961 resultados para INSTRUMENTS
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A governana corporativa e a responsabilidade social corporativa so dois instrumentos que tm o carter de atingir a excelncia da organizao empresarial. Por sua vez, os mesmos foram instrumentalizados como meio de proteo dos interesses dos agentes privados com vista potencializao da sociedade empresarial, motivados pela desconfiana dos processos decisrios dos administradores societrios. Posteriormente, evoluiram sob a forma de cdigos de condutas, ditados pelos organismos de controle empresarial, sempre conservando o carter voluntrio de sua aceitao. Alguns objetivos sequer foram includos nos seus processos internos de excelncia, como por exemplo os direitos humanos de determinados stakeholders. Esse ponto o objeto principal desta investigao, que busca evidenciar a hiptese de integrao da governana corporativa e da responsabilidade social corporativa sob o enfoque dos direitos humanos. The Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility are two instruments that have the character to achieve excellence in business organization. On the other hand, they have been exploited as a way of protecting the interests of private agents for enhancement of corporate society, motivated by the distrust of the decision-making process of corporate managers. Later, it evolved in the form of codes of conduct, dictated by the bodies of corporate control, always preserving the voluntary nature of their acceptance. Some objectives were not even included in its internal process of excellence, such as the human rights of certain stakeholders. This point is the main object of this research, which seeks to demonstrate the possibility of integration of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility in the human rights perspective.
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Este livro trata do direito penal econmico e financeiro. Agora to infelizmente na moda com os escndalos pblicos ligados a bancos e/ou instituies mais ou menos financeiras e pessoas pblicas. Fornece um especial enfoque no direito penal dos mercados de valores mobilirios e/ou outros instrumentos financeiros. This book deals with the economic and financial criminal law. Now so sadly fashionable with public scandals linked to banks and / or about financial institutions and public figures. It provides a special focus on criminal matters in the securities markets and / or other financial instruments.
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Introduction and Objectives. Laparoscopic surgery has undeniable advantages, such as reduced postoperative pain, smaller incisions, and faster recovery. However, to improve surgeons performance, ergonomic adaptations of the laparoscopic instruments and introduction of robotic technology are needed. The aim of this study was to ascertain the influence of a new hand-held robotic device for laparoscopy (HHRDL) and 3D vision on laparoscopic skills performance of 2 different groups, nave and expert. Materials and Methods. Each participant performed 3 laparoscopic tasksPeg transfer, Wire chaser, Knotin 4 different ways. With random sequencing we assigned the execution order of the tasks based on the first type of visualization and laparoscopic instrument. Time to complete each laparoscopic task was recorded and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance. Results. Eleven experts and 15 nave participants were included. Three-dimensional video helps the nave group to get better performance in Peg transfer, Wire chaser 2 hands, and Knot; the new device improved the execution of all laparoscopic tasks (P < .05). For expert group, the 3D video system benefited them in Peg transfer and Wire chaser 1 hand, and the robotic device in Peg transfer, Wire chaser 1 hand, and Wire chaser 2 hands (P < .05). Conclusion. The HHRDL helps the execution of difficult laparoscopic tasks, such as Knot, in the nave group. Three-dimensional vision makes the laparoscopic performance of the participants without laparoscopic experience easier, unlike those with experience in laparoscopic procedures.
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O aumento da populao idosa apresenta-se como um desafio quer para os profissionais, quer para as instituies, no que concerne ao entendimento dos seus problemas e limitaes e disponibilizao de respostas adaptadas. Este um estudo exploratrio descritivo e inferencial que tem como objetivo analisar o funcionamento cognitivo, nomeadamente as funes executivas de 62 idosos institucionalizados tendo em conta variveis sociodemogrficas e a participao em atividades de estimulao cognitiva e o uso do computador. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionrio Socidemogrfico e Clnico, Mini Mental State Examination , Escala de Depresso Geritrica, Trail Making Test, Stroop e Wisconsin de Classificao de Cartas -verso computorizada. Os resultados mostram que nas variveis WCST Categorias Completas e WCST N de Erros, os grupos participa em atividades de estimulao cognitiva e o que participa em atividade de estimulao cognitiva e usa o computador/internet, apresentam melhor resultados respeitantes s variveis funes executivas, em comparao com o grupo de idosos que no participa em atividades. Por outro lado na varivel ndice B:A os resultados so inversamente proporcionais. Quanto s variveis sociodemogrficas sexo e escolaridade, no so verificadas diferenas entre grupos, o mesmo no acontece com a varivel idade relativamente varivel WCST N Erros, onde idosos mais jovens apresentam pior desempenho que idosos mais velhos.
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The calls for colleges and universities to improve their productivity are coming thick and fast in Brazil. Many studies are suggesting evaluation systems and external criteria to control the quality of teaching and research in universities. Since universities and colleges are not profit-oriented organizations (considering only the legitimate and serious research and teaching organizations, of course), the traditional microeconomics and administrative variables used to measure efficiency do not have any direct function. An alternative would be to create an "as if" market control system to evaluate performance in universities and colleges. Internal budget and resources allocation mechanism can be used as incentive instruments to improve quality and productivity. It will be the main issue of this article.
