Projector Model for Efficient List-Mode Reconstruction in PET Scanners with Parallel Planar Detectors

We have developed a new projector model specifically tailored for fast list-mode tomographic reconstructions in Positron emission tomography (PET) scanners with parallel planar detectors. The model provides an accurate estimation of the probability distribution of coincidence events defined by pairs of scintillating crystals. This distribution is parameterized with 2D elliptical Gaussian functions defined in planes perpendicular to the main axis of the tube of response (TOR). The parameters of these Gaussian functions have been obtained by fitting Monte Carlo simulations that include positron range, acolinearity of gamma rays, as well as detector attenuation and scatter effects. The proposed model has been applied efficiently to list-mode reconstruction algorithms. Evaluation with Monte Carlo simulations over a rotating high resolution PET scanner indicates that this model allows to obtain better recovery to noise ratio in OSEM (ordered-subsets, expectation-maximization) reconstruction, if compared to list-mode reconstruction with symmetric circular Gaussian TOR model, and histogram-based OSEM with precalculated system matrix using Monte Carlo simulated models and symmetries.

Ciberdelincuencia. Desarrollo y persecución tecnológica

Cada día nos acercamos más a un mundo globalizado, en que Internet está marcando el paso. Este proyecto fin de carrera es una foto del estado actual de la ciberdelincuencia. La ciberdelincuencia y el ciberdelito son conceptos que difieren depende de quién los defina, en este proyecto vemos algunas de estas definiciones y los diferentes tipos de ciberdelito. También intenta hacer un pronóstico razonado de lo que será el ciberdelito en los próximos años. El proyecto hace un recorrido por la jurisprudencia y cómo los estados intentan luchar contra ella y ajustar su legislación al momento actual. Destacando además la problemática de perseguir delitos que se producen en distintos países y en los que en muchos casos el delincuente se encuentra en un país diferente de la víctima. Hace un recorrido por quien o puede ser víctima del ciberdelito, viendo como están aumentando las víctimas potenciales gracias a la gran penetración de Internet debida a la proliferación de los dispositivos móviles. También cómo se están estableciendo mecanismos a nivel mundial de colaboración entre estados, tanto a nivel policial y judicial como de investigación y desarrollo. Los ciberdelincuentes aprovechan las características implícitas de Internet, buscando ocultarse, por ello se dedica un capítulo de este proyecto a las principales redes de ocultación, conocidas como redes oscuras. En esta parte se hace especial hincapié en el uso de la red TOR, principal medio de ocultación a nivel mundial, y cómo funciona técnicamente, ya que sus definiciones y protocolos son conocidos al ser software libre. Una vez conocido que ciberdelitos hay y como se producen, recorremos los distintos medios para la defensa y mitigación de los distintos ataques, esta parte del proyecto intenta desde un punto técnico acercarnos a lo que podemos hacer para defendernos, aunque algunos de los ataques son prácticamente imposibles de perseguir. Además de ver cómo defendernos de los posibles ataques dirigidos vemos cómo proteger las comunicaciones, a través principalmente, del cifrado de todo lo que enviamos a través de Internet. ABSTRACT. Every day we are moving to a global world, Internet is leading this change. This thesis end of grade is a picture of the current state of the cybercrime. Cybercrime is a concept that differ depending on who is defining it. This document shows some of these definitions and the different types of cybercrime. Also it tries to make a reasoned forecast about the cybercrime in the near future. The document run through the jurisprudence and how the states tries to adjust its legislation to the current moment. Emphasizing the problematic to prosecute crimes that are committed in different countries and crimes of which the cybercriminal is in a different country to the victim. In addition, the document define who may be a victim of cybercrime and how the number of potential victims are increasing because of the growth of the Internet penetration rate due to the proliferation of mobile devices. Also it shows how the worldwide mechanisms are being established to collaborate among states on police and judicial context, and also on the research and development. Cybercriminals exploit the characteristics of the Internet to hide from police, a chapter of this thesis talks about the nets known as darknets. This part emphasis on the use of the TOR network and how it works technically. TOR is the main net to communicate on the Internet anonymously. We can know how it works because it is free software and the specifications are public. Once that we know how the cybercrime work and how many types are, we study the different ways to defense and mitigate the effects of attacks. In this part of the thesis we approach what we can do to defend our systems with technical perspective, even if some of attacks are impossible to pursue. Also, we explain how to keep our communications private, mainly though the encrypting methods when we transmit data over the Internet.

