Polarisabilities of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids

The molar polarisability and molar volume for 71 ionic liquids were extracted from 157 measurements of their refractive index and density, which were then further deconstructed into atomic contributions by means of a Designed Regression analysis. Using this approach, the density and refractive index for any chosen ionic liquid with alkyl-substituted imidazolium cations can be predicted in good agreement with experimental data.

Assessing the greenness of some typical laboratory ionic liquid preparations

The greenness, or lack thereof, of various ionic liquid syntheses and purification methodologies are assessed using a common tool used in strategic planning viz. strengths weaknesses opportunities threats (SWOT) analysis, including their adherence to the twelve principles of green chemistry, % atom economies and E-factors.

Uranium halide complexes in ionic liquids: an electrochemical and structural study

The electrochemistry of the salts, [emim](2)[UBr6] and [emim](2)[UO2Br4] ([emim] = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium), has been investigated in both a basic and an acidic bromoaluminate(III) ionic liquid. In the basic ionic liquid, the hexabromo salt undergoes a one-electron reversible reduction process at a stationary glassy carbon disc electrode, while the tetrabromodioxo salt was reduced to a uranium(IV) species by an irreversible two-electron process with the simultaneous transfer of oxide to the ionic liquid. On the other hand, dissolution of either of the salts in an acidic bromoaluminate( III) ionic liquid resulted in the formation of the same electroactive species. The solid state structures of the uranium chloride salts, [emim](2)[UCl6] and [emim](2)[UO2Cl4], have previously been reported, but have now been re-evaluated using a new statistical model developed in our group, to determine the presence or absence of weak hydrogen bonding interactions in the crystalline state.

Enhanced laccase stability through mediator partitioning into hydrophobic ionic liquids

Laccase-mediator systems have numerous potential uses for green oxidations, but their practical use may be limited because the reactive, oxidised mediators deactivate the enzyme. TEMPO, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, phenothiazine and 2-hydroxybiphenyl caused almost complete deactivation of laccase from Trametes versicolor within 24-140 h. By contrast, 18% activity was retained after 188 h in controls without mediator, and 15% in the presence of ABTS. A biphasic reaction system was developed to protect the laccase, by partitioning the mediator into water-immiscible ionic liquids. In the presence of [C mim][AOT], laccase retained 54, 35, 35 and 41% activity after 188 h in the presence of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, phenothiazine and 2-hydroxybiphenyl and ABTS, respectively, whilst 30% activity was retained in the presence of [N][Sac] and TEMPO. The protection against deactivation by the mediators correlated strongly with the distribution coefficients of the mediators between ionic liquids and water. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Inhibitory Effect of Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids on Coal Oxidation

To develop a chemical inhibitor that can efficiently suppress coal oxidation, nine tetraalkylphosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) and one imidazolium-based IL [1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIm]Cl)] were examined as additives. These ILs were used to treat and investigate the inhibitory effect on the oxidation activity and the structure of lignite coal. Characterization using thermogravimetric analysis showed that phosphonium-based ILs are able to inhibit coal oxidation up to 400 degrees C with the tributylethylphosphonium diethylphosphate ([P-4,P-4,P-4,P-2][DEP]) found to be the most effective. In contrast to the tetraalkylphosphonium-based ILs, inhibition using [AMIm]Cl was only found to be effective at temperatures below 250 degrees C, indicating that the tetraallcylphosphonium-based ILs may be more suitable for the future application of suppressing coal spontaneous combustion over a wide range of temperatures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data showed that the various functional groups change in the coal following IL treatment, which are a decrease in the minerals and hydrogen bonds in all treated coals, while decreased aliphatic hydrocarbon and increased carbonyl bonds only appeared in some samples. During the oxidation of coal, the decomposition of aliphatic hydrocarbon groups is inhibited and the formation of carbonyl groups is delayed, so that the evolved gas concentration decreased, as shown by the temperature-programmed oxidation-mass spectrometry results. The deployment of the [P-4,P-4,P-4,P-2][ DEP] and tributylmethylphosphonium methylsulfate Its as additives also show good inhibitory effect on coal oxidation over the temperature range studied, and a relatively stronger interaction between [P-4,P-4,P-4,P-2] [DEP] and coal is demonstrated by the additive model.

Brønsted acids in ionic liquids: How acidity depends on the liquid structure

Gutmann Acceptor Number (AN) values have been determined for Brønsted acid–ionic liquid mixtures, over a wide compositional range. Four systems of general formula [C2mim][A]–HA (A− = bistriflamide, [NTf2]−; triflate, [OTf]−; mesylate, [OMs]−; or acetate, [OAc]−, [C2mim]+ = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation) were studied. A library of Brønsted acidic systems of varying acidity was constructed and the AN parameter was found to be a convenient approach for quantifying their acidity. HOAc, HOMs and HOTf, when dissolved in ionic liquids, were found to associate with the respective anions to form hydrogen-bonded anionic clusters, [A(HA)x]−. In contrast, HNTf2 was solubilised as a discrete, undissociated molecule. AN values were sensitive to the presence of anionic clusters; acidity could be buffered to a particular AN by binding the solubilised acid in the anionic cluster form. Overall, a simple way to manipulate and quantify the Brønsted acidity of acid–ionic liquid mixtures was demonstrated, and measured AN values were related to liquid speciation.

Tunable thermomorphism and applications of ionic liquid analogues of Girard's reagents

A series of ionic liquids based on Girard's reagents was synthesised. Their tunable thermomorphic behaviour with water was demonstrated, and slight modifications in the cationic structure led to drastic changes in their water miscibility. Their phase behaviour, involving monophasic–biphasic transitions, drove a number of practical applications, including scavenging water-soluble dyes and the extraction of metals from water.

