Shielding requirements in helical tomotherapy.

Helical tomotherapy is a relatively new intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment for which room shielding has to be reassessed for the following reasons. The beam-on-time needed to deliver a given target dose is increased and leads to a weekly workload of typically one order of magnitude higher than that for conventional radiation therapy. The special configuration of tomotherapy units does not allow the use of standard shielding calculation methods. A conventional linear accelerator must be shielded for primary, leakage and scatter photon radiations. For tomotherapy, primary radiation is no longer the main shielding issue since a beam stop is mounted on the gantry directly opposite the source. On the other hand, due to the longer irradiation time, the accelerator head leakage becomes a major concern. An analytical model based on geometric considerations has been developed to determine leakage radiation levels throughout the room for continuous gantry rotation. Compared to leakage radiation, scatter radiation is a minor contribution. Since tomotherapy units operate at a nominal energy of 6 MV, neutron production is negligible. This work proposes a synthetic and conservative model for calculating shielding requirements for the Hi-Art II TomoTherapy unit. Finally, the required concrete shielding thickness is given for different positions of interest.

Critical role for the chemokine receptor CXCR6 in NK cell-mediated antigen-specific memory of haptens and viruses.

Hepatic natural killer (NK) cells mediate antigen-specific contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice deficient in T cells and B cells. We report here that hepatic NK cells, but not splenic or naive NK cells, also developed specific memory of vaccines containing antigens from influenza, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Adoptive transfer of virus-sensitized NK cells into naive recipient mice enhanced the survival of the mice after lethal challenge with the sensitizing virus but not after lethal challenge with a different virus. NK cell memory of haptens and viruses depended on CXCR6, a chemokine receptor on hepatic NK cells that was required for the persistence of memory NK cells but not for antigen recognition. Thus, hepatic NK cells can develop adaptive immunity to structurally diverse antigens, an activity that requires NK cell-expressed CXCR6.

Soil Survey of Iowa. Report no. 34, Boone County soils, 1924

This report contains a general colored soil map of Boone County and information on the county's soil physiology, drainage and fertility. It also includes information on field experiments, rotation of crops, prevention of erosion, soil types and other vital soil information in Boone County.

The VAD connection : connecting ventricular assist devices to the aorta in silico

Les systèmes d'assistance ventriculaire sont apparus durant la dernière décade comme une approche thérapeutique efficace du traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque terminale, en particulier dans le contexte de manque de donneurs d'organes. Néanmoins, et ceci malgré les progrès techniques majeurs, les taux de complications restent élevés et sont en partie liés à la configuration géométrique, en particulier le site d'implantation de la cannule de sortie à l'aorte thoracique. Bien que l'anastomose à l'aorte descendante permette une chirurgie moins invasive, les bénéfices de cette technique sont toujours controversés, comparée à la méthode standard de l'aorte ascendante, en raison du risque thrombo-embolique possiblement augmenté et des modifications hémodynamiques induites au niveau de l'arc aortique. Dans ce travail, nous comparons in silico en terme de débit et pression les deux possibilités anastomotiques. Nous développons un réseau de modèles mathématiques unidimensionnels, et l'appliquons à diverses situations cliniques, pour différents stades d'insuffisance cardiaque et de vitesses de rotation de la machine. Les données initiales sont obtenues grâce à un modèle OD (c'est-à-dire qui dépend uniquement du temps mais pas de l'espace) du système cardiovasculaire comprenant une assistance circulatoire, validé avec des données cliniques. Les simulations réalisées montrent que les deux méthodes sont similaires, en terme de débit et courbes de pression, ceci pour tous les cas cliniques étudiés. Ces résultats numériques soutiennent la possibilité d'utiliser la technique d'anastomose à l'aorte thoracique descendante, permettant une chirurgie moins invasive. Sur un plan plus fondamental, le système cardiovasculaire peut être simulé par le biais de multiples modèles de niveau de complexité différents, au prix d'un coût computationnel toujours plus élevé. Nous évaluons les avantages de modèles géométriques à plusieurs échelles (uni- et tridimensionnelle) avec données provenant de patients, comparés à des modèles simplifiés. Les résultats montrent que ces modèles de dimensions hétérogènes apportent un bénéfice important en terme de ressources de calcul, tout en conservant une précision acceptable. En conclusion, ces résultats encourageant montrent la relevance des études numériques dans le domaine médical, tant sur le plan fondamental et la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques, que sur le plan applicatif et le développement de nouvelles thérapeutiques.

