Adoção de manejo de rebrotamento de bacurizeiros (Platonia insignis Mart.) por pequenos produtores nas mesorregiões do Nordeste paraense e Ilha do Marajó, Pará.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal de verificar a adoção, discutir aspectos gerais sobre a tecnologia de manejo de rebrotamento do bacurizeiro em áreas de ocorrências natural dos produtores rurais envolvidos nas mesorregiões do Nordeste Paraense e ilha do Marajó, Pará. Com isto espera-se subsidiar o manejo sustentável e a manutenção desse valioso patrimônio genético.

CONHECENDO OS ECOSSISTEMAS DA ILHA DE SANTA CATARINA: UMA ABORDAGEM TEÓRICA E PRÁTICA NO ENSINO ESCOLAR

Conhecer para preservar. Todos que atuam na área de educação ambiental certamente já ouviram esta frase. Mas será que basta somente conhecer? Este trabalho não visa dar a resposta a esta questão, e sim compartilhar uma experiência em construção, experimentação, e que passa pelo caminho do “conhecimento”, mas segue adiante. Sugere uma reflexão crítica da realidade, das atitudes, valores, na busca da formação de um sujeito consciente do meio em que vive. Esta perspectiva guiou, em 2009, a proposição de um projeto de extensão na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, e como resultado deste, em 2010, foi ampliado, incluindo além das atividades realizadas com alunos, a elaboração de material didático e um curso de formação para professores. Este trabalho é desenvolvido na Escola Estadual Básica Porto do Rio Tavares, e contempla três 6ª séries (75 alunos), vinte professores e o núcleo gestor da escola. A metodologia envolve o estudo em sala de aula dos ecossistemas da Ilha, analisando seus aspectos físicos, biológicos e humanos. Com objetivo de vivenciar a teoria, são realizadas saídas pedagógicas as unidades de conservação, proporcionando um processo de ensino-aprendizagem fundamentado na experiência prática como proposta de aprofundamento do conhecimento dos ecossistemas da Ilha.

Frugivorous flies (Diptera: Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae) associated with fruit production on Ilha de Santana, Brazilian Amazon.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar as espécies de moscas frugívoras (Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae), seus hospedeiros e parasitoides na Ilha de Santana, Estado do Amapá, Amazônia brasileira. Adicionalmente, objetivou estudar a exploração hospedeira por Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock. Foram realizadas coletas de frutos de diversas espécies vegetais, a cada 30 dias, no período de janeiro a julho de 2015. Foram coletadas 149 amostras de frutos (3.142 frutos, 76,3 Kg), pertencentes a 20 espécies vegetais (9 nativas e 11 introduzidas) de 13 famílias botânicas. Houve infestação por moscas frugívoras em 86 amostras (11 espécies de 8 famílias botânicas). Foram obtidos espécimes de cinco espécies de Tephritidae, quatro de Lonchaeidae e três de parasitoides Braconidae. As espécies de moscas frugívoras mais importantes na Ilha de Santana são: B. carambolae, devido sua expressão quarentenária; e Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) e Anastrepha striata Schiner, pelo fato de infestarem espécies vegetais de importância socioeconômica local. Os hospedeiros Averrhoa carambola (Oxalidaceae), Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae), Malpighia emarginata (Malpighiaceae) e Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) são responsáveis pela manutenção da população de B. carambolae.

