El concepto de asimilación cultural en la Política Migratoria de Francia. Un análisis desde la migración proveniente de la región del Magreb (2007-2012)

El presente estudio de caso busca determinar el rol que desempeñó el concepto de asimilación cultural en la formulación de la política migratoria francesa durante el periodo presidencial de Nicolás Sarkozy. Ante el surgimiento de una política rígida y vertical hacia los grupos inmigrantes presentes en Francia, se cuestiona la coherencia y eficacia de dichas medidas no sólo en torno a la adecuada regulación e integración de los inmigrantes magrebíes -y por extensión de otros grupos- sino en tanto el asimilacionismo ha sido constantemente asociado con el extremismo de diversos grupos políticos. En este sentido, se hace el análisis de algunas de las acciones discursivas de Sarkozy ante este tema, utilizando la técnica propuesta por Teun van Dijk. Este ejercicio permitió determinar que el modelo de asimilación cultural de los migrantes del Magreb habría direccionado parcialmente la formulación de la política migratoria de Francia, durante el periodo 2007-2012.

Trends in international relations in the study of China

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Análisis de los elementos de Soft Power presentes en la política exterior alemana de cooperación para el desarrollo (2002-2009)R ALEMANA DE COOPERACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO (2002-2009)

A lo largo de la historia el Sistema Internacional se ha configurado a partir de los diferentes polos de poder y de diversas formas de interacción entre actores. Una de estas formas es la cooperación internacional, la cual abre el espacio a nuevos asuntos dentro de la agenda internacional y permite profundizar la colaboración en determinados temas de interés de los actores. Esta forma de relacionamiento puede ser entendida como una herramienta de Soft Power definiéndose éste como un elemento que permite a los Estados influenciar dentro del sistema internacional por medio de acciones no bélicas y que facilita el acercamiento de los países desarrollados con los países en vías de desarrollo para moldear el sistema internacional. Siguiendo esta idea, el Estado Alemán ha implementado el uso del Soft Power dentro de su política exterior buscando generar beneficios tanto a Alemania como para los Estados receptores de cooperación. Alemania ha redefinido sus prioridades: ajustar y reorganizar sus estrategias de cooperación para optimizar recursos, teniendo en cuenta la historia alemana y los cambios estructurales que las dos guerras mundiales generaron en la perspectiva de su política exterior. La fuerte y firme estructura política, económica y social ha permitido que este sea el único país de la Unión Europea que no ha sufrido directamente la crisis económica y por lo tanto ha logrado seguir aportando parte de su PIB a la cooperación internacional. Esto ha generado un diálogo político entre diferentes países, el cual permite el acercamiento con los gobiernos de turno en cada Estado para la creación de políticas encaminadas al desarrollo y al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos.

The moral background of the political philosophers –The Nozick case–

 On the assumption that any complex Modern Political Theory involves a decision about human rights, this article considers a possible assessment of the broader aspects of the conception of the State in the work of Nozick. Based on one critical point of view originally formulated by H.L.A. Hart, it defends the claim that the libertarian conception is untenable in moral terms. 

Legal, political and economic aspects of the tragedy in rural Colombia in recent decades: hypothesis for analysis

Editorial

The institutional environment and its influence on political options to Protect Winnipeg’s Female garments Workers against the impact of globalization

