Systematics of central heavy ion collisions in the 1A GeV regime

Using the large acceptance apparatus FOPI, we study central collisions in the reactions (energies in A GeV are given in parentheses): Ca-40 + Ca-40 (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 1.93), Ni-58 + Ni-58 (0.15, 0.25, 0.4), Ru-96+Ru-96 (0.4, 1.0. 1.5), (96)zr+(96)zr 1.0, 1.5), Xe-129+CsI (0.15, 0.25, 0.4), Au-197 + Au-197 (0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.25, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5). The observables include cluster multiplicities, longitudinal and transverse rapidity distributions and stopping, and radial flow. The data are compared to earlier data where possible and to transport model simulations. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental study of the beta-delayed proton decays of Er-145,Er-147

The beta-delayed proton decays of Er-145,Er-147 have been studied experimentally using the Ni-58 + Mo-92 reaction at beam energy of 383 MeV. On the basis of a He-jet apparatus coupled with a tape transport system, the beta-delayed proton radioactivities both from the nu s(1/2) ground state and the nu h(11/2) isomer in Er-145,Er-147 were observed by proton-gamma coincidence measurements. By analyzing the time distributions of the 4(+) -> 2(gamma)(+) transitions in the granddaughter nuclei Dy-144,Dy-146, the half-lives of 1.0 +/- 0.3 s and 1.6 +/- 0.2 s have been deduced for the nu h(11/2) isomers in Er-145,Er-147, respectively.

Properties of the beta-Delayed Proton Decay of Er-147

The beta-delayed proton decay of Er-147 is studied experimentally using the Ni-58+Mo-92 reaction at a beam energy of 383 MeV. Based on a He-jet apparatus coupled with a tape transport system, the beta-delayed proton radioactivities both from the nu s(1/2) ground state and the nu h(11/2) isomer in Er-147 are identified by proton-gamma coincidence measurements. By analyzing the time distribution of the 4(+) -> 2(+) gamma transition in the grand-daughter nucleus Dy-146, a half-life of 1.6 +/- 0.2 s is determined for the nu h(11/2) isomer in Er-147. The half-life for the ground state of Er-147 is estimated to be 3.2 +/- 1.2 s.

Gas-phase isothermal chromatography with short-lived technetium isotopes

In order to study the gas-phase chemical behavior of transactinides, an on-line isothermal chromatography apparatus has been developed and applied to separate short-lived technetium isotopes in the form of TcO3 from fission products. The fission products from a Cf-252 source were continuously and rapidly transported through the capillary to the isothermal chromatography apparatus using the N-2/KBr gas-jet techniques. Volatile oxide molecules were formed at the reaction zone kept at 900 degrees C since a trace amount of oxygen existed in the N-2 carrier gas. With the new developed isothermal chromatography apparatus, a selective separation of Tc from fission products was achieved. After isothermal chromatographic separation, Tc-101,Tc-103,Tc-104,Tc-105,Tc-106,Tc-107,Tc-108 were dominantly observed together with their Ru daughters in the gamma-spectrum, The chemical yields of Tc-101, and Tc-104 and Tc-105 isotopes with longer half-lives are about 55-57%, and those of Tc-103, Tc-106 and Tc-108 isotopes with shorter half-lives dropped down to 25-28%. The adsorption enthalpy of the investigated compounds on quartz surfaces was determined to be -150 +/- 5 kJ/mol by fitting the measured retention curves with a Monte Carlo model. The observed species of technetium oxide is attributed to TcO3, which is in good agreement with previous experimental results. That means our system worked properly and it can be used to investigate the gas-phase chemical behavior of transactinides.

光谱测量与能级寿命测量的数据获取电子学系统

随着物理实验要求的提高，利用先进的计算机技术来改造现有的物理实验设备具有重要意义。因此，我们设计研制了光谱测量与能级寿命测量数据获取电子学系统。本文全面论述了这一系统的组成结构。本系统由微机进行控制，通过基于Pentium机上工SA总线的接口电路来控制数据采集过程，实现了测量设备的智能化，并具有高速度、高可靠性的特点。配合软件工作可完全实现实验的无人监控。论文第一部分介绍了这个系统开发的背景及意义。第二部分是这个系统的组成和硬件结构、性能。这个系统完成的主要功能是：（1）采集数据并处理；（2）控制外设马达的运动；（3）显示系统的状态。第三部分是调试过程以及针对在调试中出现的各种实际问题提出的解决办法和预防措施。在设计工作完成之后，本系统在兰州近代物理研究所的加速器实验大厅中进行了模拟实验，并采集了部分数据。通过对获取数据的处理，获得了比较满意的结果。在论文的最后一部分中给出了本系统在实际运行后得出的实验结果以及此系统中可待完善之处。

