Effect of anode material and cavity design on the performance of microcavity OLEDs

We report on the effect of the replacement of the conventional ITO anode with the semitransparent metallic material on the performance of microcavity OLEDs. We performed comprehensive simulations of the emission from microcavity OLEDs consisting of widely used organic materials, N,N′-di(naphthalene-1- yl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (NPB) as a hole transport layer and tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3) as emitting and electron transporting layer. Silver and LiF/Al were considered as a cathode, while metallic (Au and Ag) anode was used and simulations were performed on devices with both the metallic and conventional ITO anode. The electroluminescence emission spectra, electric field distribution inside the device, carrier density, recombination rate and exciton density were calculated as a function of the position of the emission layer. The results show that the metallic anode enhances light output and that optimum emission from a microcavity OLED is achieved when the position of the recombination region is aligned with the antinode of the standing wave inside the cavity. The microcavity OLED devices with Ag/Ag and Ag/Au mirrors were fabricated and characterized. The experimental results have been compared to the simulations and the influence of the different anode, emission region width and position on the performance of microcavity OLEDs was discussed.

AVALIAÇÃO DAS ALTERAÇÕES DENTOESQUELÉTICAS DE PACIENTES COM MÁ OCLUSÃO DE CLASSE II DE ANGLE, TRATADOS COM O APARELHO REGULADOR DE FUNÇÃO DE FRÄNKEL (RF-2).

Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar retrospectivamente por meio de radiografias em norma frontal e modelos de gesso as alterações dentoesqueléticas de pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II, 1ª divisão, divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Tratado, constituído de 28 pacientes, sendo 13 pacientes do sexo masculino e 15 do sexo feminino, tratados com aparelho regulador de função de Fränkel - 2 (RF-2), por um período ativo de 1,5 anos; Grupo Controle: constituído de 28 pacientes, sendo 12 do sexo masculino e 16 do sexo feminino, sem nenhum tipo de tratamento durante o acompanhamento longitudinal de 1,5 anos. A amostra deste estudo consistiu de 112 telerradiografias em norma frontal e 112 pares de modelos de gesso, 56 obtidos ao início (T1) e 56 ao final da observação (T2). Após a análise estatística das mensurações obtidas, concluiu- se que houve como resultado alterações estatisticamente significantes em todas as medidas analisadas e o aparelho RF-2 teve atuação direta nas variáveis: distância intermolares superio res e inferiores (radiografias e modelos),profundidade palatina, largura maxilar e altura facial ântero-inferior.

AVALIAÇÃO DA ESTABILIDADE DAS ALTERAÇÕES TRANSVERSAIS PROMOVIDAS PELO APARELHO REGULADOR DE FUNÇÃO FRANKEL 2, POR MEIO DE TELERRADIOGRAFIAS POSTEROANTERIORES

O objetivo desta pesquisa constituiu em avaliar, por meio das telerradiografias posteroanteriores, as alterações transversais promovidas pelo aparelho Frankel-2 em pacientes com maloclusão de Classe II, divisão 1, além de verificar a estabilidade das mesmas após um período médio de 7,11 anos pós-tratamento. A amostra compreendeu um total de 45 telerradiografias posteroanteriores provenientes de 15 pacientes tratados com o RF-2, realizadas em três fases: (T1) início do tratamento; (T2) final de tratamento; (T3) pós-tratamento. Foram avaliadas outras 36 telerradiografias posteroanteriores de 18 pacientes não tratados (grupo controle), acompanhados num período correspondente ao tratamento (T1-T2). As telerradiografias foram digitalizadas e foi utilizado o software Radiocef Studio 2 para realizar as mensurações das medidas cefalométricas. Para a comparação entre as alterações ocorridas no grupo tratado e no grupo controle, foi aplicado o teste t não pareado. Já para as modificações nas fases inicial, final e pós-tratamento no grupo tratado, foi empregada a Análise de Variância seguida do teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey, com o valor crítico de 0,05. Os resultados mostraram que durante o período de tratamento as distâncias intercaninos inferiores e intermolares superiores aumentaram de forma estatisticamente significante. Já as distâncias que representam a largura da cavidade nasal, altura facial inferior, largura mandibular e distância intermolares inferiores não sofreram alterações estatisticamente significantes. No período pós-tratamento, observou-se uma suave redução nas distâncias intercaninos inferiores e intermolares superiores. Porém, considerando-se as alterações ocorridas devido ao crescimento e desenvolvimento transversal dos arcos dentários no período analisado, em que haveria uma redução destas distâncias, provavelmente houve uma estabilidade relativa das alterações dentárias transversais promovidas pelo RF-2. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o RF-2 não possui qualquer efeito esquelético transversal. Contudo, há um aumento das distâncias intermolares superiores e intercaninos inferiores durante o tratamento, que permanece relativamente estável, considerando-se as alterações ocorridas pelo crescimento e desenvolvimento normal dos arcos dentários.

Optical fiber cavity ring down measurement of refractive index with a microchannel drilled by femtosecond laser

A microchannel was inscribed in the fiber of a ring cavity which was constructed using two 0.1%:99.9% couplers and a 10-m fiber loop. Cavity ring down spectroscopy was used to measure the refractive index (RI) of gels infused into the microchannel. The ring down time discloses a nonlinear increase with respect to RI of the gel and sensitivity up to 300 µs/RI unit and an index resolution of 1.4 × 10 was obtained. © 2009 IEEE.

Biochemical sensor based on a novel all-fibre cavity ring down spectroscopy technique incorporating a tilted fibre Bragg grating

A novel all-fibre cavity ring down spectroscopy technique is proposed where a tilt fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) or long-period grating (LPG) in the cavity provides sensitivity to surrounding medium. Such configuration with an LPG as the representative was theoretically analyzed. Two spectral bands were identified employable for sensing of surrounding refractive index for a weak LPG while only one band existed for a strong LPG. A TFBG, with enhanced sensitivity compared to usual LPGs, was used in a ring down cavity of 1 m constructed with 2 fibre Bragg gratings as the reflectors and the decay time changed from 220 to 450 ns when the TFBG was immersed into water from air.

Surface:plasma interactions in GaAs subjected to capacitively coupled RF plasmas

Surface compositional changes in GaAs due to RF plasmas of different gases have been investigated by XPS and etch rates were measured using AFM. Angular Resolved XPS (ARXPS) was also employed for depth analysis of the composition of the surface layers. An important role in this study was determination of oxide thickness using XPS data. The study of surface - plasma interaction was undertaken by correlating results of surface analysis with plasma diagnosis. Different experiments were designed to accurately measure the BEs associated with the Ga 3d, Ga 2P3/2 and LMM peaks using XPS analysis and propose identification in terms of the oxides of GaAs. Along with GaAs wafers, some reference compounds such as metallic Ga and Ga2O3 powder were used. A separate study aiming the identification of the GaAs surface oxides formed on the GaAs surface during and after plasma processing was undertaken. Surface compositional changes after plasma treatment, prior to surface analysis are considered, with particular reference to the oxides formed in the air on the activated surface. Samples exposed to ambient air for different periods of time and also to pure oxygen were analysed. Models of surface processes were proposed for explanation of the stoichiometry changes observed with the inert and reactive plasmas used. In order to help with the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for surface effects during plasma treatment, computer simulation using SRIM code was also undertaken. Based on simulation and experimental results, models of surface phenomena are proposed. Discussion of the experimental and simulated results is made in accordance with current theories and published results of different authors. The experimental errors introduced by impurities and also by data acquisition and processing are also evaluated.