The Emergence of Access Controls in Small-Scale Fishing Commons: A Comparative Analysis of Individual Licenses and Common Property-Rights in Two Mexican Communities

Addressing global fisheries overexploitation requires better understanding of how small-scale fishing communities in developing countries limit access to fishing grounds. We analyze the performance of a system based on individual licenses and a common property-rights regime in their ability to generate incentives for self-governance and conservation of fishery resources. Using a qualitative before-after-control-impact approach, we compare two neighbouring fishing communities in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Both were initially governed by the same permit system, are situated in the same ecosystem, use similar harvesting technology, and have overharvested similar species. One community changed to a common property-right regime, enabling the emergence of access controls and avoiding overexploitation of benthic resources, while the other community, still relies on the permit system. We discuss the roles played by power, institutions, socio-historic, and biophysical factors to develop access controls. © 2012 The Author(s).

Collective action and individual choice: rethinking how we regulate narcotics and antibiotics.

Governments across the globe have squandered treasure and imprisoned millions of their own citizens by criminalising the use and sale of recreational drugs. But use of these drugs has remained relatively constant, and the primary victims are the users themselves. Meanwhile, antimicrobial drugs that once had the power to cure infections are losing their ability to do so, compromising the health of people around the world. The thesis of this essay is that policymakers should stop wasting resources trying to fight an unwinnable and morally dubious war against recreational drug users, and start shifting their attention to the serious threat posed by our collective misuse of antibiotics.

The normative and the personal life: individual differences in life scripts and life story events among USA and Danish undergraduates.

Life scripts are culturally shared expectations about the order and timing of life events in a prototypical life course. American and Danish undergraduates produced life story events and life scripts by listing the seven most important events in their own lives and in the lives of hypothetical people living ordinary lives. They also rated their events on several scales and completed measures of depression, PTSD symptoms, and centrality of a negative event to their lives. The Danish life script replicated earlier work; the American life script showed minor differences from the Danish life script, apparently reflecting genuine differences in shared events as well as less homogeneity in the American sample. Both consisted of mostly positive events that came disproportionately from ages 15 to 30. Valence of life story events correlated with life script valence, depression, PTSD symptoms, and identity. In the Danish undergraduates, measures of life story deviation from the life script correlated with measures of depression and PTSD symptoms.

Studies on Understanding Individual Willingness to Disclose Genetic Information to Public and Private Stakeholders

While technologies for genetic sequencing have increased the promise of personalized medicine, they simultaneously pose threats to personal privacy. The public’s desire to protect itself from unauthorized access to information may limit the uses of this valuable resource. To date, there is limited understanding about the public’s attitudes toward the regulation and sharing of such information. We sought to understand the drivers of individuals’ decisions to disclose genetic information to a third party in a setting where disclosure potentially creates both private and social benefits, but also carries the risk of potential misuse of private information. We conducted two separate but related studies. First, we administered surveys to college students and parents, to determine individual attitudes toward and inter-generational influences on the disclosure decision. Second, we conducted a game-theory based experiment that assessed how participants’ decisions to disclose genetic information are influenced by societal and health factors. Key survey findings indicate that concerns about genetic information privacy negatively impact the likelihood of disclosure while the perceived benefits of disclosure and trust in the institution receiving the information have a positive influence. The experiment results also show that the risk of discrimination negatively affects the likelihood of disclosure, while the positive impact that disclosure has on the probability of finding a cure and the presence of a monetary incentive to disclose, increase the likelihood. We also study the determinants of individuals’ decision to be informed of findings about their health, and how information about health status is used for financial decisions.

Interrogation of individual intratumoral B lymphocytes from lung cancer patients for molecular target discovery.