Low-temperature heat capacities and derived thermodynamic functions of cyclohexane

The low-temperature heat capacities of cyclohexane were measured in the temperature range from 78 to 350 K by means of an automatic adiabatic calorimeter equipped with a new sample container adapted to measure heat capacities of liquids. The sample container was described in detail. The performance of this calorimetric apparatus was evaluated by heat capacity measurements on water. The deviations of experimental heat capacities from the corresponding smoothed values lie within +/-0.3%, while the inaccuracy is within +/-0.4%, compared with the reference data in the whole experimental temperature range. Two kinds of phase transitions were found at 186.065 and 279.684 K corresponding solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transitions, respectively. The entropy and enthalpy of the phase transition, as well as the thermodynamic functions {H-(T)- H-298.15 K} and {S-(T)-S-298.15 K}, were derived from the heat capacity data. The mass fraction purity of cyclohexane sample used in the present calorimetric study was determined to be 99.9965% by fraction melting approach.

Nafion/PTFE composite membranes for fuel cell applications

Porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes were used as support material for Nafion((R))/PTFE composite membranes. The composite membranes were synthesized by impregnating porous PTFE membranes with a self-made Nafion solution. The resulting composite membranes were mechanically durable and quite thin relative to traditional perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes (PFSI); we expect the composite membranes to be of low resistance and cost. In this study, we used three kinds of porous PTFE films to prepare Nafion/PTFE composite membranes of different thickness. Scanning electron micrographs and oxygen permeabilities showed that Nafion resin is distributed uniformly in the composite membrane and completely plug the micropores, there is a continuous thin Nation film present on the PTFE surface. The variation in water content of the composite and Nafion 115 membranes with temperature was determined. At the same temperature, water content of the composite membranes was smaller than that of the Nafion 115. In both dry and wet conditions, maximum strength and break strength of C-325(#) and C-345(#) were larger than those of Nafion 112 due to the reinforcing effect of the porous PTFE films. And the PEMFC performances and the lifetime of the composite membranes were also tested on the self-made apparatus. Results showed that the bigger the porosity of the substrate PTFE films, the better the fuel cell performance; the fuel cell performances of the thin composite membranes were superior to that of Nation 115 membrane; and after 180 h stability test at 500 mA/cm(2), the cell voltage showed no obvious drop. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Heat capacities and thermodynamic functions of p-chlorobenzoic acid

The heat capacities of p-chlorobenzoic acid were measured in the temperature range from 80 to 580 K by means of an automatic adiabatic calorimeter equipped with a small sample cell of internal volume of 7.4cm(3). The construction and procedures of the calorimetric system were described in detail. The performance of this calorimetric apparatus was evaluated by heat capacity measurements on alpha-Al2O3. The deviations of experimental heat capacities from the corresponding smoothed values lie within +/-0.28 per cent, while the inaccuracy is within +/-0.40 per cent, compared with the recommended reference data in the whole experimental temperature range. A fusion transition at T = 512.280 K was found from the C-p-T curve of p-chlorobenzoic acid. The enthalpy and entropy of the phase transition, as well as the thermodynamic functions {G((T)) - G((298.15))}, {H-(T) - H-(298.15)} and {S-(T) - S-298.15}, were derived from the heat capacity data. The mass fraction purity of p-chlorobenzoic acid sample used in the present calorimetric study was determined to be 0.99935 by fraction melting approach. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Quantitative sample injection for capillary electrophoresis

An apparatus including a rotary-type injector was designed for quantitative sample injection in capillary electrophoresis (CE), in which both pressurized flow and electroosmotic flow were used to drive the background electrolyte solution. A relative standard deviation of peak area of lower than 1% was achieved by using this apparatus. The effects of back-pressure regulator, restrictor, and applied voltage on separation efficiency and resolution were investigated. The utility of this apparatus in both micro-HPLC and pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) was also demonstrated.

水流作用下疏松土壤材料中细沟的再生及其临界剪应力的实验研究

动态土壤侵蚀包括依赖于空间与时间的土壤剥离、细沟的形成、水流中过量泥沙的沉积、沉积泥沙中细沟的再生等物理过程。与泥沙从沉积区域再剥离相关联的细沟再生是细沟变窄加深过程中的一个重要的现象。该文介绍一种实验装置 ,用于测量类似于沉积土壤的疏松土壤材料细沟再生的力学参数。用一种沙壤土进行实验 ,测定了不同团聚体大小和坡度下细沟再生开始和停止所对应的临界水流量。计算出了与沟坡相关的临界剪切应力。这些结果有助于理解细沟的再生及其数量关系 ,以及临界剪切应力与坡度间的定量关系 ;对于发展由沉积土壤再生的细沟演化过程模型特别有用。