Experience in spacecraft on-board software development

This paper describes some important aspects of high- integrity software development based on the authors' work. Current group research is oriented towards mixed- criticality partitioned systems, development tools, real- time kernels, and language features. The UPMSat-2 satellite software is being used as technology demonstra- tor and a case study for the assessment of the research results. The flight software that will run on the satellite is based on proven technology, such as GNAT/ORK+ and LEON3. There is an experimental version that is being built using a partitioned approach, aiming at assessing a toolset targeting partitioned multi-core em- bedded systems. The singularities of both approaches are discussed, as well as some of the tools that are being used for developing the software.

Hacia una taxonomía constructiva de las tapias de tierra y fábricas encofradas históricas = Towards a constructive taxonomy of the historical rammed-earth and formwork masonry

El objetivo fundamental de la investigación es el estudio de los fundamentos constructivos de las fábricas históricas de tapia de tierra y mampostería encofrada de las fortificaciones bajomedievales. Ante las incertidumbres detectadas en la datación de estas estructuras y frente al excesivo número de excepciones que quedan fuera de las clasificaciones tradicionalmente empleadas para estudiar este tipo de técnicas, el artículo desarrolla una propuesta de tipología o taxonomía constructiva basada en un sistema abierto. Este sistema nace del análisis de un número significativo de fábricas y atiende a diversos parámetros de control para la completa caracterización de cada fábrica: material, grado de compactación, función constructiva, encofrado, acabado superficial, combinación de materiales y situación, profundidad, formación y sección de los agujales. Cada fábrica se clasifica mediante una etiqueta alfanumérica. El sistema permite establecer tipos constructivos con los que se genera una clasificación cronotipológica constructiva. ABSTRACT The principal aim of the research is the study of the constructive reasons of the historical masonries built with rammed earth and formwork masonry, belonging to late medieval fortifications. Uncertainties have been warned about dating the historical masonries and there are excessive exceptions that do not fall in the rankings traditionally employed to study these techniques. Due to these reasons, the article develops a proposal of constructive typology or taxonomy based in an open system that comes from the analysis of a representative number of masonries and that attends to several control parameters tor the complete characterization of each masonry: material, compaction degree, constructive function, formwork, rendering, combination of materials and, last, the situation, deepness, formation and section of the putlogholes. Each masonry is classified through an alphanumeric label. The system allows establishing several constructive types which it is possible to do a cronotypological and constructive classification.