Central configurations of nested rotated regular tetrahedra

In this paper we prove that there are only two different classes of central configura- tions with convenient masses located at the vertices of two nested regular tetrahedra: either when one of the tetrahedra is a homothecy of the other one, or when one of the tetrahedra is a homothecy followed by a rotation of Euler angles = = 0 and = of the other one. We also analyze the central configurations with convenient masses located at the vertices of three nested regular tetrahedra when one them is a homothecy of the other one, and the third one is a homothecy followed by a rotation of Euler angles = = 0 and = of the other two. In all these cases we have assumed that the masses on each tetrahedron are equal but masses on different tetrahedra could be different.

On periodic solutions of 2-periodic Lyness difference equations

We study the existence of periodic solutions of the non--autonomous periodic Lyness' recurrence u_{n+2}=(a_n+u_{n+1})/u_n, where {a_n} is a cycle with positive values a,b and with positive initial conditions. It is known that for a=b=1 all the sequences generated by this recurrence are 5-periodic. We prove that for each pair (a,b) different from (1,1) there are infinitely many initial conditions giving rise to periodic sequences, and that the family of recurrences have almost all the even periods. If a is not equal to b, then any odd period, except 1, appears.

CT radiation dose in children: a survey to establish age-based diagnostic reference levels in Switzerland

This work aimed at assessing the doses delivered in Switzerland to paediatric patients during computed tomography (CT) examinations of the brain, chest and abdomen, and at establishing diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for various age groups. Forms were sent to the ten centres performing CT on children, addressing the demographics, the indication and the scanning parameters: number of series, kilovoltage, tube current, rotation time, reconstruction slice thickness and pitch, volume CT dose index (CTDI(vol)) and dose length product (DLP). Per age group, the proposed DRLs for brain, chest and abdomen are, respectively, in terms of CTDI(vol): 20, 30, 40, 60 mGy; 5, 8, 10, 12 mGy; 7, 9, 13, 16 mGy; and in terms of DLP: 270, 420, 560, 1,000 mGy cm; 110, 200, 220, 460 mGy cm; 130, 300, 380, 500 mGy cm. An optimisation process should be initiated to reduce the spread in dose recorded in this study. A major element of this process should be the use of DRLs.

Remaining rod activity mediates visual behavior in adult Rpe65-/- mice.

Purpose: C57/Bl6, Cpfl1-/- (Cone photoreceptors function loss 1; pure rod function), Gnat1alpha-/- (rod alpha-transducin; pure cone function) and Rpe65-/-;Rho-/- double knock-out mice were studied in order to distinguish the respective contributions of the different photoreceptor (PR) systems that enable light perception and mediate a visual reflex in adult Rpe65-/- mice using a simple behavioural procedure. Methods: Visual function was estimated using a rotating automatized optomotor drum covered with vertical black and white stripes at spatial frequencies of 0.025 to 0.5 cycles per degree (cpd) in both photopic and scotopic conditions. To evaluate the contribution as well as the light intensity threshold of each PR system, we tested the mouse strains with different luminances. Results: Stripe rotation elicits head movements in wild-type (WT) animals in photopic and scotopic conditions depending on the spatial frequency, whereas Cpfl1-/- mice show a reduced activity in the photopic condition and Gnat1alpha-/- mice an almost absent response in the scotopic condition. Interestingly, a robust visual response is obtained with Rpe65-/- knockout mice at 0.075 cpd and 0.1 cpd in the photopic condition. The residual rod function in the Rpe65-/- animals was demonstrated by testing Rpe65-/-;Rho-/- mice that present no response in photopic conditions. Conclusions: The optomotor test is a simple method to estimate the visual function, and to evaluate the respective contributions of rod and cone systems. Using this test, we demonstrate that in Rpe65-/- mice, devoid of functional cones and of detectable 11-cis-retinal protein, rods mimic in part the cone function by mediating vision in photopic conditions.

Preferential infection of immature dendritic cells and B cells by mouse mammary tumor virus.