The principal objective of this paper is to identify the relationship between the re­sults of the Canadian policies implemented to protect female workers against the impact of globalization on the garment industry and the institutional setting in which this labour market is immersed in Winnipeg. This research paper begins with a brief summary of the institutional theory appro­ach that sheds light on the analysis of the effects of institutions on the policy options to protect female workers of the Winnipeg garment industry. Next, this paper identi­fies the set of beliefs, formal procedures, routines, norms and conventions that cha­racterize the institutional environment of the female workers of Winnipeg’s garment industry. Subsequently, this paper descri­bes the impact of free trade policies on the garment industry of Winnipeg. Afterward, this paper presents an analysis of the ba­rriers that the institutional features of the garment sector in Winnipeg can set to the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect the female workforce of this sector. Three policy options are considered: ethical purchasing; training/retraining programs and social engage­ment support for garment workers; and protection of migrated workers through promoting and facilitating bonds between Canada’s trade unions and trade unions of the labour sending countries. Finally, this paper concludes that the formation of isolated cultural groups inside of factories; the belief that there is gender and race discrimination on the part of the garment industry management against workers; the powerless social conditions of immi­grant women; the economic rationality of garment factories’ managers; and the lack of political will on the part of Canada and the labour sending countries to set effective bilateral agreements to protect migrate wor­kers, are the principal barriers that divide the actors involved in the garment industry in Winnipeg. This division among the prin­cipal actors of Winnipeg’s garment industry impedes the change toward more efficient institutions and, hence, the successful achievement of policy options addressed to protect women workers. 

Actions of resiliencia opposite to the housing policies in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina: the social organizations, the institutions, and the massive evictions

The current housing problems in the city of Buenos Aires revolves around two phenomena, the precariousness and the evictions, in a context that is conceived like housing emergency. In response to this situation, some institutional organisms and certain social organizations with territorial roots in the south of the city, began to take forward actions of resilience opposing to the massive evictions, which take place as consequence of the real-estate pressure, and were concerning to the hotels, pensions, tenancies, and usurped houses of this zone of the city. It will be analyzed the actions of resilience displayed by them in their individual and collective dimensions and their relation to housing policies.

Participación de las mujeres en la construcción social del territorio y el proceso de regionalización del Caribe colombiano

This paper describes women’s roles in the processes of territory construction and the Colombian Caribbean coast regionalization. First, we present women participation in the adaptation of the fi rst inhabitants, through their contribution to creating the most important cultures that emerged in that region, such as Tairona and Sinu. This paper also considers native women’s resistance actions against Spanish invasion; women participation in African, native, mestizo, zambo, and criollo freeing fi ghts against colonialism and in the consolidation of the Republic; along with their contribution to building the social fabric that consolidated the social life of new born towns and cities; which transformed women into family group integrators, new generation socializing forces, and sponsorsof the family structure performance. The second line of argument addressed in this article refers to women involvement in the regionalization of the Colombian Caribbean, by establishing and concluding that, although regionalization has happened, the recognition of its practical and strategic interests has not been guaranteed to allow changes in the social, economic, and political position. The reason is that, even though such interests were expressed insome forums held to reach an agreement on the vision and the requirements of the region, the social movement has not had any access to decision making, though this has not prevented its gaining strength in the last decades. 

Conflicto armado colombiano

El conflicto armado colombiano está lleno de enseñanzas para la resolución negociada de conflictos. En la medida en que ha sido una confrontación compleja y prolongada, los grupos armados se han convertido en protagonistas. Tanto sus objetivos como el uso de la violencia han generado controversias alrededor de cuáles deben ser las acciones o respuestas que se implementan para hacer frente a dichas situaciones. Al igual que en otros países, los actores involucrados han participado en numerosos acercamientos, diálogos políticos o procesos de paz, aportando experiencias de negociaciones que involucran a diferentes sectores de la sociedad civil, actores estatales, comunidad internacional y organizaciones multilaterales.En este sentido, resulta pertinente no sólo retomar el surgimiento, caracterización y posibles motivaciones de tres de los más grandes grupos al margen de la ley —paramilitares, ELN, FARC— que han participado en el conflicto, sino también explorar las formas de acercamiento a estos por parte del gobierno colombiano y sus diferentes administraciones, para así comprender la complejidad y las múltiples dimensiones desde las cuales se representan diversas visiones sobre la evolución del conflicto y los hechos de corta, mediana y larga duración, en tanto esto permite dilucidar las continuidades y discontinuidades que han dado paso a ver el fenómeno a través de causas culturales, complejos políticos o perspectivas económicas.-----The armed conflict in Colombia is full of lessons for negotiated conflict resolution. Insofar as this has been a complex and long-lasting confrontation, the armed groups have now become protagonists. Their objectives as much as their use of violence has generated controversy about which actions or responses should be implemented to face such situations. Similarly to other countries, the players concerned have participated in several rapprochements, political dialogues or peace processes by contributing experience in negotiations that involve different sectors of the civil society, state players, the international community, and multilateral organizations. To that effect, it is relevant not only to retake the emergence, characterization and possible motivations of three of the biggest groups outside the law –paramilitary, ELN, FARC– which have participated in the conflict, but also to explore the rapprochement methods the Colombian government and its different administrations have employed with these groups. This way, we can fully understand the complexity and the multiple dimensions in the representation of various views of the conflict evolution and the short, medium, and long-term events in as much as this allows clarification of the continuity and discontinuity that have resulted in seeing the phenomenon from the standpoint of cultural causes, political complexities or economic perspectives.