OS ASPECTOS SOCIOECONÔMICOS DO TERRITÓRIO CAIÇARA DA COMUNIDADE ENSEADA DA BALEIA, PARQUE ESTADUAL DA ILHA DO CARDOSO – SP, BRASIL

Um dos objetivos do trabalho é a análise e compreensão de considerações iniciais sobre o território de uma população específica, a Comunidade caiçara da Enseada da Baleia, localizada no Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso – PEIC, município de Cananéia, Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, há importância de se entender como estava acontecendo a permanência de uma comunidade tradicional no interior de uma Unidade de Conservação, uma vez que muitas encontraram dificuldades, ao longo da história de institucionalização dessas Unidades, para continuar habitando tais espaços. Como está previsto em lei, os Parques Estaduais impõem certas restrições aos moradores locais e permitem o desenvolvimento de outras atividades desde que de modo equilibrado. O território engloba a situação dos caiçaras no Brasil, focando os moradores de Unidades de Conservação, uma vez que essas comunidades lutam contra a esfera do poder político pelo direito da permanência no interior desses locais, assim como lutam pelo direito de manutenção dos hábitos e costumes que preservam de seus antepassados. O cotidiano é marcado pela caracterização única da comunidade, que mantém relações de trocas com outras ‘territorialidades’, concretizam nesses espaços a história e o imaginário, além de possuírem conceitos próprios ligados a religião e à visão política.

DISCURSO DE ENTREGA EL PREMIO MILTON SANTOS PARA EL PROFESOR EUSEBIO FLORES SILVA XIII EGAL COSTA RICA, JULIO 2011

Discurso pronunciado el día 29 de julio del 2011,  en la ceremonia de premiación al  profesor Eusebio Flores Silva Jurado del premio Milton Santos de Geografía.

Comportamento produtivo de muçuãs (Kinosternon scorpioides spp. Linnaeus, 1766) na ilha de Marajó, estado do Pará.

Avaliou-se o comportamento produtivo em populações de Kinosternon scorpioides spp mantidas em dois sistemas de criação em cativeiro (intensivo e extensivo), considerando duas épocas do ano (chuvosa e menos chuvosa). Dentre as categorias animais mantidas em conservação pela Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, escolheu-se apenas animais adultos (acima de 02 anos de idade ou peso superior a 200g) para serem subdivididos nos sistemas de criação, em que se diferenciam quanto ao manejo alimentar. O número total de observações colhidas no período de fevereiro de 2012 a março de 2013 foi de 4.485, distribuídos entre machos e fêmeas. Os resultados demonstraram que os animais possuem média de peso na época menos chuvosa, para machos e fêmeas nos dois sistemas de criação, superior às médias da época mais chuvosa. Este comportamento se deve ao fato do animal apresentar um ganho compensatório na época que seria adversa, ou seja, no período seco, em função de uma memória silvestre da hibernação. Os sistemas de criação, assim como as épocas do ano, associados ao manejo geral influenciaram significativamente o peso dos animais. Muçuãs criados em sistema de cativeiro intensivo apresentaram ganhos competitivos superiores quando comparado aos do sistema de cativeiro extensivo. O manejo alimentar empregado no sistema de criação intensivo melhorou o desempenho produtivo dos animais.

In-betweeness of readings: O feitiço da ilha do Pavão (1997) e O Chalaça (1994)

This work aims to bring near the contemporary historical novels O feitiço da ilha do Pavão (1997), by João Ubaldo Ribeiro, e O Chalaça (1994), by José Roberto Torero, analyzing the crossing of references where both novels meet. These novels share a zone of mythical-literary appropriation, where they read the Hispanic myths of Don Juan and picaro. Torero’s novel rewrites situations from the Brazilian First Empire and it’s built by changing the perspective to Francisco Gomes da Silva, the “Chalaça”, friend and personal secretary of the emperor D. Peter I. In this way, the novel establishes an intertextual relationship with the traditional picaresque novel, recalling some structural motifs and textual organization that make a parody of the picaro autobiographical account. Ubaldo Ribeiro’s novel retrieves the Brazilian Colonial period, executing a concentration of that society and its time conflicts by parody, following by the tensions between the protagonist group (an its ideal of freedom and equality) and social institutions, such as the Church and Estate, symbols of domination and oppression. Don Juan appears in the novel through the aim of freedom and opposition to the established norms that is observed in the island. From this reading, we’ll try to work on specific dialogue points between both myths that can be noticed in the novels as well relating them to the romantic esthetic: the vengeance and the trip. Our study is based on the notion of the myth as a structuring principle of the narrative, according to Frye (1973, p. 333), and the comprehension of the text as heterogeneous, arranged as a mosaic of citations (KRISTEVA, 1974, p. 64).

