988 resultados para Pauw, Cornelius, 1739-1799.


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Crosslinking modification of polyimide, prepared from 3,3'4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxyl dianhydride (BTDA) and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-diphenylenediamine (4MPDA), was performed by two methods, putting the polyimide in ambient environment for 4 months, and under UV irradiation for 2 or 8 h. The gas permeation properties of the crosslinked polyimides were investigated. The crosslinked polyimides induced by UV irradiation, in which crosslinking occurs in the surface layer, are of much higher gas permselectivity of hydrogen to nitrogen than that induced by the ambient environment, in which crosslinking takes place in the whole matrix, but their gas permeabilities for hydrogen are similar. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The gas permeation properties of a series of cardo polyaryletherketone materials are reported, In this series, the hydrogen atoms of benzene rings on the backbone are systematically replaced with different alkyl substituents. The effects of temperature and structure variation on gas permeability and selectivity are discussed in detail. The experimental results revealed that the polyetherketone obtained by the introduction of dimethyl and diisopropyl substituents to phenolphthalein unit is 3 similar to 6 times more permeable than the unmodified one for the gases studied.

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The viscoelastic behavior of phenolphthalein poly(ether ketone) (PEK-C) and its relationship to yielding was studied. The following phenomena were observed: (1) The relaxation behavior at strain near yield closely approximated that at low strain but near the T-g; (2) the temperature and strain rate dependence of yield stress could be modeled by the one-process Eyring theory and the value of the activation volume was the same as that of the glass transition; and (3) according to the Zhurkov-Bueche equation, the cu transition was related to the yield behavior. All these results indicated that the glass transition was the main factor that controlled the yield behavior. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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The crystal structure of the title compound was determined by X-ray diffraction. The dysprosium ion is eight-coordinated by three oxygen atoms and three nitrogen atoms from three picolinato ions and two water oxygen atoms. The nitrogen atom and one carboxyl oxygen atom of each picolinato ion are coordinated to the same dysprosium ion to form a five-membered chelating ring. The title compound exists as discrete molecules in the crystal structure.

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研究了带有不同烷基取代基的Cardo聚芳醚酮均质膜对H2、O2、N2、CO2和CH4气体的透气性能,讨论了气体透过对温度的依赖性。与未改性酚酞聚芳醚酮相比,在主链苯环上引入异丙基侧基会使气体透过系数提高3~6倍;每个结构单元苯环被4个甲基取代后,气体透过系数和选择分离系数同时得到较大改善,其中H2的透过系数为22barrer,H2/N2分离系数为114。

