Comparison of some properties of Cu(II) 2,3- , 3,5- and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates

The physico-chemical properties and thermal stability in air of Cu(II) 2,3- , 3,5- and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates were compared and the influence of the position of -OCH3 substituent on their thermal stability was investigated. The complexes are crystalline, hydrated salts with blue colour. The carboxylate ion is a bidentate chelating or bridging group. The thermal stability of analysed Cu(II) dimethoxybenzoates was studied in the temperature range of 293-1173 K. The positions of methoxy- groups in benzene ring influence the thermal properties of studied complexes. Their different thermal properties are markedly connected with the various influence of inductive, mesomeric and steric effects of -OCH3 substituent on the electron density in benzene ring. The magnetic susceptibilities of the complexes were measured over the range of 76-300 K and the magnetic moments were calculated. The results show that they form dimers.

Magnetic, thermal and spectral properties of Ni(II) 2,3- , 3,5- and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates

Complexes of Ni(II) 2,3-, 3,5- and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates have been synthesized, their physico-chemical properties have been compared and the influence of the position of -OCH3 substituent on their properties investigated. The analysed compounds are crystalline, hydrated salts with green colour. The carboxylate ions show a bidentate chelating or bridging coordination modes. The thermal stabilities of Ni(II) dimethoxybenzoates were investigated in air in the range of 293-1173 K. The complexes decompose in three steps, yelding the NiO as the final product of decomposition. Their solubilities in water at 293 K are in the order of 10-2-10-4 mol×dm-3. The magnetic susceptibilities for the analysed dimethoxybenzoates of Ni(II) were measured over the range of 76-303 K and the magnetic moments were calculated. The results reveal that the complexes are the high-spin ones and the ligands form the weak electrostatic field in the octahedral coordination sphere of the central Ni(II) ion. The various position -OCH3 groups in benzene ring cause the different steric, mesomeric and inductive effects on the electron density in benzene ring.

Magnetic, thermal and spectral behaviour of 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II)

Physico-chemical properties of 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) were synthesized and studied. The complexes were obtained as mono- and dihydrates with a metal ion to ligand ratio of 1 : 2. All analysed 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates are polycrystalline compounds with colours depending on the central ions: pink for Co(II), green for Ni(II) and blue for Cu(II) complexes. Their thermal decomposition was studied in the range of 293 ­ 523 K, because it was found that on heating in air above 523 K 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates decompose explosively. Hydrated complexes lose crystallization water molecules in one step and anhydrous compounds are formed. The final products of their decomposition are the oxides of the respective transition metals. From the results it appears that during dehydration process no transformation of nitro group to nitrite takes place. The solubilities of analysed complexes in water at 293 K are of the order of 10-4 ­ 10-2 mol / dm³. The magnetic moment values of Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions in 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates experimentally determined at 76 ­ 303 K change from 3.67µB to 4.61µB for Co(II) complex, from 2.15µB to 2.87µB for Ni(II) 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate and from 0.26µB to 1.39µB for Cu(II) complex. 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II) and Ni(II) follow the Curie-Weiss law. Complex of Cu(II) forms dimer.

Magnetic, thermal and spectral characterization of 2,4-dimethoxybenzoates of Mn(II), Co(II) and Cu(II)

2,4 - Dimethoxybenzoates of Mn(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) have been synthesized as hydrated or anyhydrous polycrystalline solids and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, magnetic studies and X-ray diffraction measurements. They possess the following colours: Mn(II) - white, Co(II) - pink and Cu(II) - blue. The carboxylate groups bind as monodentate, or a symmetrical bidentate bridging ligands and tridentate. The thermal stabilities were determined in air at 293-1173K. When heated the hydrated complexes dehydrate to from anhydous salts which are decomposed to the oxides of respective metals. The magnetic susceptibilites of the 2,4-dimethoxybenzoates were measured over the range 76-303 K and their magnetic moments were calculated. The results reveal the complexes of Mn(II), Co(II) to be high-spin complexes and that of Cu(II) to form dimer.