El difícil camino de la gobernabilidad metropolitana: el caso de la seguridad pública en la Ciudad de México

En los últimos 15 años las tendencias de inestabilidad social y política en la metrópoli de México en materia de seguridad pública, se localizan, principalmente, en la aparente falta de viabilidad política de la coordinación intergubernamental. Igualmente, se caracterizan por un desfase institucional frente al crecimiento de la violencia urbana, además de la “sofisticación” de las acciones del crimen organizado. Esta perspectiva contradice un conjunto de acciones “localistas”, que han sido implementadas por los sucesivos gobiernos de la ciudad.A partir del análisis de tendencias recientes de la inseguridad en la metrópoli, desde una perspectiva crítica de la historia de las acciones institucionales en la materia y, a partir de dos estudios de caso, buscamos definir la gobernabilidad metropolitana en la Ciudad de México a través del prisma de la seguridad pública. Concluimos que este campo, el cual tiene un indudable peso en la opinión pública, constituye un excelente laboratorio de legitimación política y, por ende, en las perspectivas de futuro de la metrópoli de México.-----The trend towards social and political instability in Mexico City over the past 15 years, particularly in terms of public insecurity, can be attributed to what we identify as a lack of political feasibility in the coordination between government agencies at local and state levels. At the same time, these tendencies are characterized by institutions failing to keep up with an increment in urban violence, as well as with the increasingly sophisticated techniques used by organized crime. It would seem that localized policies promoted by the governments of metropolitan Mexico City are misguided in their efforts to combat crime.An analysis of recent trends of insecurity in Mexico City is conducted with a critical appraisal of the history of institutional policies implemented to counter those trends. Two case studies within the metropolitan area of Mexico City are examined, in an attempt to evaluate the role of government agencies and explore the significance of metropolitan governance. Conclusions highlight that public security policy is a fertile ground to improve on the quality of life of metropolitan dwellers, considering the relevance of the “insecurity problem” in public opinion. Furthermore, we argue, it is a means for local governments to achieve the elusive political legitimacy they need.-----La tendance à l’ingouvernabilité dans la métropole de Mexico au cours des quinze dernières années, en particulier dans le domaine de la sécurité publique, est due en grande partie au manque de viabilité politique de la coordination entre les différents acteurs publics concernés. Cette tendance se caractérise par un décalage entre l’action institutionnelle: d’une part l’augmentation de la violence urbaine, d’autre part la “sophistication” des modes opératoires du crime organisé. Cette perspective contredit un ensemble d’actions à caractère résolument local des propres décideurs publics de Mexico.À partir d’une analyse des tendances récentes de l’insécurité dans la métropole, dans une perspective critique de l’histoire des actions institutionnelles dans ce secteur et de deux études de cas, on cherche dans cet article à définir un “modèle en cours” de la gouvernabilité métropolitaine à partir de la sécurité à Mexico. On conclut que dans le champ de l’action publique, le thème de la sécurité urbaine constitue un excellent terrain d’expérimentation et de légitimation politique des acteurs politiques, et ouvre donc de nouvelles perspectives pour l’agglomération de Mexico.

Political Reform: unfinished business in Brazil after Lula?