Until now it was thought that the retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus preferentially infects B cells, which thereafter proliferate and differentiate due to superantigen-mediated T cell help. We describe in this study that dendritic cells are infectable at levels comparable to B cells in the first days after virus injection. Moreover, IgM knockout mice have chronically deleted superantigen-reactive T cells after MMTV injection, indicating that superantigen presentation by dendritic cells is sufficient for T cell deletion. In both subsets initially only few cells were infected, but there was an exponential increase in numbers of infected B cells due to superantigen-mediated T cell help, explaining that at the peak of the response infection is almost exclusively found in B cells. The level of infection in vivo was below 1 in 1000 dendritic cells or B cells. Infection levels in freshly isolated dendritic cells from spleen, Langerhans cells from skin, or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were compared in an in vitro infection assay. Immature dendritic cells such as Langerhans cells or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were infected 10- to 30-fold more efficiently than mature splenic dendritic cells. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells carrying an endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen were highly efficient at inducing a superantigen response in vivo. These results highlight the importance of professional APC and efficient T cell priming for the establishment of a persistent infection by mouse mammary tumor virus.

Study of chromosome rearrangements associated with the trpE26 mutation of Bacillus subtilis.

Chromosome rearrangements involved in the formation of merodiploid strains in the Bacillus subtilis 168-166 system were explained by postulating the existence of intrachromosomal homology regions. This working hypothesis was tested by analysing sequences and restriction patterns of the, as yet uncharacterized, junctions between chromosome segments undergoing rearrangements in parent, 168 trpC2 and 166 trpE26, as well as in derived merodiploid strains. Identification, at the Ia/Ib chromosome junction of both parent strains, of a 1.3 kb segment nearly identical to a segment of prophage SPbeta established the existence of one of the postulated homology sequences. Inspection of relevant junctions revealed that a set of different homology regions, derived from prophage SPbeta, plays a key role in the formation of so-called trpE30, trpE30+, as well as of new class I merodiploids. Analysis of junctions involved in the transfer of the trpE26 mutation, i.e. simultaneous translocation of chromosome segment C and rotation of the terminal relative to the origin moiety of the chromosome, did not confirm the presence of any sequence suitable for homologous recombination. We propose a model involving simultaneous introduction of four donor DNA molecules, each comprising a different relevant junction, and their pairing with the junction regions of the recipient chromosome. The resolution of this structure, resting on homologous recombination, would confer the donor chromosome structure to the recipient, achieving some kind of 'transstamping'. In addition, a rather regular pattern of inverse and direct short sequence repeats in regions flanking the breaking points could be correlated with the initial, X-ray-induced, rearrangement.

Movement evaluation of overerupted upper molars with absolute anchorage: An in-vitro study

Introduction: The overeruption of upper molars due to the premature loss of antagonist teeth can be treated with the help of miniscrews. The aim of this study was to evaluate the movement of a typodont molar according to the biomechanical approach used with miniscrews. Study design: The study was conducted with four plaster models filled with typodont wax. In each model we used one absolute anchorage on the palatal side and another on the buccal side in different positions, thus generating four different biomechanical systems. A force of 150 g was applied to each side of the resin tooth. Periapical radiographs were taken preintrusion and immediately after completion of the intrusion. Photographs were taken in both the sagittal and occlusal planes every 3 min. The radiographic films and photographs were measured and compared. Results: A vertical movement of the molar was observed in all the models, with system 4 showing the greatest movement. Rotation in the occlusal plane only occurred in system 2, while in system 1 there was a change in the axial axis of 37 degrees. Conclusions: The anchorage site and the combination of forces applied may determine the resulting tooth movement

Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex dynamics in acute vestibular neuritis and viral labyrinthitis: evidence of otolith-canal interaction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dynamic properties of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (h-VOR) in the acute stage of two common labyrinthine diseases that provoke severe attacks of vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus: vestibular neuritis (vestibular loss alone) and viral labyrinthitis (cochleovestibular loss). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-three patients were investigated: 42 were diagnosed with vestibular neuritis and 21 with viral labyrinthitis. The h-VOR function was evaluated by conventional caloric and impulsive testing. A simplified model of vestibular function was used to analyze the vestibulo-ocular response to rotational stimulation. RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference in h-VOR characteristics between the two pathologies. Patients with vestibular neuritis exhibited a strong horizontal semicircular canal deficit, but no h-VOR asymmetry between the two rotational directions. In contrast, patients with viral labyrinthitis demonstrated moderate canal paresis and a marked h-VOR deficit in rotation toward the affected ear. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that the h-VOR dynamic asymmetry that occurs after an acute unilateral inner ear lesion is not due to canal dysfunction alone, but involves complex adaptive changes in the central VOR that may implicate the otolith system. Based on histopathologic and clinical differences in the two pathologies reported in the literature, we postulate that this otolith-canal interaction is mainly linked to the loss of saccular function.