Modelling issues on the railway resource management process using multi-agent system

Many infrastructure and necessity systems such as electricity and telecommunication in Europe and the Northern America were used to be operated as monopolies, if not state-owned. However, they have now been disintegrated into a group of smaller companies managed by different stakeholders. Railways are no exceptions. Since the early 1980s, there have been reforms in the shape of restructuring of the national railways in different parts of the world. Continuous refinements are still conducted to allow better utilisation of railway resources and quality of service. There has been a growing interest for the industry to understand the impacts of these reforms on the operation efficiency and constraints. A number of post-evaluations have been conducted by analysing the performance of the stakeholders on their profits (Crompton and Jupe 2003), quality of train service (Shaw 2001) and engineering operations (Watson 2001). Results from these studies are valuable for future improvement in the system, followed by a new cycle of post-evaluations. However, direct implementation of these changes is often costly and the consequences take a long period of time (e.g. years) to surface. With the advance of fast computing technologies, computer simulation is a cost-effective means to evaluate a hypothetical change in a system prior to actual implementation. For example, simulation suites have been developed to study a variety of traffic control strategies according to sophisticated models of train dynamics, traction and power systems (Goodman, Siu and Ho 1998, Ho and Yeung 2001). Unfortunately, under the restructured railway environment, it is by no means easy to model the complex behaviour of the stakeholders and the interactions between them. Multi-agent system (MAS) is a recently developed modelling technique which may be useful in assisting the railway industry to conduct simulations on the restructured railway system. In MAS, a real-world entity is modelled as a software agent that is autonomous, reactive to changes, able to initiate proactive actions and social communicative acts. It has been applied in the areas of supply-chain management processes (García-Flores, Wang and Goltz 2000, Jennings et al. 2000a, b) and e-commerce activities (Au, Ngai and Parameswaran 2003, Liu and You 2003), in which the objectives and behaviour of the buyers and sellers are captured by software agents. It is therefore beneficial to investigate the suitability or feasibility of applying agent modelling in railways and the extent to which it might help in developing better resource management strategies. This paper sets out to examine the benefits of using MAS to model the resource management process in railways. Section 2 first describes the business environment after the railway 2 Modelling issues on the railway resource management process using MAS reforms. Then the problems emerge from the restructuring process are identified in section 3. Section 4 describes the realisation of a MAS for railway resource management under the restructured scheme and the feasible studies expected from the model.

Analysis of the CDKN2A, CDKN2B and CDK4 genes in 48 Australian melanoma kindreds

Germline mutations within the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene and one of its targets, the cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) gene, have been identified in a proportion of melanoma kindreds. In the case of CDK4, only one specific mutation, resulting in the substitution of a cysteine for an arginine at codon 24 (R24C), has been found to be associated with melanoma. We have previously reported the identification of germline CDKN2A mutations in 7/18 Australian melanoma kindreds and the absence of the R24C CDK4 mutation in 21 families lacking evidence of a CDKN2A mutation. The current study represents an expansion of these efforts and includes a total of 48 melanoma families from Australia. All of these families have now been screened for mutations within CDKN2A and CDK4, as well as for mutations within the CDKN2A homolog and 9p21 neighbor, the CDKN2B gene, and the alternative exon 1 (E1beta) of CDKN2A. Families lacking CDKN2A mutations, but positive for a polymorphism(s) within this gene, were further evaluated to determine if their disease was associated with transcriptional silencing of one CDKN2A allele. Overall, CDKN2A mutations were detected in 3/30 (10%) of the new kindreds. Two of these mutations have been observed previously: a 24 bp duplication at the 5' end of the gene and a G to C transversion in exon 2 resulting in an M531 substitution. A novel G to A transition in exon 2, resulting in a D108N substitution was also detected. Combined with our previous findings, we have now detected germline CDKN2A mutations in 10/48 (21%) of our melanoma kindreds. In none of the 'CDKN2A-negative' families was melanoma found to segregate with either an untranscribed CDKN2A allele, an R24C CDK4 mutation, a CDKN2B mutation, or an E1beta mutation. The last three observations suggest that these other cell cycle control genes (or alternative gene products) are either not involved at all, or to any great extent, in melanoma predisposition.

