920 resultados para Unsaturated Zones


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This study investigates the structure and intensity of the surface pathways connecting to and from the central areas of the large-scale convergence regions of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Surface waters are traced with numerical Lagrangian particles transported in the velocity field of three different ocean models with horizontal resolutions that range from ¼° to 1/32°. The connections resulting from the large-scale convergent Ekman dynamics agree qualitatively but are strongly modulated by eddy variability that introduces meridional asymmetry in the amplitude of transport. Lagrangian forward-in-time integrations are used to analyze the fate of particles originating from the central regions of the convergence zones and highlight specific outflows not yet reported for the southeastern Pacific when using the currents at the highest resolutions (1/12° and 1/32°). The meridional scales of these outflows are comparable to the characteristic width of the fine-scale striation of mean currents.

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Après un rappel des objectifs, du fonctionnement et de la méthode d’interprétation des résultats du réseau de contrôle microbiologique REMI et du réseau de surveillance chimique ROCCH, ce rapport inclut un bilan national et décrit le programme annuel de la Région Corse. Il présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus, en particulier l’estimation de la qualité microbiologique et chimique des zones de production de coquillages classées : les étangs de la plaine orientale de la Corse.

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Après un rappel des objectifs, du fonctionnement et de la méthode d’interprétation des résultats du réseau de contrôle microbiologique REMI et du réseau de surveillance chimique ROCCH, ce rapport décrit les programmes annuels de suivi microbiologique et chimique des zones conchylicoles de Normandie (départements Seine-Maritime, Calvados, Manche). Il présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus de 2013 à 2015, en particulier l’estimation de la qualité microbiologique et chimique des zones de production de coquillages classées. Ce rapport intègre également les résultats du réseau « Coquillages » de l’Agence Régionale de Santé de Basse Normandie dans le cadre de la surveillance de la qualité des zones de pêche à pieds récréative.

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Après un rappel des objectifs, du fonctionnement et de la méthode d’interprétation des résultats du réseau de contrôle microbiologique des zones de production conchylicoles (REMI) et du réseau d’observation de la contamination chimique (ROCCH), ce rapport inclut un bilan national et décrit le programme annuel du département des Côtes d’Armor (22). Il présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus, en particulier l’estimation de la qualité microbiologique et chimique des zones de production de coquillages classées. Pour la deuxième fois consécutive, les résultats du suivi microbiologique sont globalement bons dans le département des Côtes d’Armor. Les alertes ont été également peu nombreuses. Il y en a eu cinq de niveau 1 et une de niveau 2. L’estimation de la qualité sanitaire s’améliore en 2015 notamment pour les fouisseurs, mais les résultats de l’année 2013 pénalisent encore certaines zones proches de la bonne qualité. Il n’existe plus de zone présentant une mauvaise ou très mauvaise qualité sanitaire dans les Côtes d’Armor.

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Après un rappel des objectifs, du fonctionnement et de la méthode d’interprétation des résultats du réseau de contrôle microbiologique des zones de production conchylicoles (REMI) et du réseau d’observation de la contamination chimique (ROCCH), ce rapport inclut un bilan national et décrit le programme annuel du département de l’Ille-et-Vilaine (35). Il présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus, en particulier l’estimation de la qualité microbiologique et chimique des zones de production de coquillages classées. Pour la deuxième année consécutive, les résultats du suivi microbiologique sont globalement bons dans le département d’Ille-et-Vilaine. Les alertes ont été également très peu nombreuses, une seule alerte en centre Rance en 2015 est recensée. L’estimation de la qualité sanitaire s’améliore en 2015 pour quelques sites. Par exemple en baie du Mont Saint- Michel où trois zones sont estimées de bonne qualité. Mais les résultats de l’année 2013 pénalisent encore certaines zones conchylicoles, notamment en Rance et en baie de Saint-Malo ou la situation reste fragile. Cela concerne notamment deux zones estimées en très mauvaise qualité. Deux autres zones, en baie de Saint-Malo et dans l’estuaire de la Rance, actuellement classées B, ne disposent pas d’assez de données pour pouvoir estimer leur qualité. La récupération des échantillons provenant de ces zones est dépendante de la collaboration des pêcheurs. Une convention avec le CDPMEM 35 (Comité Départementale des Pêches Maritimes et des Elevages Marin d’Ille-et-Vilaine) a été signée en novembre 2015 pour améliorer la situation.