Intratumoral B lymphocytes are an integral part of the lung tumor microenvironment. Interrogation of the antibodies they express may improve our understanding of the host response to cancer and could be useful in elucidating novel molecular targets. We used two strategies to explore the repertoire of intratumoral B cell antibodies. First, we cloned VH and VL genes from single intratumoral B lymphocytes isolated from one lung tumor, expressed the genes as recombinant mAbs, and used the mAbs to identify the cognate tumor antigens. The Igs derived from intratumoral B cells demonstrated class switching, with a mean VH mutation frequency of 4%. Although there was no evidence for clonal expansion, these data are consistent with antigen-driven somatic hypermutation. Individual recombinant antibodies were polyreactive, although one clone demonstrated preferential immunoreactivity with tropomyosin 4 (TPM4). We found that higher levels of TPM4 antibodies were more common in cancer patients, but measurement of TPM4 antibody levels was not a sensitive test for detecting cancer. Second, in an effort to focus our recombinant antibody expression efforts on those B cells that displayed evidence of clonal expansion driven by antigen stimulation, we performed deep sequencing of the Ig genes of B cells collected from seven different tumors. Deep sequencing demonstrated somatic hypermutation but no dominant clones. These strategies may be useful for the study of B cell antibody expression, although identification of a dominant clone and unique therapeutic targets may require extensive investigation.

ENIGMA and the individual: Predicting factors that affect the brain in 35 countries worldwide.

In this review, we discuss recent work by the ENIGMA Consortium (http://enigma.ini.usc.edu) - a global alliance of over 500 scientists spread across 200 institutions in 35 countries collectively analyzing brain imaging, clinical, and genetic data. Initially formed to detect genetic influences on brain measures, ENIGMA has grown to over 30 working groups studying 12 major brain diseases by pooling and comparing brain data. In some of the largest neuroimaging studies to date - of schizophrenia and major depression - ENIGMA has found replicable disease effects on the brain that are consistent worldwide, as well as factors that modulate disease effects. In partnership with other consortia including ADNI, CHARGE, IMAGEN and others(1), ENIGMA's genomic screens - now numbering over 30,000 MRI scans - have revealed at least 8 genetic loci that affect brain volumes. Downstream of gene findings, ENIGMA has revealed how these individual variants - and genetic variants in general - may affect both the brain and risk for a range of diseases. The ENIGMA consortium is discovering factors that consistently affect brain structure and function that will serve as future predictors linking individual brain scans and genomic data. It is generating vast pools of normative data on brain measures - from tens of thousands of people - that may help detect deviations from normal development or aging in specific groups of subjects. We discuss challenges and opportunities in applying these predictors to individual subjects and new cohorts, as well as lessons we have learned in ENIGMA's efforts so far.

El capital social como factor de producción en los sistemas de agronegocios en Argentina : un análisis comparado de los sistemas aviar, vitivinícola y vacuno

El sector agroalimentario se ha convertido en el de mayor importancia durante los 90 para la economía argentina junto a los sectores del petróleo y acero. Sin embargo, el gran empuje proveniente del 'campo' no se traslada al resto de redes de abatecimiento de alimentos. El desarrollo veloz de las interrelaciones comerciales que conducen al establecimiento de distintas formas de relaciones para el abastecimiento de alimentos es un fenómeno clave en las economías agroalimentarias modernas. Los principales actores de las cadenas agroindustriales deben diseñar las mejores opciones respecto del diseño de sus relaciones comerciales. El objetivo principal del siguiente trabajo es identificar al capital social como un factor de producción para el desarrolo de los sistemas de agronegocios argentinos. Los objetivos específicos serán identificar el nivel de capital social del sistema de ganados y carnes vacuna, del sistema avícola y del sistema vitivinícola de la Argentina. El trabajo determina que el desarrollo global de los agronegocios en Argentina depende del grado de enforcement de la ley y los contratos y del nivel de acción colectiva. Dentro de las variables estudiadas 'confianza', 'acción colectiva' y 'cooperación y ética' presenta altos niveles en las tres variables, el sistema vitivinícola medios y el sistema de ganados y carnes vacuno los presenta bajos. El sistema de negocios avícola es la que marca un mayor desarrollo de capital social a lo largo de la muestra. El nivel de confianza expresado por sus miembros demuestra su capacidad para resolver los dilemas que presenta la acción colectiva en el negocio real, contrariamente al sistema vacuno, mientras que el sistema vitivinícola se coloca en una posición media. El sistema avícola presenta mayor cantidad de contratos formales y como vimos un mayor respeto por su cumplimiento más allá de la incompltitud de los mismos. La falta de contratos formales y la falta de control por parte del Estado, en mayor medida en el subsector vacuno por sobre el vitivinícola, favorece el doble estándar impositivo, comercial y sanitario (no en el caso del vino). En tal sentido, el no respeto por el conjunto de reglas de conducta formales (leyes, tradiciones, costumbres, sistema de valores, religiones, tendencias sociológicas, etc.), es decir las instituciones, que facilitan la coordinación o rigen las relaciones entre individuos o grupos, le agrega mayor incertidumbre a la interacción humana