IODP Expedition 339 in the Gulf of Cadiz and off West Iberia : decoding the environmental significance of the Mediterranean outflow water and its global influence

IODP Expedition 339 drilled five sites in the Gulf of Cadiz and two off the west Iberian margin (November 2011 to January 2012), and recovered 5.5 km of sediment cores with an average recovery of 86.4%. The Gulf of Cadiz was targeted for drilling as a key location for the investigation of Mediterranean outflow water (MOW) through the Gibraltar Gateway and its influence on global circulation and climate. It is also a prime area for understanding the effects of tectonic activity on evolution of the Gibraltar Gateway and on margin sedimentation. We penetrated into the Miocene at two different sites and established a strong signal of MOW in the sedimentary record of the Gulf of Cadiz, following the opening of the Gibraltar Gateway. Preliminary results show the initiation of contourite deposition at 4.2–4.5 Ma, although subsequent research will establish whether this dates the onset of MOW. The Pliocene succession, penetrated at four sites, shows low bottom current activity linked with a weak MOW. Significant widespread unconformities, present in all sites but with hiatuses of variable duration, are interpreted as a signal of intensified MOW, coupled with flow confinement. The Quaternary succession shows a much more pronounced phase of contourite drift development, with two periods of MOW intensification separated by a widespread unconformity. Following this, the final phase of drift evolution established the contourite depositional system (CDS) architecture we see today. There is a significant climate control on this evolution of MOW and bottom-current activity. However, from the closure of the Atlantic–Mediterranean gateways in Spain and Morocco just over 6 Ma and the opening of the Gibraltar Gateway at 5.3 Ma, there has been an even stronger tectonic control on margin development, downslope sediment transport and contourite drift evolution. The Gulf of Cadiz is the world's premier contourite laboratory and thus presents an ideal testing ground for the contourite paradigm. Further study of these contourites will allow us to resolve outstanding issues related to depositional processes, drift budgets, and recognition of fossil contourites in the ancient record on shore. The expedition also verified an enormous quantity and extensive distribution of contourite sands that are clean and well sorted. These represent a relatively untapped and important exploration target for potential oil and gas reservoirs.

The "Shackleton Site" (IODP Site U1385) on the Iberian Margin

Nick Shackleton’s research on piston cores from the Iberian margin highlighted the importance of this region for providing high-fidelity records of millennial-scale climate variability, and for correlating climate events from the marine environment to polar ice cores and European terrestrial sequences. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 339, we sought to extend the Iberian margin sediment record by drilling with the D/V JOIDES Resolution. Five holes were cored at Site U1385 using the advanced piston corer (APC) system to a maximum depth of ∼ 155.9 m below sea floor (m b.s.f.). Immediately after the expedition, cores from all holes were analyzed by core scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at 1 cm spatial resolution. Ca/Ti data were used to accurately correlate from hole-to-hole and construct a composite spliced section, containing no gaps or disturbed intervals to 166.5 m composite depth (mcd). A low-resolution (20 cm sample spacing) oxygen isotope record confirms that Site U1385 contains a continuous record of hemipelagic sedimentation from the Holocene to 1.43 Ma (Marine Isotope Stage 46). The sediment profile at Site U1385 extends across the middle Pleistocene transition (MPT) with sedimentation rates averaging ∼ 10 cm kyr−1. Strongprecession cycles in colour and elemental XRF signals provide a powerful tool for developing an orbitally tuned reference timescale. Site U1385 is likely to become an important type section for marine–ice–terrestrial core correlations and the study of orbital- and millennial-scale climate variability.