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海湾扇贝Argopecten irradian Lamarck于1982年从美国引种到中国,由于具有较快的生长速度和很高的经济效益,海湾扇贝成为中国最主要的养殖贝类之一。近年来海湾扇贝养殖遇到了死亡率高等问题,深入开展海湾扇贝功能基因的研究,尤其是免疫相关基因及其机制研究并在此基础上寻找扇贝疾病防治的有效方法对海湾扇贝的健康养殖十分重要。 对于贝类免疫系统来说,其血细胞在先天性免疫防御中起着重要的作用。当受到外界病原侵染时,贝类血细胞的一个重要免疫反应就是吞噬作用。在吞噬病原过程中,受到病原侵染的贝类还会产生其他多种免疫反应,这些免疫反应将消耗大量的能量(ATP),产能的呼吸链会加速运转,由此也会引发与呼吸链相耦联的活性氧(ROS)的大量产生。这些活性氧具有极强的反应特性,能破坏病原微生物的结构和功能分子,实现对入侵病原的杀灭。利用活性氧对被吞噬的病原进行杀灭,这是吞噬作用消除病原抵御侵染的重要机制。但由于活性氧分子反应的非特异性,它们也会破坏宿主机体细胞内的功能蛋白分子、不饱和脂肪酸分子和核酸等,对细胞造成严重的伤害,进而导致机体生理机能的损伤和免疫系统的破坏。所以,及时消除病原感染机体内过量产生的ROS,维持相关细胞的正常代谢,对提高机体抵抗力和免疫力具有重要的作用。O2-是生物体内产生的第一种活性氧分子,其他的活性氧分子也是由它衍生而来,消除过量O2-是消除过量活性氧危害的第一步也是关键一步。生物体内,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是催化O2-发生歧化反应,消除O2-的关键酶。 首先,本文通过RACE方法获得了海湾扇贝SOD家族全部三种基因的cDNA全长并对其进行了序列的生物信息学分析,海湾扇贝AiCuZnSOD全长cDNA为1047个碱基,其中开放阅读框为459个碱基,编码152个氨基酸,与栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri的CuZnSOD相似度为77.5%,与长牡蛎Crassostrea gigas的相似度为75%,与人的相似度为74.7%。AiMnSOD全长cDNA为1207个碱基,其中开放阅读框为678个碱基,编码226个氨基酸,序列比对结果发现AiMnSOD的氨基酸序列与虾夷扇贝Mizuhopecten yessoensis和皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai的相似度分别为85%和78.4%,与哺乳动物相似度也在68%~72%之间。AiECSOD全长cDNA为893个碱基,其中开放阅读框为657个碱基,编码218个氨基酸。AiECSOD与其它物种ECSOD相似度比较低。与线虫Brugia pahangi的相似度为27.9%,与疟蚊Anopheles gambiae的相似度为31.4%,与斑马鱼Danio rerio的相似度为27.8%,与人的相似度也只有28.6%,与同是贝类的长牡蛎ECSOD也只有28.1%的相似性。主要原因是AiECSOD的信号肽和肝磷脂结合区域在各物种中无同源性。 其次,采用qRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)方法分析三种SOD基因在不同组织中的表达情况,结果表明三种SOD基因的组织表达有所差异。AiCuZnSOD基因在鳃中表达水平最高,其次是血细胞和性腺,在外套膜、闭壳肌和肝胰脏表达水平较低。AiMnSOD基因在鳃中表达水平最高,其次是外套膜,在血细胞、性腺,而在肝胰脏和闭壳肌表达较弱。AiECSOD基因在血细胞中表达水平最高,其次是肝胰脏,在鳃、闭壳肌表达水平较低,而性腺和外套膜没有检测到。同时,采用qRT-PCR对鳗弧菌Vibrio angullarum感染后海湾扇贝血细胞中三种SOD基因mRNA表达变化进行了检测。AiCuZnSOD表达量在各个时间段没有显著差异(P > 0.05)。AiMnSOD的表达量在1.5 h时略有下降,在3 h时达到最高表达量,是空白组(0h)的3倍(P < 0.01),从6 h到24 h表达量逐渐下降,24 h时表达量是空白组的1.6倍,24 h到48 h又稍有升高。AiECSOD的表达量在1.5 h时有所下降,是空白组的0.3倍(P < 0.05),随后逐渐升高,在12 h时达到最高表达量,是空白组(0h)的4.5倍(P < 0.01),从24 h到48 h表达量逐渐下降并恢复到空白组的水平。在对照组,各个时间点没有显著差异(P > 0.05)。在鳗弧菌感染后,海湾扇贝三种SOD的表达并不一致,且差异比较显著。AiCuZnSOD被认为是构成性表达基因,其受外界刺激的影响最小,AiMnSOD和AiECSOD受刺激后表达上调比较明显。 第三,采用Genome-walking的方法得到了海湾扇贝三种SOD基因的基因组全长和近端启动子序列并对其进行了相关分析。AiCuZnSOD的基因组序列全长为4279bp,包含有4个外显子和3个内含子。AiMnSOD的基因组序列全长为10692bp,包含有4个外显子和3个内含子。AiECSOD的基因组序列全长为5276bp,包含有5个外显子和4个内含子。三种基因外显子和内含子的结合处序列遵循-AT/GT-原则。我们把海湾扇贝SOD家族的三个基因的近端启动子进行了比较分析。发现三种SOD在靠近起始密码子的位置都有Oct-1结合位点。三种SOD共有的转录位点有:Oct-1、C/EBPalp、Oct2.1、Sp-1和GATA-1。AiCuZnSOD和AiMnSOD共有的转录位点有:ICSBP、Ftz、TATA-box、C/EBPbeta和Antp。AiCuZnSOD和AiECSOD共有的转录位点有:AP-1和NFκB。AiMnSOD和AiECSOD共有的转录位点有:GR和ER。AiCuZnSOD独有的位点有:SRF、YY-1和NF-1。AiMnSOD独有的位点有:HNF-1、Hb、MEB、NF-muE1、Pit-1a和Eve。AiECSOD独有的位点有:CREB、RATA-alph、Kruppel-like和AP-3。 此外,通过构建原核表达载体,本研究对AiCuZnSOD和AiECSOD基因进行了体外重组表达,并对纯化的重组蛋白进行了酶活分析。酶活分析表明,重组AiCuZnSOD蛋白有较高的酶活和稳定性。 最后,我们对海湾扇贝三种SOD基因的部分区域,包括启动子、编码区,部分内含子区域进行了SNP检测,并对SOD基因部分SNP位点多态性和鳗弧菌敏感性进行了相关分析。三种SOD基因中,我们共发现了59个SNP位点,其中AiECSOD的SNP位点最多,特别是在启动子区,AiCuZnSOD和AiMnSOD多态性较低。其中AiCuZnSOD启动子区的-1739 T-C 位点的基因型和等位基因,AiECSOD启动子区的-498 A-T和-267 G-A等位基因频率,AiECSOD的第一个外显子38 Thr-Lys的多态性在敏感和抗菌群体中存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。