Organic compounds from plant extracts and their effect on soil phosphorus availability

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of organic compounds from plant extracts of six species and phosphate fertilization on soil phosphorus availability. Pots of 30 cm height and 5 cm diameter were filled with Typic Hapludox. Each pot constituted a plot of a completely randomized design, in a 7x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. Aqueous extracts of black oat (Avena strigosa), radish (Raphanus sativus), corn (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), soybean (Glycine max), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and water, as control, were added in each plot, with or without soluble phosphate fertilization. After seven days of incubation, soil samples were taken from soil layers at various depths, and labile, moderately labile and nonlabile P fractions in the soil were analysed. Plant extracts led to an accumulation of inorganic phosphorus in labile and moderately labile fractions, mainly in the soil surface layer (0-5 cm). Radish, with a higher amount of malic acid and higher P content than other species, was the most efficient in increasing soil P availability.

Investigation phytochimique d'une plante médicinale malgache Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br. (Acanthaceae) variété glabre et étude comparative avec la variété poilue

Résumé A Madagascar, comme dans plusieurs pays en développement, une grande partie de la population utilise les plantes pour se soigner. Plusieurs espèces des plantes sont ainsi utilisées en médecine traditionnelle malgache. Par ailleurs, la plupart de ces plantes ne font l'objet que de très peu d'étude scientifique. En effet, dans le cadre de l'investigation phytochimique de plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle malgache et dans la recherche des nouvelles substances biologiquement actives, Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br. (Acanthaceae) a été étudiée. Elle se présente sous deux variétés (glabre et poilue) qui sont tous utilisées dans la région sud-centre de Madagascar pour traiter la blennorragie. De l'extrait dichlorométhanique des feuilles de H. serpens (Vahl) R. Br. variété glabre, 12 diterpénoides dont 8 nouveaux ont été isolés. Ils ont tous montré une activité antifongique contre un champignon pathogène des plantes, Cladosporium cucumerinum, dans la bioautographie directe sur CCM. Quelques-uns ont également présenté une activité contre une levure saprophyte chez l'homme, Candida albicans et une activité inhibitrice de l'enzyme acétylcholinesterase. Les diterpènoïdes sont déjà considérés comme les principaux métabolites secondaires du genre Hypoestes. Le fractionnement de l'extrait méthanolique a conduit à l'isolement de 5 glycosides des flavonoïdes dont 4 sous formes C-g,lycosides qui n'ont jamais été identifiés dans la famille Acanthaceae. Ces flavonoïdes ont présenté une activité antiradicalaire contre le DPPH. Le fractionnement et la purification des extraits ont été effectués à l'aide des différentes techniques chromatographiques telles que la chromatographie sur colonne ouverte, la filtration sur gel, la chromatographie liquide à haute pression, la chromatographie liquide à moyenne pression et la chromatographie liquide à basse pression. Par ailleurs, les structures des composés isolés ont été élucidées par des techniques spectroscopiques (UV, MS, RMN) et de méthode chimique (hydrolyse acide). En plus de ces techniques, certaines méthodes physiques (cristallographie par rayons-X, mesure de rotation optique) ont été réalisées pour confirmer certaines structures. Comme l'espèce Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br. se présente en deux variétés, une étude comparative a été effectuée. Cette étude avait montré que ces deux variétés ont une activité biologique similaire. Finalement, une technique analytique couplée, HPLC-UV-APC1-MS a permis de montrer la présence de toutes les substances isolées de la variété glabre dans la variété poilue. Second résumé Depuis des milliers d'almées, l'homme utilise les plantes pour se soigner. De nos jours, même avec le développement de la médecine moderne, la phytothérapie reste toujours la forme des soins de santé abordable et accessible pour la majorité des populations rurales des pays en développement. En outre, les plantes médicinales constituent une source potentielle de molécules biologiquement actives pour les industries pharmaceutiques et actuellement, on estime que 25% des médicaments commercialisés dans le monde sont à base de plantes Dans le cadre de la recherche des nouvelles molécules à intérêt thérapeutique qui pourraient devenir un médicament ou un modèle de structure ("lead compound") pour le développement de nouveaux médicaments, nous avons fait une étude sur l'espèce, Hypoestes serpens (Vahl) R. Br, plante utilisée en médecine traditionnelle malgache. Cette espèce existe en deux variétés, une glabre et une autre poilue