La invención en la obra de Julio Lafuente: entre la utopía y la construcción

La obra de Julio Lafuente es extraordinariamente abundante y heterogenea, de un experimentalismo tan admirable en casos particulares como difícilmente caracterizable en su conjunto. El inventario ha revelado la existencia de más de 360 proyectos, de los que cerca de 200 están construidos, e incluye obras de arquitectura, urbanismo, escenografía y mobiliario, muchas de ellas reconocidas internacionalmente y profusamente publicadas entre 1950 y 1980. Es decir, nos encontramos ante un panorama de producción, divulgación y reconocimiento de su obra en el pasado reciente que contrasta con el actual desconocimiento de la misma. Situación que esta tesis doctoral pretende revertir. La investigación se articula en dos partes. La primera de ellas constituye el núcleo argumental y se compone de cuatro capítulos que permiten comprender el carácter de la obra de Julio Lafuente: su biografía profesional, una panorámica contextualizada de su obra, el estudio en profundidad de dos obras escogidas y la revisión transversal de los aspectos más relevantes en su arquitectura. Este primer volumen incluye dos capítulos adicionales: una bibliografía exhaustiva de sus obras y la traducción de publicaciones específicas coetáneas, recogidas en un anexo. La segunda parte consiste en una catalogación de la obra de Julio Lafuente, inexistente hasta la fecha, desarrollada por la autora en paralelo a su participación en la realización del Archivo de Julio Lafuente en Roma, lo que ha facilitado el acceso directo a la documentación original. Una revisión panorámica de diversas obras de Lafuente en relación con otras obras y corrientes de pensamiento coetáneas ha permitido comprender la pertenencia inequívoca de la obra de Julio Lafuente a su contexto: fundamentalmente, la Italia del período comprendido entre 1950 y 1980, un contexto del que se nutre y al que contribuye sin descanso. La mayor parte de la abundante obra arquitectónica de Lafuente se dedica al desarrollo de edificios de vivienda, normalmente construidos en los ensanches de Roma. En el conjunto de esta prolija trayectoria sobresalen, sin embargo, algunos logros extraordinarios que han permitido apoyar el desarrollo argumental de la investigación. Entre ellos, se han escogido para su estudio en profundidad dos obras —el hotel en la roca (1967), en Gozo (Malta) y el hipódromo de Tor di Valle (1959), en Roma—, que constituyen sendos casos singulares en los que Lafuente alcanza las cotas más altas de coherencia, significación y calidad arquitectónica, y que caracterizan el marco en el que se desarrolla la investigación: entre la utopía y la construcción. Al mismo tiempo, se trata de dos obras complementarias que llevan al extremo algunos de los aspectos a los que Julio Lafuente presta más atención en el conjunto de su obra, como la relación con el lugar, la invención estructural o el cuidado de los detalles constructivos. Estos rasgos se han revisado de un modo transversal en el último capítulo, incidiendo en algunos casos particulares que, a modo de metonimia, han permitido tomar la parte por el todo. La investigación confirma el compromiso de la obra de Lafuente con la lógica constructiva, si bien la componente idealizada se reconoce, aunque en un tono menor respecto al empeño constructivo, en una gran parte su arquitectura. Esta tendencia a la idealización es, posiblemente, una de las razones que ha llevado a quienes hasta hoy han escrito sobre su obra, a especular con las ideas de invención y utopía en la arquitectura de Julio Lafuente. El catálogo inédito de la obra de Julio Lafuente constituye la segunda parte de la tesis doctoral y permite realizar consultas posteriores que puedan dar continuidad a la investigación aquí iniciada. ABSTRACT The architectural work of Julio Lafuente is extraordinary wide and heterogeneous, of so admirable experimentalism in particular cases as difficult to be characterized as a whole. The inventory of his work has revealed the existence of more than 360 projects, of which about 200 are built, including works of architecture, urban planning, scenery and furniture, many of which were internationally recognized and widely published between 1950 and 1980. This overview of production, spread and recognition of his work in the recent past hugely contrasts with the current lack of knowledge of it. Situation that this PhD thesis aims to reverse. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is the core argument and comprises four sections that provide insights into the nature of the work of Julio Lafuente: professional biography, a contextualized view of his work, in-depth study of two selected works and cross review of the most relevant aspects in his architecture. This volume includes an exhaustive bibliography and translation of contemporaneous specific publications, incorporated in an annex. The second part consists of a catalog of the work of Julio Lafuente, non-existent to date, developed in parallel with the participation of the author in the making process of the Archive of Julio Lafuente in Rome, which has provided access to the original documentation. Research develops a wide-ranging approach to the architecture of Julio Lafuente in its context. To this purpose, various of his works have been reviewed in relation to other contemporary works, which have revealed a direct attachment of Lafuente’s work to its context: mainly Italy, for the period between 1950 and 1980. Most of his wide architectural work is related to housing projects, usually built in the extensions of Rome. In this broad regular work, however, highlight some outstanding achievements which have given support to the research argumental line. Among them, two works have been selected for an in-depth study: the hotel in the Maltese rock of Gozo (1967) and the Tor di Valle racecourse building (1959) in Rome. Both are individual cases in which Lafuente reaches the highest levels of coherence, significance and architectural quality, and both characterize the frame in which this research takes place: between utopia and construction. These selected projects are two complementary works that embody some of the aspects to which Julio Lafuente pays more attention, such as the experiencing of place, the structural invention or concern for construction details, among others. These features have been reviewed through a transversal regard in the last chapter, focusing on some particular cases, in the way in which metonymy is used, allowing to take the part for the whole. Research confirms that the work of Julio Lafuente stands out for its commitment to construction logic, while the idealized component is recognized, although in a minor key with respect to constructive engagement, in most of his architecture from the beginning to his latest proposals. This tendency to idealization is probably one of the reasons that has often led to those who have written about him, to speculate on the ideas of invention and utopia in the work of Julio Lafuente. The unpublished catalog of the work of Julio Lafuente, which constitutes the second part of the thesis, presents the architectural work of Julio Lafuente and allows further research that could continue the one started here.