Ionic liquids for efficient hydrogen sulfide and thiol scavenging

Functionalised pyridinium and ammonium ionic liquids bearing a Michael acceptor are shown to scavenge H₂S gas and various thiols, in most cases, without the aid of any added bases. Utilising the effective non-volatility of ionic liquids and ‘tagging’ malodourous substances to an ionic matrix renders them odourless.

Structuring reductive media containing protic ionic liquids and their application to the formation of metallic nanoparticles

Herein, we present a facile method for the formation of monodispersed metal nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature from M^(III)Cl₃ (with M = Au, Ru, Mn, Fe or V) in different media based on N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or water solutions containing a protic ionic liquid (PIL), namely the octylammonium formate (denoted OAF) or the bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)ammonium formate (denoted BEHAF). These two PILs present different structures and redox-active structuring properties that influence their interactions with selected molecular compounds (DMF or water), as well as the shape and the size of formed metal NPs in these solutions. Herein, the physical properties, such as the thermal, transport and micellar properties, of investigated PIL solutions were firstly investigated in order to understand the relation between PILs structure and their properties in solutions with DMF or water. The formation of metal NPs in these solutions was then characterized by using UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. From our investigations, it appears that the PILs structure and their aggregation pathways in selected solvents affect strongly the formation, growths, the shape and the size of metal NPs. In fact by using this approach, the shape-/size-controlled metal NPs can be generated under mild condition. This approach suggests also a wealth of potential for these designer nanomaterials within the biomedical, materials, and catalysis communities by using designer and safer media based on PILs.

Tunable gold nanoparticles shape and size in reductive and structuring media containing protic ionic liquids

Herein, a facile method was developed for preparing high concentration of monodispersed gold nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature from gold(III) chloride by using different media based on N,N-dimethylformamide or water solutions containing a protic ionic liquid (PIL), namely, the octylammonium formate or the bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)ammonium formate, based on which both PILs were used as redox-active structuring media. The formation of gold NPs in these systems was then characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. From these investigations, it appears that the structure and aggregation pathway of PILs in selected solvents affect strongly the formation, growth, the shape, and the size of gold NPs. In fact, by using this approach, the shape-/ size-controlled gold NPs (branched and spherical) can be generated under mild condition. This approach suggests also a wealth of potential for these designer nanomaterials within the biomedical, materials, and catalysis communities by using designer and safer media based on PILs.

Structure and thermal properties of salicylate-based-protic ionic liquids as new heat storage media. COSMO-RS structure characterization and modeling of heat capacities

During this research, we present a study on the thermal properties, such as the melting, cold crystallization, and glass transition temperatures as well as heat capacities from 293.15 K to 323.15 K of nine in-house synthesized protic ionic liquids based on the 3-(alkoxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium salicylate ([H-Im-C₁OC_n][Sal]) with n = 3–11. The 3D structures, surface charge distributions and COSMO volumes of all investigated ions are obtained by combining DFT calculations and the COSMO-RS methodology. The heat capacity data sets as a function of temperature of the 3-(alkoxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium salicylate are then predicted using the methodology originally proposed in the case of ionic liquids by Ge et al. 3-(Alkoxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium salicylate based ionic liquids present specific heat capacities higher in many cases than other ionic liquids that make them suitable as heat storage media and in heat transfer processes. It was found experimentally that the heat capacity increases linearly with increasing alkyl chain length of the alkoxymethyl group of 3-(alkoxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium salicylate as was expected and predicted using the Ge et al. method with an overall relative absolute deviation close to 3.2% for temperatures up to 323.15 K.

An ionic liquid process for mercury removal from natural gas

Efficient scrubbing of mercury vapour from natural gas streams has been demonstrated both in the laboratory and on an industrial scale, using chlorocuprate(ii) ionic liquids impregnated on high surface area porous solid supports, resulting in the effective removal of mercury vapour from natural gas streams. This material has been commercialised for use within the petroleum gas production industry, and has currently been running continuously for three years on a natural gas plant in Malaysia. Here we report on the chemistry underlying this process, and demonstrate the transfer of this technology from gram to ton scale.

Azepanium-based ionic liquids as green electrolytes for high voltage supercapacitors

This work provides a first-time-study of Azepanium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolyte components for electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Herein, two Azepanium-based ILs, namely N-methyl, N-butyl-azepanium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Azp(14)TFSI) and N-methyl, N-hexyl-azepanium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Azp(16)TFSI) were compared with the established IL N-butyl, N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pyr(14)TFSI) in terms of viscosity, conductivity, thermal stability and electrochemical behavior in EDLC systems. The ILs' operative potentials were found to be comparable, leading to operative voltages up to 3.5 V without significant electrolyte degradation. 

Microelectrode Voltammetry of Dioxygen Reduction in a Phosphonium Cation-Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid: Quantitative Studies

Microelectrode voltammetry is used to study the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen, O-2, in the room-temperature ionic liquid trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate [P6,6,6,14][FAP]. The nature of the unusual voltammetric waves is quantitatively modeled via digital simulation with the aim of clarifying apparent inconsistencies in the literature. The reduction is shown to proceed via a two-electron reaction and involve the likely capture of a proton from the solvent system. The oxidative voltammetric signals seen at fast scan rates are interpreted as resulting from the reoxidation of HO2 center dot. In the presence of large amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide the reductive currents decrease by a factor of ca. two, consistent with the trapping of the superoxide radical, O-2(center dot), intermediate in the two-electron reduction process.