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To investigate the seasonal and interannual variations in biological productivity in the South China Sea (SCS), a Pacific basin-wide physical - biogeochemical model has been developed and used to estimate the biological productivity and export flux in the SCS. The Pacific circulation model, based on the Regional Ocean Model Systems (ROMS), is forced with daily air-sea fluxes derived from the NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis between 1990 and 2004. The biogeochemical processes are simulated with a carbon, Si(OH)(4), and nitrogen ecosystem (CoSiNE) model consisting of silicate, nitrate, ammonium, two phytoplankton groups (small phytoplankton and large phytoplankton), two zooplankton grazers (small micrograzers and large mesozooplankton), and two detritus pools. The ROMS-CoSiNE model favourably reproduces many of the observed features, such as ChI a, nutrients, and primary production (PP) in the SCS. The modelled depth-integrated PP over the euphotic zone (0-125 m) varies seasonally, with the highest value of 386 mg C m (-2) d (-1) during winter and the lowest value of 156 mg C m (-2) d (-1) during early summer. The annual mean value is 196 mg C m (-2) d (-1). The model-integrated annual mean new production (uptake of nitrate), in carbon units, is 64.4 mg C m (-2) d (-1) which yields an f-ratio of 0.33 for the entire SCS. The modelled export ratio (e-ratio: the ratio of export to PP) is 0.24 for the basin-wide SCS. The year-to-year variation of biological productivity in the SCS is weaker than the seasonal variation. The large phytoplankton group tends to dominate over the smaller phytoplankton group, and likely plays an important role in determining the interannual variability of primary and new production.

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海北高寒湿地植物地上、地下生物现存量较高,2004年海北高寒湿地植物净初级生产力为1799.7gC•m~(-2).由于家畜对湿地植物采食量低,每年将有大量的枯黄植物残留于地表,表现出地上、地下生物量以及苔鲜均成为土壤有机物质的补给源.由于区域温度低,积水严重,对植物残体分解缓慢,导致湿地土壤有机质含量很高,形成了厚达2m左右的泥炭层.观测结果表明,海北高寒湿地净生态系统CO_2交换量具有明显的季节变化,年内4月和10月存在两个CO_2释放高峰期,夏季的7~8月为一个强吸收期,全年来看为一个巨大的碳源.2004年净生态系统年碳交换量为76.7gC•m~(-2).计算结果表明,植被的呼吸消耗量每年为1199.8gC•m~(-2),其植物总固碳量为2999.5gC•m~(-2),而土壤呼吸为1876.4gC•m~(-2).

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该系统可识别印刷的各种字号的仿、宋、楷、黑体及现行繁体字文本(文件、书刊、报纸、杂志等).识别率达95%—98%,识别速度1800字/分,该系统由两级实现,第一级采用神经网络分类,第二级为全局笔划段加权匹配法最终识别,是一个传统识别方法与神经网络技术相结合的识别系统。

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本文描述了图像、图形、文字混合处理系统PANDA的设计与实现技术。详细讨论了PANDA系统的数据结构组织方法,其中包括多文件、多窗口处理的结构设计以及动态的数据结构设计,同时给出了PANDA系统在其实现过程中所使用的一些关键处理技术。

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自然特征是典型岩溶生态系统研究与评价的基础。西南岩溶山区,由于气候、地形、地质构造、岩溶作用、土壤等条件的不同,各圈层发生着地质地貌组合→水文土壤组合→植被和小生境组合结构的作用过程,不同组合结构的岩溶生态系统具有特殊的功能和圈层的耦合作用,其本底稳定性与脆弱性各异,从而形成了不同区域岩溶生态系统及生境类型的多样性。对茂兰岩溶森林区和花江峡谷区两种典型岩溶生态系统———岩溶原生森林系统与石漠化系统的自然特征对比研究表明,两者的差异集中体现在地质构造、地貌演化、岩溶形态、水文结构、土壤侵蚀、植被群落、水文生态效应与生境多样性等方面,其中地质构造、地貌演化、岩溶形态、可开发利用的水资源、植被群落是两种系统存在显著差异的关键因素。因此,有必要探讨不同岩溶地貌单元、不同碳酸盐岩类型区的岩溶生态系统基本生态过程的共性和差异,探索地质环境与生态环境的内在联系和耦合关系,分析地质因素对生态环境的控制和影响程度,为岩溶受损生态环境单元的恢复重建提供理论依据。

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使用0. 5 mol/L NaOH和0. 1 mol/L Na4 P2O7 溶液分别从土壤中提取胡敏酸,并且对其进行了元素分析、红外光谱、固态13C核磁共振的定性、定量研究。结果表明,两种胡敏酸的性质很相似,但也存在一些微小差异,Na4 P2O7 提取的胡敏酸比NaOH提取的具有芳香度较大、聚合度较高、极性官能团含量较多的特点。测定了菲在6个胡敏酸上的吸附等温线, Freundlich模型很好的拟合了所有吸附等温线,相关系数r均在0. 992以上。有机碳分配系数Koc与胡敏酸中极性碳(POC)之间存在明显的线性相关关系,并受到提取剂类型的影响。

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Joern Fischer, David B. Lindermayer, and Ioan Fazey (2004). Appreciating Ecological Complexity: Habitat Contours as a Conceptual Landscape Model. Conservation Biology, 18 (5)pp.1245-1253 RAE2008