散景效果的真实感绘制

针对现有方法绘制的散景效果真实感较差的问题,提出一种基于几何光学理论的散景效果真实感绘制方法.该方法以光线传播的折射定律为基础,利用序列光线追踪方法对相机镜头的光学成像特性进行精确建模;对相机镜头的内部结构进行精确模拟,包括孔径光阑和渐晕光阑,以绘制出由孔径形状和渐晕共同作用的散景效果;利用几何光学理论和序列光线追踪方法精确计算出出射光瞳的位置和大小,以辅助光线采样,提高光线追踪效率.绘制结果表明,利用该方法能够绘制出较为逼真的散景效果,正确模拟了孔径形状和渐晕对散景效果的影响,并具有较高的光线追踪效率.

一种草图形式的视频摘要生成方法

视频摘要作为一种视频内容的简要表示,能够有效地增强用户浏览和组织视频的效率。提出了一种基于草图的视频摘要生成方法。与以往的静态视频摘要方法不同,该方法结合视频内容分析,利用草图在表达上的简洁性和抽象性,对视频中的主要内容进行表达。首先通过视频分析获取视频中的语义特征并提取关键帧,然后通过交互式的方法从关键帧中生成草图,最后进行摘要布局生成完整的视频摘要。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效突出视频的主要对象和主要事件,并具有较高的用户满意度。

大气效果实时绘制加速算法的研究

以地球为中心的空间环境仿真系统中，大气效果的实时绘制对于系统的视觉效果以及仿真结果的真实性都起到重要作用。大气散射是引起各种大气效果的主要原因，对其模拟是大气效果绘制的关键。目前，研究人员主要基于Nishita[1]所提出的基于真实物理的大气散射模型进行模拟，但是这个模型需要大量的积分运算，这对于实时仿真系统是不可接受。虽然也有一些加速算法，但是对于复杂的仿真系统来说，仍然是非常大的负担，使之很难应用于大型的仿真系统中。在本文中，基于Nishita[1]真实物理模型，提出了一种新的大气效果实时绘制加速算法：在分析其实现瓶颈以及现有加速算法不足的基础上，采用双重查询表机制降低了大量的重复计算，为物理模型的实时渲染提供基础；同时为提高渲染的效率，提出了基于视点的自适应多分辨率控制技术，使在复杂系统中基于物理散射模型实时渲染成为可能。实验结果显示，所提加速算法在保证绘制效果的前提下，渲染速度可显著提高。

基于阴影图的伪柔和阴影绘制算法

本文提出一种基于阴影图预滤波的伪柔和阴影实时绘制算法。 阴影是真实世界中的一种十分普遍的物理现象，它不但可以反映物体自身的形状，而且可以反映空间中物体与物体之间的相对位置关系，对于增加场景的真实感具有非常重要的意义。因而阴影的实时绘制一直都是计算机图形学中一个重要的研究方向。 方差阴影图算法是对传统阴影图算法的一个重要改进。传统的阴影图算法虽然有着易于实现、硬件支持好、与场景复杂度无关等优点，但是由于它是对场景的离散表示，所以会出现各种各样的走样问题。方差阴影图算法是使用概率的方法计算片元被遮挡的上限概率，它可以通过对深度图滤波的方法来有效地减少阴影图算法中的走样问题。方差阴影图算法克服了传统阴影图算法中边界走样问题，可以生成比较柔和的边界。但是，这种概率方法在深度比较复杂的场景中会出现光渗现象，即在原本应该是阴影的区域却有了亮度。本文使用最小-最大阴影图来辅助消除方差阴影图中的光渗现象。算法在对深度纹理进行滤波的同时生成一个最小-最大阴影图；在从视点实时绘制场景时，利用最小-最大阴影图来辅助判断当前片元是否完全处在阴影区域内部。通过将最小-最大阴影图和方差阴影图相结合，本文的算法可以快速生成伪柔和阴影。

High efficiency fluorescent white organic light-emitting diodes with red, green and blue separately monochromatic emission layers

Highly efficient fluorescent white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) have been fabricated by using three red, green and blue, separately monochromatic emission layers. The red and blue emissive layers are based on 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidin-4-yl-vinyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) doped N,N'-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB) and p-bis(p-N,N-diphenyl-amino-styryl) benzene (DSA-ph) doped 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl) anthracene (MADN), respectively; and the green emissive layer is based on tris(8-hydroxyquionline)aluminum(Alq(3)) doped with 10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl- 1H,5H,1[H-(1)-benzopyropyrano(6,7-8-i,j)quinolizin-1]-one (C545T), which is sandwiched between the red and the blue emissive layers. It can be seen that the devices show stable white emission with Commission International de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.41, 0.41) and color rendering index (CRI) of 84 in a wide range of bias voltages.