The physico-chemical properties of 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)

The complexes of 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) have been synthesized as polycrystalline solids, and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, magnetic studies and also by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. The analysed complexes have the following colours: pink for Co(II), green for Ni(II), blue for Cu(II) and a pale pink for Mn(II) compounds. The carboxylate group binds as monodentate and bidentate ligands. On heating to 1173K in air the complexes decompose in several steps. At first, they dehydrate in one step to anhydrous salts, that next decompose to the oxides of respective metals. Their magnetic moments were determined in the range of 76-303K. The results reveal them to be high-spin complexes of weak ligand fields.

Complexes of 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Nd(III), Gd(III) and Ho(III)

The complexes of 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Nd(III), Gd(III) and Ho(III) have been synthesized as polycrystalline hydrated solids, and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, magnetic studies and also by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. The analysed complexes have the following colours: violet for Nd(III), white for Gd(III) and cream for Ho(III) compounds. The carboxylate groups bind as bidentate chelating (Ho) or bridging ligands (Nd, Gd). On heating to 1173K in air the complexes decompose in several steps. At first, they dehydrate in one step to form anhydrous salts, that next decompose to the oxides of respective metals. The gaseous products of their thermal decomposition in nitrogen were also determined and the magnetic susceptibilites were measured over the temperature range of 76-303K and the magnetic moments were calculated. The results show that 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Nd(III), Gd(III) and Ho(III) are high-spin complexes with weak ligand fields. The solubility value in water at 293K for analysed 4-chlorophenoxyacetates is in the order of 10-4mol/dm³.

The physico-chemical properties of 2-methoxyphenoxyacetates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)

The complexes of 2-methoxyhenoxyacetates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)with the general formula: M(C9H9O4)3·4H2O, where M(II) = Mn, Co, Ni and Cu have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, magnetic and thermogravimetric studies and also X-ray diffraction measurements. The complexes have colours typical for M(II) ions (Mn(II) - a pale pink, Co(II) - pink, Ni(II) - green, and Cu(II) - blue). The carboxylate group binds as monodentate and bidentate ligands. On heating to 1273K in air the complexes decompose in the same way. At first, they dehydrate in one step to anhydrous salts, that next decompose to the oxides of respective metals with the intermediate formation of the oxycarbonates. Their solubility in water at 293K is of the order of 10-5 mol·dm-3. The magnetic moments of analysed complexes were determined in the range of 76-303K. The results reveal them to be high-spin complexes of weak ligand fields.

Ferromagnetic properties of pyrolytic nanocarbon

The work reported in this thesis is dedicated to irreversible magnetic properties in pyrolytic nanocarbon samples. Based on atomic force microscope images, the samples consist of carbon clusters with radius 30..120 nm. These are treated as single-domain nanoparticles. Magnetic hysteresis, field cooled, zero field cooled and thermoremanent magnetization measurements were performed using an RF SQUID magnetometer and ferromagnetic behaviour was observed. Analysis suggests that the ferromagnetic ordering is associated with defects in a thin surface layer, whose thickness is independent of particle size. Critical radius for single-domain particles, critical radius for coherent rotation, magnetic layer thickness, distance between elementary magnetic moments, saturation magnetization, exchange stiffness constant and anisotropy energy density are also presented.

Resa i röstens landskap : en narrativ studie av hur lärare blir professionella röstanvändare

The theme of this thesis is the learning process that occurs when teachers become professional voice users. The aim is to explore what it (really) means to become a professional voice user in a teaching profession; thereby developing an understanding of how future education in this field can be arranged so as to both effectively prevent vocal problems and to develop oral didactical competence among teachers. The ambition is to describe, interpret, and understand the learning process through a combination of emic and ethic research perspectives. The theoretical frame of reference reflects the cross disciplinary character of the thesis. Voice problems are common among both student teachers and inservice teachers and adversely affect professional competence, identity and quality of life. Additionally, vocal problems are proven to have a negative impact on pupils´ learning. The individual elements of learning are explored in the light of experiential learning theory and transformative learning theory. The social elements of learning are explored in relation to the theory of situated learning. In addition, theories of teacher professionalisation in terms of competence and identity are outlined. The empirical study has a longitudinal and multi method character. It is anchored in a phenomenological hermeneutical tradition, more specifically in narrative inquiry. The point of departure is the learning experiences of ten student teachers, who attended a ten week long course on voice production as part of their teacher training at Åbo Akademi University, in the autumn of 2002 and the spring of 2003. Four interviews in the form of conversations were conducted with each participant. These were crystallised with a process diary, a Swedish Voice Handicap Index, a voice observation, and a video observation. A fifth interview was conducted with each participant five years post teacher training, in the spring of 2008. Participant observation was also conducted throughout the course. The research materials have been analysed and interpreted narratively using a phenomenological hermeneutical method. The results are presented descriptively as individual narratives, which are reflected in logopedic research materials. Learning is here understood as emergent awareness. This is followed by a meta narrative concerning learning as experiences in the four dimensions body, thought, feeling, and relation. Finally, interpretation is expressed with respect to the theory of relational education. Learning is here understood as a movement in the field between the actual and the possible voice. It is also viewed as fundamentally rooted in inter-human relationships, in moments of presence and coexistence. As a tentative answer to the call for an existential space for learning in order to be a professional voice user, I suggest the concept of a learning refuge as a locus for a learning process built on trust, mutuality and openness.