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The coastal zone of the Nord – Pas de Calais / Picardie showed dysfonctioning patterns of the ecosystem considered to be link to human activities along shores. These results in regular massive development of species, such as the phytoplanktonic seaweed, Phaeocystis sp. which life cycle was partly linked to nutrients availability and consequently to anthropogenic inputs. As part of the evaluation of the influence of continental inputs on the marine environment (nitrates, phosphates,…) and on potential eutrophication processes, of the estimation of the efficiency of the sewage treatments plants in the possible elimination of dumpings and in order to establish a long-term survey to follow up the change in coastal waters quality, the regional nutrients monitoring network was implemented by Ifremer in collaboration with the Agence de l'Eau Artois-Picardie in 1992 in order to complete the REPHY (Phytoplankton and Phycotoxins) monitoring programme. This study reports the main results for the year 2015 in terms of temporal change of the main physico-chemical and biological parameters characteristic of water masses sampled along three transects offshore Dunkerque, Boulogne-sur-Mer and the Bay of Somme.

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Après un rappel des objectifs, du fonctionnement et de la méthode d’interprétation des résultats du réseau de contrôle microbiologique REMI et du réseau de surveillance chimique ROCCH, ce rapport inclut un bilan national et décrit le programme annuel des départements de l’Aude et des Pyrénées orientales. Il présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus, en particulier l’estimation de la qualité microbiologique et chimique des zones de production de coquillages classées.

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Après un rappel des objectifs, du fonctionnement et de la méthode d’interprétation des résultats du réseau de contrôle microbiologique REMI et du réseau de surveillance chimique ROCCH, ce rapport inclut un bilan national et décrit le programme annuel des départements de l’Hérault et du Gard. Il présente l’ensemble des résultats obtenus, en particulier l’estimation de la qualité microbiologique et chimique des zones de production de coquillages classées.

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This paper presents a harmonised framework of sediment quality assessment and dredging material characterisation for estuaries and port zones of North and South Atlantic. This framework, based on the weight-of-evidence approach, provides a structure and a process for conducting sediment/dredging material assessment that leads to a decision. The main structure consists of step 1 (examination of available data); step 2 (chemical characterisation and toxicity assessment); decision 1 (any chemical level higher than reference values? are sediments toxic?); step 3 (assessment of benthic community structure); step 4 (integration of the results); decision 2 (are sediments toxic or benthic community impaired?); step 5 (construction of the decision matrix) and decision 3 (is there environmental risk?). The sequence of assessments may be interrupted when the information obtained is judged to be sufficient for a correct characterisation of the risk posed by the sediments/dredging material. This framework brought novel features compared to other sediment/dredging material risk assessment frameworks: data integration through multivariate analysis allows the identification of which samples are toxic and/or related to impaired benthic communities; it also discriminates the chemicals responsible for negative biological effects; and the framework dispenses the use of a reference area. We demonstrated the successful application of this framework in different port and estuarine zones of the North (Gulf of Cadiz) and South Atlantic (Santos and Paranagua Estuarine Systems).