Por qué cae la productividad de los rodales forestales? : influencia de la dominancia de crecimiento del rodal y la eficiencia de crecimiento individual

Un patrón reconocido del desarrollo de los bosques (naturales o implantados) es la caída en su tasa de crecimiento luego de alcanzar un máximo. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de los cambios en la estructura del rodal, caracterizados por la dominancia de crecimiento, sobre el crecimiento del rodal, la eficiencia de crecimiento del rodal y la eficiencia de crecimiento de árboles de distinto tamaño en parcelas raleadas y sin ralear de Pinus taeda. De acuerdo a la hipótesis planteada, la caída en el crecimiento del rodal estaría relacionada con la disminución en la eficiencia de crecimiento de los individuos de menor tamaño de un rodal debido al establecimiento de la dominancia de crecimiento. La dominancia de crecimiento en las parcelas sin ralear aumentó en forma continua con la edad, aunque siempre manteniendo valores bajos. En las parcelas raleadas los niveles de dominancia de crecimiento fueron aun menores y no se observó un patrón sistemático con la edad. Esta menor dominancia de crecimiento no resultó en una mayor eficiencia de crecimiento del rodal. Por otro lado, en las parcelas sin ralear los árboles de mayor tamaño siempre fueron más eficientes que los de menor tamaño, mientras que en las parcelas raleadas esto dependió del año. En contra de la hipótesis planteada, y al igual que la eficiencia de crecimiento de los árboles más chicos, la eficiencia de los árboles dominantes también disminuyó con la edad. De acuerdo a los bajos niveles de dominancia de crecimiento encontrados (en comparación a otros géneros) se concluye que ésta no es responsable de la caída de la eficiencia de crecimiento de los individuos más pequeños ni de la tasa de crecimiento del rodal en su conjunto. Asimismo, se propone que es la diferencia en eficiencia entre individuos la que conduce al desarrollo de la dominancia de crecimiento y no al revés.

El capital social como factor de producción en los sistemas de agronegocios en Argentina : un análisis comparado de los sistemas aviar, vitivinícola y vacuno