Probabilistic structure of an annual extreme rainfall series of a coastal area of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

This study aimed to describe the probabilistic structure of the annual series of extreme daily rainfall (Preabs), available from the weather station of Ubatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil (1935-2009), by using the general distribution of extreme value (GEV). The autocorrelation function, the Mann-Kendall test, and the wavelet analysis were used in order to evaluate the presence of serial correlations, trends, and periodical components. Considering the results obtained using these three statistical methods, it was possible to assume the hypothesis that this temporal series is free from persistence, trends, and periodicals components. Based on quantitative and qualitative adhesion tests, it was found that the GEV may be used in order to quantify the probabilities of the Preabs data. The best results of GEV were obtained when the parameters of this function were estimated using the method of maximum likelihood. The method of L-moments has also shown satisfactory results.

Winning time in land warfare : a reading of the classical strategists prior to the age of mechanization

We live in an age where rationalization and demands of efficiency taint every aspect of our lives both as individuals and as a society. Even warfare cannot escape the increased speed of human interaction. Time is a resource to be managed. It has to be optimized, saved and won in military affairs as well. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the dogmatic texts of military thought to search for answers what the classics of strategy saw in the interrelations of temporality and warfare and if their thoughts remain meaningful in the contemporary conjunction. Since the way a society functions is reflected in the way it conducts its wars, there naturally are differences between an agrarian, industrial and information society. Theorists of different eras emphasize things specific to their times, but warfare, like any human interaction, is always bounded by temporality. Not only is the pace of warfare dependent on the progress of the society, but time permeates warfare in all its aspects. This research paper focuses on two specific topics that arose from the texts themselves; how should time be managed and manipulated in warfare and how to economize and “win” it from the enemy. A method where lengthy quotations are used to illustrate the main point of the strategists has been chosen for this research paper. While Clausewitz is the most prominent source of quotations, thoughts from ancient India and China are represented as well to prove that the combination of right force in the right place at the right time is still the way of the victorious. Tactics change in the course of time but the principles of strategy remain unaltered and are only adapted to suit new situations. While ancient and pre-modern societies had their focus on finding auspicious moments for battle in the flow of kronos-time based on divinities, portents and auguries, we can trace elements of manipulation of time in warfare from the earliest surviving texts. While time as a fourth dimension of the battlespace emerged only in the modern era, all through the history of military thought it has had a profound meaning. In the past time could be squandered, today it always has to be won. This paper asks the question “why”.

Impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on lipid and inflammatory profiles

Objective: To evaluate the behavior of acute phase proteins and lipid profile in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods : We conducted a prospective study, consisting of three moments: M1 - preoperative (24 hours before surgery); M2 - 30 days after surgery; and M3 - 180 days after surgery. We carried measured height and BMI, as well as determined the concentrations of acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein) and total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and triacylglycerol. Results : participants comprised 25 individuals, with a mean age of 39.28 ± 8.07, 72% female. At all times of the study there was statistically significant difference as for weight loss and BMI. We found a significant decrease in CRP concentrations between the moments M1 and M3 (p = 0.041) and between M2 and M3 (p = 0.018). There was decrease in Alpha-1-GA concentrations between M1 and M2 (p = 0.023) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.028). The albumin values increased, but did not differ between times. Total cholesterol and triacylglycerol decreased significantly ay all times. LDL-c concentrations decreased and differed between M1 and M2 (p = 0.001) and between M1 and M3 (p = 0.001). HDL-c values increased, however only differing between M1 and M2 (p = 0.050). Conclusion : Roux-en-Y gastric bypass promoted a decrease in plasma concentrations of CRP and Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, improving lipid and inflammatory profiles.

