Analisis Gramatical del Lenguaje Elicitado Nivel Sencillo: A Spanish translation of the Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language: Simple Sentence Level

This paper presents a Spanish translation of the Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language: Simple Sentence Level. Also included are some suggested changes in vocabulary and sentence structure for the Spanish version.

A comparison of two techniques for evaluating the development of syntax in children's language: developmental sentence analysis and the CID grammatical analysis of elicited language: simple sentence level

This paper compares two language evaluation tests--Development Sentence Analysis and the CID Grammatical Analysis of Elicited Language: Simple Sentence Level.

Applicability of the CID grammatical analysis of elicted language-simple sentence level to children educated in total communication

This paper discusses a study to determine the applicability of the CID GAEL Test-Simple Sentence Level test to hearing impaired children educated in a total communication setting.

Hit the target: language activities designed to develop simple grammatical structures

This paper discusses language therapy activities for helping hearing impaired children acquire language.

Development of a simple index to predict benefit and satisfaction from amplification

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of non-audiological patient-based variables; amount of bother, importance of improved hearing, and expectations, as reliable predictors of benefit and satisfaction from amplification. Study findings were then used to develop two initial prognostic indices.

Primary level curriculum units based on the Simple Sentence TAGS

This paper presents four teaching curriculum units for primary level students based on Simple and Complex TAGS (Teacher Assessment of Grammatical Structures), teaching vocabulary and language structure.

Naturaleza jurídica de la negativa pura y simple de los fundamentos de hecho y de derecho de la demanda en el proceso civil

Por años hemos sido testigos por mor de la costumbre y sin detenernos a pensar mucho en ello, los abogados litigantes al contestar una demanda propuesta en contra de nuestros clientes, colocamos como primera -y a veces hasta única- “excepción” a la negativa simple y llana de los fundamentos de hecho y de derecho de la demanda, ya que ha sido corriente considerar que esta aseveración engloba a todas las posibles excepciones o defensas que un caso pueda tener. Se ha considerado entonces y se sigue haciéndolo actualmente, que la negativa simple y llana de los fundamentos de hecho y de derecho de la demanda constituye una “excepción madre” que engloba a todas las demás excepciones. Tanto es así que consignarla en el libelo de contestación a la demanda implica que el juzgador tenga presente que el demandado niega las pretensiones de la demanda y que al actor le corresponde justificarla en todos sus aspectos. En base a este criterio, bastaría con incluir únicamente dicha única “excepción” para que el juzgador pueda revisar todas los posibles argumentos o pruebas que se presenten en un caso concreto con las que se pudiera desvirtuar la demanda, aunque el demandado no los hubiere consignado e incluso supuesto o siquiera advertido. Sin embargo, tendencias procesalistas contemporáneas propugnan precisamente todo lo contrario, esto es, determinan que la naturaleza jurídica de la simple negativa no corresponde a una excepción y, más bien, consiste en un mero enunciado que -para los más extremos- ni siquiera debería existir, ya que no incluye ninguna defensa jurídicamente apropiada. En tal virtud, el hecho de que la litis se haya trabado con la negativa simple de los fundamentos de la demanda no podría obligar al juzgador, bajo pena de que su fallo sea considerado incongruente, a revisar todos los “argumentos” de las posibles defensas. Antes, contra todo anterior presupuesto, se determina que si sólo se hace tal negación, la defensa será estéril. Incluso, el Proyecto de Código de Procedimiento Civil ecuatoriano adopta este criterio, con el que concordamos, y equipara el guardar silencio o consignar excepciones ambiguas o evasivas a un tácito allanamiento a las pretensiones del actor. El presente trabajo logra especificar el alcance procesal que la negativa simple y llana de los fundamentos de hecho y de derecho de la demanda debería tener y, de la consecuencia lógica que su aplicación debería conferir, de modo que los profesionales del derecho conozcamos los parámetros específicos de su enunciado, contestado la demanda con una estrategia defensiva que realmente favorezca al cliente, tendiendo, en último término, a brindar la seguridad jurídica anhelada que busca la uniformidad de los fallos que los jueces pronuncien respecto de su consideración.

La negativa pura y simple en el ejercicio del derecho de contradicción

Esta obra analiza la actitud que el demandado debe tomar frente a la demanda y sus pretensiones en el moderno proceso civil, desde la perspectiva doctrinario y legal ecuatoriana, y la comparada, especialmente del derecho procesal latinoamericano. Con base en ello y en el análisis de la ambigua jurisprudencia ecuatoriana referente al tema redescubre y define la verdadera naturaleza jurídica de la negativa simple y llana de los fundamentos de la demanda, por años malentendido en la costumbre judicial, y describe el alcance y tratamiento que el consignarla tiene en los operadores de justicia ecuatorianos. Posteriormente, examina el enfoque y las tendencias actuales respecto de la consideración de la negativa en el proceso civil contemporáneo, principalmente respecto de la carga de la prueba ante su enunciado y la consecuente aplicación del principio de congruencia en los fallos que la analizan, de modo que estos consoliden la seguridad jurídica constitucionalmente garantizada, recalcando la urgente necesidad del cambio de paradigmas en el derecho procesal civil ecuatoriano y en sus usuarios. El estudio constituye una excelente fuente de consulta para los abogados al momento de elegir y ejecutar la estrategia idónea y debidamente fundamentada de defensa para sus clientes.