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We aimed to develop site-specific sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for two estuarine and port zones in Southeastern Brazil (Santos Estuarine System and Paranagua Estuarine System) and three in Southern Spain (Ria of Huelva, Bay of Cadiz, and Bay of Algeciras), and compare these values against national and traditionally used international benchmark values. Site-specific SQGs were derived based on sediment physical-chemical, toxicological, and benthic community data integrated through multivariate analysis. This technique allowed the identification of chemicals of concern and the establishment of effects range correlatively to individual concentrations of contaminants for each site of study. The results revealed that sediments from Santos channel, as well as inner portions of the SES, are considered highly polluted (exceeding SQGs-high) by metals, PAHs and PCBs. High pollution by PAHs and some metals was found in Sao Vicente channel. In PES, sediments from inner portions (proximities of the Ponta do Mix port's terminal and the Port of Paranagua) are highly polluted by metals and PAHs, including one zone inside the limits of an environmental protection area. In Gulf of Cadiz, SQGs exceedences were found in Ria of Huelva (all analysed metals and PAHs), in the surroundings of the Port of CAdiz (Bay of CAdiz) (metals), and in Bay of Algeciras (Ni and PAHs). The site-specific SQGs derived in this study are more restricted than national SQGs applied in Brazil and Spain, as well as international guidelines. This finding confirms the importance of the development of site-specific SQGs to support the characterisation of sediments and dredged material. The use of the same methodology to derive SQGs in Brazilian and Spanish port zones confirmed the applicability of this technique with an international scope and provided a harmonised methodology for site-specific SQGs derivation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Free-draining bioretention systems commonly demonstrate poor nitrate removal. In this study, column tests verified the necessity of a permanently saturated zone to target nitrate removal via denitrification. Experiments determined a first-order denitrification rate constant of 0.0011 min-1 specific to Willow Oak woodchip media. A 2.6-day retention time reduced 3.0 mgN/L to below 0.05 mg-N/L. During simulated storm events, hydraulic retention time may be used as a predictive measurement of nitrate fate and removal. A minimum 4.0 hour retention time was necessary for in-storm denitrification defined by a minimum 20% nitrate removal. Additional environmental parameters, e.g., pH, temperature, oxidation-reduction potential, and dissolved oxygen, affect denitrification rate and response, but macroscale measurements may not be an accurate depiction of denitrifying biofilm conditions. A simple model was developed to predict annual bioretention nitrate performance. Novel bioretention design should incorporate bowl storage and large subsurface denitrifying zones to maximize treatment volume and contact time.

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Spatio-temporal modelling is an area of increasing importance in which models and methods have often been developed to deal with specific applications. In this study, a spatio-temporal model was used to estimate daily rainfall data. Rainfall records from several weather stations, obtained from the Agritempo system for two climatic homogeneous zones, were used. Rainfall values obtained for two fixed dates (January 1 and May 1, 2012) using the spatio-temporal model were compared with the geostatisticals techniques of ordinary kriging and ordinary cokriging with altitude as auxiliary variable. The spatio-temporal model was more than 17% better at producing estimates of daily precipitation compared to kriging and cokriging in the first zone and more than 18% in the second zone. The spatio-temporal model proved to be a versatile technique, adapting to different seasons and dates.

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An Ab Initio/RRKM study of the reaction mechanism and product branching ratios of neutral-radical ethynyl (C2H) and cyano (CN) radical species with unsaturated hydrocarbons is performed. The reactions studied apply to cold conditions such as planetary atmospheres including Titan, the Interstellar Medium (ISM), icy bodies and molecular clouds. The reactions of C2H and CN additions to gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbons are an active area of study. NASA’s Cassini/Huygens mission found a high concentration of C2H and CN from photolysis of ethyne (C2H2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), respectively, in the organic haze layers of the atmosphere of Titan. The reactions involved in the atmospheric chemistry of Titan lead to a vast array of larger, more complex intermediates and products and may also serve as a chemical model of Earth’s primordial atmospheric conditions. The C2H and CN additions are rapid and exothermic, and often occur barrierlessly to various carbon sites of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of the resulting potential energy surface (PES) that includes all the possible intermediates and transition states that can occur, and all the products that lie on the surface. The B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level of theory is employed to determine optimized electronic structures, moments of inertia, vibrational frequencies, and zero-point energy. They are followed by single point higher-level CCSD(T)/cc-vtz calculations, including extrapolations to complete basis sets (CBS) of the reactants and products. A microcanonical RRKM study predicts single-collision (zero-pressure limit) rate constants of all reaction paths on the potential energy surface, which is then used to compute the branching ratios of the products that result. These theoretical calculations are conducted either jointly or in parallel to experimental work to elucidate the chemical composition of Titan’s atmosphere, the ISM, and cold celestial bodies.