Nuorten kokemien elämysten yksilölliset ja yhteisölliset merkitykset

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan nuorten antamia merkityksiä elämykseksi nimetylle kokemukselle ja tunteelle. Tavoitteena on ollut selvittää elämysten kokemista nuorten näkökulmasta ja suhteuttaa nuorten kokemuksilleen antamia merkityksiä laajemmin nuoruutta ja elämyksien kokemista käsittelevään yhteiskunnalliseen keskusteluun. Elämysten merkityksellistämistä analysoidaan suhteessa identiteetin muodostukseen. Yksilöllisesti koetut elämykset saavat merkityksensä diskursiivisesti rakentuneen todellisuuden ympäröimänä. Tutkimus paikantuu sosiologisen nuorisotutkimuksen ja tunteiden tutkimuksen alaan sekä metodologisesti fenomenologis-konstruktivistisen tutkimuksen alaan. Tutkimuksen taustalla on elämyshakuisuutta käsittelevä teoria. Elämyshakuisuuden tulkinta fenomenologisesta viitekehyksestä tuo käsitteen ymmärtämiseen uuden ulottuvuuden. Elämyshakuisuus kuvaa asennoitumistapaa eli sitä, miten yksilö orientoituu ympäröivään maailmaan. Tällöin ei edellytetä intentionaalisten tekojen tietoista luonnetta. Toiminnalliset prosessit muovautuvat vuorovaikutuksen myötä samaan tapaan kuin ihminen ruumiillisena subjektina muovautuu. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu lukion ensimmäisen luokan oppilaiden kirjoituksista (519 kpl), lastensuojeluinstituutioissa ja kuntoutuskeskuksissa asuvien nuorten yksilöteemahaastatteluista (16 nuorta) sekä seikkailualan asiantuntijoiden teemahaastatteluista (20 aikuista). Nuorten kirjoitukset on kerätty vuosina 1996–1997 ja 2002–2003. Aineiston analyysi on aineistolähtöinen. Erilaiset osa-aineistot työssäni avaavat erilaisia näkökulmia elämysten kokemiseen. Aineistojen analyysi ja tutkimukset teoreettiset lähtökohdat ovat rakentuneet analyysin edetessä ja vuorovaikutussuhteessa toisiinsa. Nuorten elämyksiä käsittelevä kerronta on moninaista ja elämyksiä koetaan erilaisissa tilanteissa. Elämykselle ei ole yhtä määritelmää, kokemisen paikkaan tai kokemisen syytä vaan kokemuksen merkitys rakentuu tilanteisesti. Elämys kuitenkin erottuu muista kokemuksista sen muistettavuuden, ainutlaatuisuuden, uutuuden ja intensiivisyyden perusteella. Nuorten elämyksellisissä hetkissä korostuvat harrastusten yhteydessä koetut uudet, erilaiset, yhteisöllisesti jaetut, mutta myös maailmaa nuorille avaavat itsenäisyyden tunnetta ja hallintaa tuottavat kokemukset. Yksi merkittävä uusia elämyksiä ja tietoa tuottava asia nuorten elämässä on seurustelu. Myös matkailu, erilaiset retket ja leirit olivat nuorille elämyksiä tuottavia tilanteita. Kaikilla nuorilla ei kuitenkaan ole sellaisia harrastuksia, joihin he olisivat sitoutuneita tai joissa he pääsisivät ilmaisemaan itseään ja kokemaan onnistumista. Nuorten elämyksiä käsittelevissä hetkissä nuorten vapaa-ajan toiminta, ympäristö ja sosiaaliset suhteet ovat keskeisessä asemassa. Nuoret eivät ensisijaisesti ajatelleet itse etsivänsä tai toisten nuorten etsivän elämyksiä viihdeteollisuuden tuottamista asioista. Elämyksissä arvostettiin aitoutta ja koettu tunne määritti sitä, oliko jokin koettu elämyksenä vai ei. Toisaalta erilaisten päihteiden todettiin mahdollisesti tuottavan elämyksiä, mutta niidenkin yhteydessä korostettiin usein muita asioita kokemusta rakentavina. Nuorten elämyskokemuksissa toisten nuorten merkitys, luottamus, läheisyyteen ja hyväksyntään liittyvät kokemukset korostuvat. Myös aikuisten asiantuntijoiden omaa nuoruutta käsittelevät elämykset olivat emotionaaliselta merkitykseltään hyvin samanlaisia kuin tämän päivän nuorten esittämät. Elämyksiksi miellettyjä kokemuksia pidettiin arvokkaina. Niiden uskottiin suuntaavan yksilön toimintaa.