A simple model of multiple equilibria and default. CEPS Working Document No. 366, 16 July 2012

This Working Document by Daniel Gros presents a simple model that incorporates two types of sovereign default cost: first, a lump-sum cost due to the fact that the country does not service its debt fully and is recognised as being in default status, by ratings agencies, for example. Second, a cost that increases with the size of the losses (or haircut) imposed on creditors whose resistance to a haircut increases with the proportional loss inflicted upon them. One immediate implication of the model is that under some circumstances the creditors have a (collective) interest to forgive some debt in order to induce the country not to default. The model exhibits a potential for multiple equilibria, given that a higher interest rate charged by investors increases the debt service burden and thus the temptation to default. Under very high debt levels credit rationing can set in as the feedback loop between higher interest rates and the higher incentive to default can become explosive. The introduction of uncertainty makes multiple equilibria less likely and reduces their range.

The simple macroeconomics of North and South in EMU. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/12, 30 July 2012

The euro area today consists of a competitive, moderately leveraged North and an uncompetitive, over-indebted South. Its main macroeconomic challenge is to carry out the adjustment required to restore the competitiveness of its southern part and eliminate its excessive public and private debt burden. This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal and competitiveness adjustment in a stylised model with two countries in a monetary union, North and South. To restore competitiveness, South implements a more restrictive fiscal policy than North. We consider two scenarios. In the first, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the North. The South therefore needs to deflate to regain competitiveness, which worsens the debt dynamics. In the second, monetary policy aims at keeping inflation constant in the monetary union as a whole. This results in more monetary stimulus, inflation in the North is higher, and this in turn helps the debt dynamics in the South. Our main findings are: •The differential fiscal stance between North and South is what determines real exchange rate changes. South therefore needs to tighten more. There is no escape from relative austerity. •If monetary policy aims at keeping inflation stable in the North and the initial debt is above a certain threshold, debt dynamics are perverse: fiscal retrenchment is self-defeating; •If monetary policy targets average inflation instead, which implies higher inflation in the North, the initial debt threshold above which the debt dynamics become perverse is higher. Accepting more inflation at home is therefore a way for the North to contribute to restoring debt sustainability in the South. •Structural reforms in the South improve the debt dynamics if the initial debt is not too high. Again, targeting average inflation rather than inflation in the North helps strengthen the favourable effects of structural reforms.

Why is the Greek economy collapsing? A simple tale of high multipliers and low exports. CEPS Commentary, 21 December 2012

In an attempt to understand why the Greek economy is collapsing, this Commentary points out two key aspects that are often overlooked – the country’s large multiplier and a bad export performance. When combined with the need for a large fiscal adjustment, these factors help explain how fiscal consolidation in Greece has been associated with such a large drop in GDP.

A simple, intuitive camera calibration tool for natural images

The paper reports an interactive tool for calibrating a camera, suitable for use in outdoor scenes. The motivation for the tool was the need to obtain an approximate calibration for images taken with no explicit calibration data. Such images are frequently presented to research laboratories, especially in surveillance applications, with a request to demonstrate algorithms. The method decomposes the calibration parameters into intuitively simple components, and relies on the operator interactively adjusting the parameter settings to achieve a visually acceptable agreement between a rectilinear calibration model and his own perception of the scene. Using the tool, we have been able to calibrate images of unknown scenes, taken with unknown cameras, in a matter of minutes. The standard of calibration has proved to be sufficient for model-based pose recovery and tracking of vehicles.

A simple model of convection with memory

There are at least three distinct time scales that are relevant for the evolution of atmospheric convection. These are the time scale of the forcing mechanism, the time scale governing the response to a steady forcing, and the time scale of the response to variations in the forcing. The last of these, tmem, is associated with convective life cycles, which provide an element of memory in the system. A highly simplified model of convection is introduced, which allows for investigation of the character of convection as a function of the three time scales. For short tmem, the convective response is strongly tied to the forcing as in conventional equilibrium parameterization. For long tmem, the convection responds only to the slowly evolving component of forcing, and any fluctuations in the forcing are essentially suppressed. At intermediate tmem, convection becomes less predictable: conventional equilibrium closure breaks down and current levels of convection modify the subsequent response.

Variational data assimilation for parameter estimation: application to a simple morphodynamic model

Data assimilation is a sophisticated mathematical technique for combining observational data with model predictions to produce state and parameter estimates that most accurately approximate the current and future states of the true system. The technique is commonly used in atmospheric and oceanic modelling, combining empirical observations with model predictions to produce more accurate and well-calibrated forecasts. Here, we consider a novel application within a coastal environment and describe how the method can also be used to deliver improved estimates of uncertain morphodynamic model parameters. This is achieved using a technique known as state augmentation. Earlier applications of state augmentation have typically employed the 4D-Var, Kalman filter or ensemble Kalman filter assimilation schemes. Our new method is based on a computationally inexpensive 3D-Var scheme, where the specification of the error covariance matrices is crucial for success. A simple 1D model of bed-form propagation is used to demonstrate the method. The scheme is capable of recovering near-perfect parameter values and, therefore, improves the capability of our model to predict future bathymetry. Such positive results suggest the potential for application to more complex morphodynamic models.