant décisif ».

Cameron’s reality check on Europe. EPIN [Working] Paper No. 38, 15 April 2014

Ever since Prime Minister David Cameron made his major speech on Europe on 23 January 2013, in which he argued for some kind of new deal between the UK and the EU, the rest of the EU as well as the British public have been wondering what he would actually propose in operational terms. On 15 March 2014, the Prime Minister offered at least an interim reply to these questions in an article in the Daily Telegraph newspaper. This paper extracts from the Daily Telegraph article the main ideas that the Prime Minister advances. In all, 10 propositions are identified, presented in the precise language used, followed by an appraisal. The article has not attracted so much attention, mainly because its content is not particularly sensational, but that is its real importance and quality. It points the way towards resolving what otherwise would mean a huge political crisis for the UK and the EU. The Prime Minister gave the overall impression that he is not now heading towards making an impossibly difficult list of demands. On the contrary, an informed and moderate realism seems to be in the making. The package outlined in this paper could be sold in Brussels. There would then have to be a robust communications campaign to sell it to the British public. This paper is part of a series for a CEPS-EPIN project on “The British Question and the Search for a Fresh European Narrative”, which is pegged to an ambitious ongoing exercise by the British government to review all the competences of the European Union. The intention is that this should provide a basis for informed debate before the referendum on the UK remaining in the EU or not, which is scheduled for 2017.

Is the EMU ready for future shocks? An overview of available backstops. European Policy Brief No. 20, March 2014

In recent years much has been accomplished to make the EMU more resilient to banking crises, sovereign-debt crises or balance-of-payment crises. Several ‘backstops’ or financial safety nets were progressively put in place to absorb the shocks that could have otherwise broken the EMU as a system. These substantial advances reflected a gradual, trial-and-error approach rather than a grand design that would have completely overhauled the EMU architecture. While flexibility and realism have advantages, complacency is a clear risk. With no roadmap to follow, efforts to complete the architecture of the EMU may fade with time. Maintaining a sense of direction is crucial while potential vulnerabilities remain.