Quantitative estimation of bioturbation based on digital image analysis

Quantitative determination of modification of primary sediment features, by the activity of organisms (i.e., bioturbation) is essential in geosciences. Some methods proposed since the 1960s are mainly based on visual or subjective determinations. The first semiquantitative evaluations of the Bioturbation Index, Ichnofabric Index, or the amount of bioturbation were attempted, in the best cases using a series of flashcards designed in different situations. Recently, more effective methods involve the use of analytical and computational methods such as X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography; these methods are complex and often expensive. This paper presents a compilation of different methods, using Adobe® Photoshop® software CS6, for digital estimation that are a part of the IDIAP (Ichnological Digital Analysis Images Package), which is an inexpensive alternative to recently proposed methods, easy to use, and especially recommended for core samples. The different methods — “Similar Pixel Selection Method (SPSM)”, “Magic Wand Method (MWM)” and the “Color Range Selection Method (CRSM)” — entail advantages and disadvantages depending on the sediment (e.g., composition, color, texture, porosity, etc.) and ichnological features (size of traces, infilling material, burrow wall, etc.). The IDIAP provides an estimation of the amount of trace fossils produced by a particular ichnotaxon, by a whole ichnocoenosis or even for a complete ichnofabric. We recommend the application of the complete IDIAP to a given case study, followed by selection of the most appropriate method. The IDIAP was applied to core material recovered from the IODP Expedition 339, enabling us, for the first time, to arrive at a quantitative estimation of the discrete trace fossil assemblage in core samples.

Onset of Mediterranean outflow into the North Atlantic

Sediments cored along the southwestern Iberian margin during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 339 provide constraints on Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) circulation patterns from the Pliocene epoch to the present day. After the Strait of Gibraltar opened (5.33 million years ago), a limited volume of MOW entered the Atlantic. Depositional hiatuses indicate erosion by bottom currents related to higher volumes of MOW circulating into the North Atlantic, beginning in the late Pliocene. The hiatuses coincide with regional tectonic events and changes in global thermohaline circulation (THC). This suggests that MOW influenced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), THC, and climatic shifts by contributing a component of warm, saline water to northern latitudes while in turn being influenced by plate tectonics.

Pronounced genetic population structure in a potentially vagile fish species (Pristipomoides multidens, Teleostei; Perciformes; Lutjanidae) from the East Indies triangle

The East Indies triangle, bordered by the Phillipines, Malay Peninsula and New Guinea, has a high level of tropical marine species biodiversity. Pristipomoides multidens is a large, long-lived, fecund snapper species that is distributed throughout the East Indies and Indo-Pacific. Samples were analysed from central and eastern Indonesia and northern Australia to test for genetic discontinuities in population structure. Fish (n = 377) were collected from the Indonesian islands of Bali, Sumbawa, Flores, West Timor, Tanimbar and Tual along with 131 fish from two northern Australian locations (Arafura and Timor Seas) from a previous study. Genetic variation in the control region of the mitochondrial genome was assayed using restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing. Haplotype diversity was high (0.67-0.82), as was intraspecific sequence divergence (range 0-5.8%). FST between pairs of populations ranged from 0 to 0.2753. Genetic subdivision was apparent on a small spatial scale; FST was 0.16 over 191 km (Bali/Sumbawa) and 0.17 over 491 km (Bali/Flores). Constraints to dispersal that contribute to, and maintain, the observed degree of genetic subdivision are experienced presumably by all life history stages of this tropical marine finfish. The constraints may include (1) little or no movement of eggs or larvae, (2) little or no home range or migratory movement of adults and (3) loss of larval cohorts due to transport of larvae away from suitable habitat by prevailing currents