qui sont tous utilisées dans la région sud-centre de Madagascar pour traiter la blennorragie. Par ailleurs, les tradipraticiens utilisent de préférence la variété poilue. Dans la première partie de ce présent travail, une investigation phytochimique de H serpens, variété glabre (variété moins utilisée) a d'abord été effectuée afm d'isoler et d'identifier le maximum des molécules biologiquement actives qu'elle contient. De ce fait, 17 composés dont 8 nouveaux ont été isolés. Les potentiels d'activités thérapeutiques des substances isolées ont ensuite été dépistés sur les différents cibles suivants.: deux souches de champignons (Cladosporium cucumerinum et Candida albicans), l'enzyme acétylcholinesterase et le radical DPPH. La deuxième partie de ce travail a été consacrée sur l'étude comparative des deux variétés (glabre et poilue) de H. serpens à la fois sur le plan biologique et sur le plan phytochimique. A l'issue de cette comparaison, nous avons constaté que l'utilisation de ces deux variétés en médecine traditionnelle malgache n'est pas un hasard ; les deux variétés avaient présenté une activité biologique très remarquable et contiennent les mêmes substances actives. Ces résultats démontrent les potentiels thérapeutiques de H serpens en médecine traditionnelle malgache et pourraient également encourager les tradipraticiens à utiliser la variété glabre tout en protégeant la variété poilue qui est en voie de disparition actuellement. En bref, l'investigation phytochimique de H. serpens justifiée par l'isolement et l'identification de certains de ses principes actifs ouvre la voie aux recherches des médicaments d'origine naturelle. Abstract In Madagascar, as in many developing countries, most people use plants to cure. A large number of plant species are employed in Malagasy traditional medicine. Moreover, most of these plants have been subject only very little scientific study. As part of a phytochemical investigation of plants used in Malagasy traditional medicine and in the search for new biologically active substances, Hypoestes serpens (Vah1) R.Br. (Acanthaceae) was investigated. This species exists in two varieties (glabrous and hairy) which are used in the south-center part of Madagascar to treat gonorrhoea. From the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of H. serpens (Vah1) R. Br. glabrous variety, 12 diterpenoids 8 of which were new, were isolated. They showed antifungal activity against the plant pathogen Cladosporium cucumerinum, in the direct TLC bioautography. Some of them also had activity against the yeast Candida athicans and inhibited acetylcholinesterase. The diterpenes are considered as the principal secondary metabolites of the genus Hypoestes. Fractionation of the methanol extract led to the isolation of 5 flavonoid glycosides, 4 of which were C-glycosides, never before identified in the Acanthaceae family. These flavonoids showed radical scavenging activity against DPPH. The fractionation and the purification of the extracts were achieved by different chromatographic techniques such as open-column chromatography, gel filtration, high- pressure liquid chromatography, medium-pressure liquid chromatography and low-pressure liquid chromatography. Moreover, the structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (UV, MS, NMR) and chemical technique (acid hydrolysis). In addition, some physical methods (X-ray crystallography, measurement of optical rotation) were performed to confirm some structures. As the species Hypoestes serpens (Vah1) R. Br. is present in two varieties, a comparative study was carried out. This study showed that these two varieties had similar biological activity. Finally, a coupled analytical technique HPLC-UV-APCI-MS showed the presence of the same compounds in both the glabrous and hairy varieties.

Failure of voriconazole to cure disseminated zygomycosis in an immunocompromised child.

Voriconazole is increasingly used as a first-line agent for empirical antifungal therapy of prolonged febrile neutropenia in paediatric cancer patients. We describe the case of a 9-year-old patient with stage IV Burkitt lymphoma, who developed pulmonary and splenic zygomycosis while receiving voriconazole for persistent febrile neutropenia. The causative agent, Absidia corymbifera, was identified by broad-range fungal PCR in a lung biopsy sample. The patient was successfully treated with a combination of partial resection of the left upper lobe and antifungal therapy with high-dose liposomal amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole as demonstrated by resolving pulmonary infiltrates on serial high resolution CT scans. CONCLUSION: This case emphasises that the lack of in vitro activity of voriconazole against zygomycetes is clinically relevant. Failure of voriconazole in suspected fungal infection should be investigated for the possibility of zygomycosis. Broad-range polymerase chain reaction may be able to identify the causative organism when cultures remain sterile.