Lengsel - en kraft til helse

The aim of this study is to explore longing and its implication for health. The overall purpose is to develop a theory model of longing. The research question is: What is the substance of longing in a caring science perspective? The model is developed based on theoretical and empirical studies, which contains three different research materials; hermeneutic reading of texts by Augustine and Kierkegaard, and interpretation of research interviews with nine women in a cancer context. The design of the study is explorative and the ontological hermeneutics of Gadamer is chosen as a guidance for understanding. The main standpoint of the study is performed within the systematic caring science, which through basic research, generates knowledge about the human desire as crucial for the deeper health processes. Through the contextual study there is a link to the clinical caring science. In the ontology of the systematic caring science, the character of longing is in touch with two different aspects. Longing is rooted in the inner source of love of the ethos of the human where the inscrutable depth exists and contains the reality beyond the visible. Further, longing is essential for human being becoming in health and suffering, through holiness as a unit of body, soul and spirit. The results of the study are presented in a theory model. The model has by abduction provided new and deeper understanding of dimensions of longing related to health. On a general level the forces in longing unfolds in two perspectives; suffering and the basis of love. There appears to be a relationship between human and the source of love in all three materials. When human opens up his life in a larger perspective, resting in love, he can manage to stand in the thrill, and acknowledge loss and emptiness. In the transparency of an inner dialogue unfolding dispair, deeper longing can be opened up so that lives are released from the source of love. The holiness of the human desire has such appeal because the holiness of the source of love is always more than the suffering and the particular. The holiness in longing seems to satisfy the hearts deepest searching. The directon of longing is performed in relation to human and the source of love. The study reveals how longing is associated with the source of love, where the holiness of longing seems to drag the human and by that gives the answer to the seeking of the heart. Dynamics forces have direction from the human suffering in the foundation and a release of the power is given back to transform, deepen and reconcile life and suffering. The movements of the power released by longing are keys to understand the suffering of human in relation to the source of love, becoming in health. By this study, results contribute to deepen the ontological core of caring science. Firstly, human in his longing is connected to the inner ethos and by that the most sacred and absolute in itself so that parts of the potential of love can be released to health. Secondly, longing is the road of reconciliation and can further expand to authentic reconciliation, where human is becoming towards unity and holiness. Thirdly, the spirituality is unfolding through longing and the transcendental is received. In longing, human is in touch with the mystery, the longing exceeds the present and moving towards eternity and infinity, and is in what is yet to come. Such deep experience of longing moments leave an impression and show the longing fulfilled.

Complement activation-related pseudoallergy in dogs following intravenous administration of a liposomal formulation of meglumine antimoniate

The increasing use of nanotechnologies in advanced therapies has allowed the observation of specific adverse reactions related to nanostructures. The toxicity of a novel liposome formulation of meglumine antimoniate in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis after single dose has been investigated. Groups of 12 animals received by the intravenous route a single dose of liposomal meglumine antimoniate (group I [GI], 6.5 mg Sb/kg), empty liposomes (GII) or isotonic saline (GIII). Evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters showed no significant changes 4 days after administration. No undesired effects were registered in the GIII. However, adverse reactions were observed in 67.7% of dogs from both groups that received liposomal formulations. The side effects began moments after bolus administration and disappeared during the first 15 minutes after treatment. Prostation, sialorrhea and defecation were the most frequent clinical signs, registered in 33.3% and 41.6 % of animals from the groups GI and GII, respectively. Tachypnea, mydriasis, miosis, vomiting and cyanosis were also registered in both groups. The adverse reactions observed in this study were attributed to the activation of the complement system by lipid vesicles in a phenomenon known as Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA). The influence of the physical-chemical characteristics of liposomal formulation in the triggering of CARPA is discussed.