A “REVOLTA” DE JEÚ E A ESTELA DE DÃ: Um Estudo Em 2 Reis 10,28-36

A pesquisa tem por objetivo trabalhar o evento da Revolta de Jeú, em conjunto com a Estela de Dã, tendo como ponto de partida para tal, a exegese da perícope de 2 Reis 10-28,36. A história Deuteronomista apresenta o ato da Revolta de Jeú como sendo um feito demasiadamente importante, na restauração do culto a Javé em Israel, a partir de um contexto onde o culto a outras divindades, em Israel Norte, estava em pleno curso. No entanto, a partir da análise conjunta da Estela de Dã, que tem como provável autor o rei Hazael de Damasco, somos desafiados a ler esta história pelas entrelinhas não contempladas pelo texto, que apontam para uma participação ativa de Hazael, nos desfechos referentes a Revolta de Jeú, como sendo o responsável direto que proporcionou a subida de Jeú ao trono em Israel, clarificando desta forma este importante período na história Bíblica. Para tal análise, observar-se-á três distintos tópicos, ligados diretamente ao tema proposto: (1) A Revolta de Jeú e a Redação Deuteronomista, a partir do estudo exegético da perícope de 2 Reis 10,28-36, onde estão descritas informações pontuais sobre período em que Jeú reinou em Israel; (2) Jeú e a Estela de Dã, a partir da apresentação e análise do conteúdo da Estela de Dã, tratando diretamente dos desdobramentos da guerra em Ramote de Gileade, de onde se dá o ponto de partida à Revolta de Jeú; e por fim (3) O Império da Síria, onde a partir da continuidade da análise do conteúdo da Estela de Dã, demonstraremos a significância deste reino, além de apontamentos diretamente ligados ao reinado de Hazael, personagem mui relevante no evento da Revolta de Jeú.