El sector agroalimentario se ha convertido en el de mayor importancia durante los 90 para la economía argentina junto a los sectores del petróleo y acero. Sin embargo, el gran empuje proveniente del 'campo' no se traslada al resto de redes de abatecimiento de alimentos. El desarrollo veloz de las interrelaciones comerciales que conducen al establecimiento de distintas formas de relaciones para el abastecimiento de alimentos es un fenómeno clave en las economías agroalimentarias modernas. Los principales actores de las cadenas agroindustriales deben diseñar las mejores opciones respecto del diseño de sus relaciones comerciales. El objetivo principal del siguiente trabajo es identificar al capital social como un factor de producción para el desarrolo de los sistemas de agronegocios argentinos. Los objetivos específicos serán identificar el nivel de capital social del sistema de ganados y carnes vacuna, del sistema avícola y del sistema vitivinícola de la Argentina. El trabajo determina que el desarrollo global de los agronegocios en Argentina depende del grado de enforcement de la ley y los contratos y del nivel de acción colectiva. Dentro de las variables estudiadas 'confianza', 'acción colectiva' y 'cooperación y ética' presenta altos niveles en las tres variables, el sistema vitivinícola medios y el sistema de ganados y carnes vacuno los presenta bajos. El sistema de negocios avícola es la que marca un mayor desarrollo de capital social a lo largo de la muestra. El nivel de confianza expresado por sus miembros demuestra su capacidad para resolver los dilemas que presenta la acción colectiva en el negocio real, contrariamente al sistema vacuno, mientras que el sistema vitivinícola se coloca en una posición media. El sistema avícola presenta mayor cantidad de contratos formales y como vimos un mayor respeto por su cumplimiento más allá de la incompltitud de los mismos. La falta de contratos formales y la falta de control por parte del Estado, en mayor medida en el subsector vacuno por sobre el vitivinícola, favorece el doble estándar impositivo, comercial y sanitario (no en el caso del vino). En tal sentido, el no respeto por el conjunto de reglas de conducta formales (leyes, tradiciones, costumbres, sistema de valores, religiones, tendencias sociológicas, etc.), es decir las instituciones, que facilitan la coordinación o rigen las relaciones entre individuos o grupos, le agrega mayor incertidumbre a la interacción humana

Cooperativas en conflicto : el capital social hace la diferencia?, estudio de caso

p.187-200

On the application of variable frequency microwave technology for processing of individual surface mount components

Dual-section variable frequency microwave systems enable rapid, controllable heating of materials within an individual surface mount component in a chip-on=board assembly. The ability to process devices individually allows components with disparate processing requirements to be mounted on the same assembly. The temperature profile induced by the microwave system can be specifically tailored to the needs of the component, allowing optimisation and degree of cure whilst minimising thermomechanical stresses. This paper presents a review of dual-section microwave technology and its application to curing of thermosetting polymer materials in microelectronics applications. Curing processes using both conventional and microwave technologies are assessed and compared. Results indicate that dual-section microwave systems are able to cure individual surface mount packages in a significantly shorter time, at the expense of an increase in thermomechanical stresses and a greater variation in degree of cure.

Stakeholder engagement in sustainable housing refurbishment in the UK

The UK government is committed to effectively implement a viable sustainable agenda in the social housing sector. To this end housing associations and local authorities are being encouraged to improve the environmental performance of their new and existing homes. Whilst much attention has been focused on new housing (e.g. the Code for Sustainable Homes) little effort has been focussed on improving the 3.9 (approx) million homes maintained and managed by the public sector (in England), which, given the low rate of new build and demolition (<1% in England), will represent approximately 70% of the public housing stock in 2050. Thus, if UK is to achieve sustainable public housing the major effort will have to focus on the existing stock. However, interpreting the sustainability agenda for an existing housing portfolio is not a straight foreword activity. In addition to finding a ‘technical’ solution, landlords also haveto address the socio-economic issues that balance quality of expectations of tenants with the economic realities of funding social housing refurbishment. This paper will report the findings of a qualitative study (participatory approach) that examined the processes by which a large public landlord sought to develop a long-term sustainable housing strategy. Through a series of individual meetings and group workshops the research team identified: committed leadership; attitudes towards technology; social awareness; and collective understanding of the sustainability agenda as key issues that the organisation needed to address in developing a robust and defendable refurbishment strategy. The paper concludes that the challenges faced by the landlord in improving the sustainability of their existing stock are not primarily technical, but socio-economic. Further, while the economic challenges: initial capital cost; lack of funding; and pay-back periods can be overcome, if the political will exists, by fiscal measures; the social challenges: health & wellbeing; poverty; security; space needs; behaviour change; education; and trust; are much more complex in nature and will require a coordinated approach from all the stakeholders involved in the wider community if they are to be effectively addressed. The key challenge to public housing landlords is to develop mechanisms that can identify and interpret the complex nature of the social sustainability agenda in a way that reflects local aspirations (although the authors believe the factors will exist in all social housing communities, their relative importance is likely to vary between communities) whilst addressing Government agendas.