A year away from leaving the presidency, this article analyses Lula government in light of the many corruption scandals that erupted afterwards. These events showed that despite the almost unanimous conclusion of its balance sheet, Lula government leaves a big task ahead: the political reform. Priority of the Workers’ Party during the years 1980 and 1990, and subject of many academic studies, this issue has been abandoned in the 2000s, with the accession to power of Lula Da Silva. This paper evaluates the state-of-the-art on this matter and defends the need for further consideration in light of current events, and in a broader theoretical perspective than the institutional engineering one that prevailed earlier. 

The Proliferation of Paramilitary Groups in Southern Mexico: State Strategy or Struggle between Local Political Elites?

This study traces the origins of Mexican paramilitary groups and argues that, contrary to what most of the literature on the subject implies, they do not represent a state strategy to thwart leftist groups seeking social change. Rather, they represent battles between groups of national and local-level elites with different visions of democracy and of what constitutes good governance. The polarization inherent in this type of conflict leads local actors to have to side with one faction of elites or the other. The presence of radical leftist groups in recently colonized indigenous areas with scant state presence gives rise to a process of radicalization among local elites. There are multiple factors that explain the emergence of paramilitary groups. Aside from the post Cold War international context, there were national factors like a shift in its focus away from security matters between 1989 and 1993, and presidential policies between 1968 and 1993, that planted the seeds of leftist radicalism in a context of id modernization

Transformación de la democracia en Venezuela: una lectura crítica de la constitución del 99

El presente artículo busca contribuir a una comprensión de la actual crisis venezolana desde una perspectiva novedosa. Aquí se afirma que en lugar de resolver la crisis del sistema político venezolano, algunas de las provisiones contenifas en la Constitución de 1999 han contribuido a ahondarla. El texto pretende aportar al debate sobre la democracia en Venezuela desde un ángulo distinto al de aquellos que, desde esquinas opuestas, apuntan al presidente Chávez como causa última de los desarrollos recientes en la hermana república. La actual crisis venezolana no puede atribuirse, de manera única y exclusiva, a las acciones u omisiones de su presidente. El argumento central de este artículo es que, más allá de la controvertida personalidad del mandatario, es el andamiaje institucional diseñado por la Asamblea Constituyente de 1999, ante todo el presidencialismo acentuado, el que ha favorecido la desinstitucionalización, la polarización y la aparente sinsalida que caracterizan la actual situación en Venezuela.-----This article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the crisis in Venezuela from an original perspective. It argues that rather than solving the problems of the Venezuelan political system, some of the provisions contained in the 1999 Constitution have served instead to making them worse, sometimes expectedly, but also in unexpected and unintentional ways. The article contributes to the debate on the current travails of democracy in Venezuela from a different angle, avoiding an exclusive focus on President Chavez as the ultimate cause of the recent developments in that country. The current crisis in Venezuela cannot be attributed, exclusively, to the actions or omissions of its President. The central argument in this article is that beyond Chavez’ controversial personality, it is the institutional arrangement designed by the Constituent Assembly of 1999, especially its accentuated presidentialism, what has contributed to the deinstitutionalization and polarization that characterize the current impasse of Venezuelan politics.

Noviolencia y desobediencia civil

This paper analyzes and describes the relationship between nonviolence and civil disobedience, stressing that both of them converge on the same ethical foundation and are an expression of the relationship between citizens and the political power.  The paper begins with a presentation of nonviolence Mahatma Gandhi´s work, and continues then conceptualizing nonviolence as a political thought, with a  epistemology and an action. Finally, traces a connection between nonviolence and civil disobedience that goes beyond the purely instrumental relationship that usually  identifies the link between these. Thus, beyond their differences both nonviolence  and civil desobedience, concur in essence, that is, in the ethical principles that support and legitimize them as actions and political expressions.

Crisis of political representation and democratization in Mexico: the generality and specificity of the case

This article attempts to assess the implications and the own character of the crisis of representation in Mexico. Once the topic framed and the long-term dynamics of Mexican political elites presented, this paper will attempt to understand why, despite the pluralization of the party system, there remain many questions about the truly democratic nature of the Mexican political system.