MANDRÁGORAS: MITOS E ASPECTOS DA CULTURA DE ISRAEL A PARTIR DE GÊNESIS 25 A 36

A sexualidade de Lea e Raquel, o útero, as mandrágoras e o corpo de Jacó são fatores que definem o alicerce do nosso texto como espaços de diálogo, mediação e estrutura do cenário. O destaque principal está sob o capítulo 30.14-16 que retrata a memória das mandrágoras. Como plantas místicas elas dominam o campo religioso e como plantas medicinais elas são utilizadas para solucionar problemas biológicos. As instituições e sociedades detentoras de uma ideologia e de leis que regulamentam uma existência apresentam na narrativa, duas irmãs, mas também esposas de um mesmo homem que, manipuladas por essa instituição que minimiza e oprime a mulher, principalmente a estéril, confina-as como simples objeto de sexualidade e mantenedoras da descendência por meio da maternidade. A memória das mandrágoras é sinal de que a prática existente circundava uma religião não monoteísta. Ela existia sociologicamente por meio de sincretismos, força e poderes sócio-culturais e religiosos. Era constituída das memórias de mulheres que manipulavam e dominavam o poder sagrado para controle de suas necessidades. O discurso dessas mulheres, em nossa unidade, prova que o discurso dessa narrativa não se encontra somente no plano individual, mas também se estende a nível comunitário, espaço que as define e lhes concede importância por meio do casamento e dádivas da maternidade como continuidade da descendência. São mulheres que dominaram um espaço na história com suas lutas e vitórias, com atos de amor e de sofrimento, de crenças e poderes numa experiência religiosa dominada pelo masculino que vai além do nosso conhecimento atual. As lutas firmadas na fé e na ideologia dessas mulheres definiram e acentuaram seu papel de protagonistas nas narrativas 9 bíblicas que estudamos no Gênesis. A conservação dessas narrativas, e do espaço teológico da época, definiu espaços, vidas, gerações e tribos que determinaram as gerações prometidas e fecharam um ciclo: o da promessa de Iahweh quanto à descendência desde Abraão. Os mitos e as crenças foram extintos para dar espaço a uma fé monoteísta, mas a experiência religiosa

CTXφ immunity: Application in the development of cholera vaccines

CTXφ is a filamentous bacteriophage that encodes cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae. CTXφ is unusual among filamentous phages because it encodes a repressor and forms lysogens. CTXφ can infect the existing live-attenuated V. cholerae vaccine strains derived from either the El Tor or classical V. cholerae biotypes and result in vaccine reversion to toxinogenicity. Intraintestinal CTXφ transduction assays were used to demonstrate that El Tor biotype strains of V. cholerae are immune to infection with the El Tor-derived CTXφ, whereas classical strains are not. The El Tor CTXφ repressor, RstR, was sufficient to render classical strains immune to infection with the El Tor CTXφ. The DNA sequences of the classical and El Tor CTXφ repressors and their presumed cognate operators are highly diverged, whereas the sequences that surround this “immunity” region are nearly identical. Transcriptional fusion studies revealed that the El Tor RstR mediated repression of an El Tor rstA-lacZ fusion but did not repress a classical rstA-lacZ fusion. Likewise, the classical RstR only repressed a classical rstA-lacZ fusion. Thus, similar to the mechanistic basis for heteroimmunity among lambdoid phages, the specificity of CTXφ immunity is based on the divergence of the sequences of repressors and their operators. Expression of the El Tor rstR in either El Tor or classical live-attenuated V. cholerae vaccine strains effectively protected these vaccines from CTXφ infection. Introduction of rstR into V. cholerae vaccine strains should enhance their biosafety.

The use of site-directed fluorophore labeling and donor–donor energy migration to investigate solution structure and dynamics in proteins

The use of molecular genetics for introducing fluorescent molecules enables the use of donor–donor energy migration to determine intramolecular distances in a variety of proteins. This approach can be applied to examine the overall molecular dimensions of proteins and to investigate structural changes upon interactions with specific target molecules. In this report, the donor–donor energy migration method is demonstrated by experiments with the latent form of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Based on the known x-ray structure of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, three positions forming the corners of a triangle were chosen. Double Cys substitution mutants (V106C-H185C, H185C-M266C, and M266C-V106C) and corresponding single substitution mutants (V106C, H185C, and M266C) were created and labeled with a sulfhydryl specific derivative of BODIPY (=the D molecule). The side lengths of this triangle were obtained from analyses of the experimental data. The analyses account for the local anisotropic order and rotational motions of the D molecules, as well as for the influence of a partial DD-labeling. The distances, as determined from x-ray diffraction, between the Cα-atoms of the positions V106C–H185C, H185C–M266C, and M266C–V106C were 60.9, 30.8, and 55.1 Å, respectively. These are in good agreement with the distances of 54 ± 4, 38 ± 3, and 55 ± 3 Å, as determined between the BODIPY groups attached via linkers to the same residues. Although the positions of the D-molecules and the Cα-atoms physically cannot coincide, there is a reasonable agreement between the methods.