Counts and abundance of macrozoobenthic organisms settled in artificial soft sediment at Brandal, Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

In the Arctic the currently observed rising air temperature results in more frequent calving of icebergs. The latter are derived from tidewater glaciers. Arctic macrozoobenthic soft-sediment communities are considerably disturbed by direct hits and sediment reallocation caused by iceberg scouring. With the aim to describe the primary succession of macrozoobenthic communities following these events, scientific divers installed 28 terracotta containers in the soft-sediment off Brandal (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway) at 20 m water depth in 2002. The containers were filled with a bentonite-sand-mixture resembling the natural sediment. Samples were taken annually between 2003 and 2007. A shift from pioneering species (e.g. Cumacea: Lamprops fuscatus) towards more specialized taxa, as well as from surface-detritivores towards subsurface-detritivores was observed. This is typical for an ecological succession following the facilitation and inhibition succession model. Similarity between experimental and non-manipulated communities from 2003 was significantly highest after three years of succession. In the following years similarity decreased, probably due to elevated temperatures, which prevented the fjord-system from freezing. Some organisms numerically important in the non-manipulated community (e.g., the polychaete Dipolydora quadrilobata) did not colonies the substrate during the experiment. This suggests that the community had not fully matured within the first three years. Later, the settlement was probably impeded by consequences of warming temperatures. This demonstrates the long-lasting effects of severe disturbances on Arctic macrozoobenthic communities. Furthermore, environmental changes, such as rising temperatures coupled with enhanced food availability due to an increasing frequency of ice-free days per year, may have a stronger effect on succession than exposure time.

Sobre una carta de Casiano de Prado enviada a Fernández de Castro en mayo de 1865 desde París, donde se destaca la importancia de los estudios prehistóricos

La carta que en este trabajo estudiamos forma parte de correspondencia que se encontraba extraviada. De la importancia de su hallazgo nos da una idea el hecho de que la correspondencia de Casiano de Prado se encuentra extraviada y que podría darnos idea de la relación entre Prado y los prehistoriadores franceses que tan buen acogida dieron siempre al prehistoriador español. Leyendo la carta de Casiano de Prado objeto de la presente comunicación vemos nos sólo el importante ánimo que tiene su autor en pro de los estudios prehistóricos, sino la efervescencia de los estudios prehistóricos en su país vecino.se escribe en Mayo de 1865 en París adonde había ido a divulgar su Descripción Física y Geológica de la Provincia de Madrid (1864). En la carta se puede seguir perfectamente el círculo de relaciones y amistades que había establecido Prado con el que obtenía el aval científico internacional que necesitaba tanto dentro como fuera de nuestras fronteras para poder defender unos estudios como los prehistóricos que despertaban recelos en buena parte de la sociedad.