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Exercise constitutes one of the pillars of a healthy lifestyle (USDHHS, 1996). Paradoxically, more than 40% of Europeans are sedentary (Eurobarometer 213, 2004), although some interventions, at both community and individual levels, have been established to improve this situation. Some of these interventions are based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT: Deci & Ryan, 1985), which state that more internalized types of behaviour regulation lead to feelings of selfdetermination in ones chosen activities and, consequently, to greater likelihood of behavioural adherence. Today, SDT is one of the most popular approaches to the study of exercise, thus the cross-cultural validation of instruments that can measure its constructs is a necessary step to further advance in the study of exercise motivation.
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RESUMO: Nos ltimos trinta anos, em Portugal, ocorreram processos de democratizao poltica e de modernizao da sociedade e das instituies, tendo como impulso as vontades nacionais e as mudanas ocorridas no Mundo em globalizao, lideradas, no campo da educao, por agentes como a OCDE ou o Banco Mundial, e pela integrao de Portugal na Unio Europeia. implementao da(s) reforma(s), correspondeu uma mudana de paradigma educativo e organizacional, a criao de uma escola para todos, a emergncia de novos alunos e de novos mandatos Escola, a contingncia de novas respostas educativas. Tais reformas constituiram instrumentos de mudana das organizaes escolares e do sistema educativo, mas tambm do que significa ser professor, reformulando o desempenho e a performatividade docente (Ball, 2002), induzindo uma nova identidade social (Bernstein, 1996 e Dubar, 2006), produzindo novos modos de fabricao da alma dos professores (Foucault, 1996). Neste sentido, a autora procurou analisar, numa perspectiva crtica, as representaes de professores do Ensino Bsico, sobre os mecanismos de (re)configurao das suas identidades/perfis profissionais, recorrendo a uma investigao qualitativa descritiva, que privilegia a anlise de contedo dos seus discursos sobre o tema, recolhidos segundo a tcnica focus group. O estudo indiciou que os alunos so factor de realizao, de risco e de mudana do perfil docente, actuando como uma quinta dimenso da (re)construo identitria dos Professores, a par da formao, do associativismo, do Estado e do Mercado, constituindo factor importante a ter em conta nos estudos sobre identidade docente. ABSTRACT: In the past thirty years, in Portugal, radical changes on politics and policies have been occurring, to achive the society and its institutions democratization and modernization, led by national wills and the changes occured in the World, stimulated, in the Education area, by global agencies like OECD, or the World Bank, and the integration of Portugal in the European Union. These reforms are connected to a new educational and organizational paradigm, the creation of a school for all, the emergence of new pupils, new demands to School and teachers, the imperative of new pedagogical solutions for educational problems, and are not only changing instruments in schools and in the educational system, but are also a powerful way to change what to be a teacher means, to re-formulate the teaching performance and performativity (Ball, 2002), to recompose his/her social identity (Bernstein, 1996; Dubar, 2006), or, in Michel Foucault (1996) words, to produce new ways to manufacture teachers soul. In this sense, the author intended to analyze, on a critical perspective, the representations of portuguese teachers of basic education (K12), on the mechanisms of (re)configuration of their professional identities/profiles, appealing to a qualitative descriptive research, which privileges the analysis of content of their speeches on the subject, collected according to the focus group technique, what, in its development, was brought near a circle of culture (in the sense of Paulo Freires pedagogy). At least, pupils are the most important references and motivation to teachers changes, reflecting professional satisfaction and well done, but also risk, acting like a fifth dimension of teachers identity (re)construction, together with training, associative involvement, State and Market, and they must be considered on teatching identity studies.
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In the past thirty years, a series of plans have been developed by successive Brazilian governments in a continuing effort to maximize the nation's resources for economic and social growth. This planning history has been quantitatively rich but qualitatively poor. The disjunction has stimulated Professor Mello e Souza to address himself to the problem of national planning and to offer some criticisms of Brazilian planning experience. Though political instability has obviously been a factor promoting discontinuity, his criticisms are aimed at the attitudes and strategic concepts which have sought to link planning to national goals and administration. He criticizes the fascination with techniques and plans to the exclusion of proper diagnosis of the socio-political reality, developing instruments to coordinate and carry out objectives, and creating an administrative structure centralized enough to make national decisions and decentralized enough to perform on the basis of those decisions. Thus, fixed, quantified objectives abound while the problem of functioning mechanisms for the coordinated, rational use of resources has been left unattended. Although his interest and criticism are focused on the process and experience of national planning, he recognized variation in the level and results of Brazilian planning. National plans have failed due to faulty conception of the function of planning. Sectorial plans, save in the sector of the petroleum industry under government responsibility, ha e not succeeded in overcoming the problems of formulation and execution thereby repeating old technical errors. Planning for the private sector has a somewhat brighter history due to the use of Grupos Executivos which has enabled the planning process to transcend the formalism and tradition-bound attitudes of the regular bureaucracy. Regional planning offers two relatively successful experiences, Sudene and the strategy of the regionally oriented autarchy. Thus, planning history in Brazil is not entirely black but a certain shade of grey. The major part of the article, however, is devoted to a descriptive analysis of the national planning experience. The plans included in this analysis are: The Works and Equipment Plan (POE); The Health, Food, Transportation and Energy Plan (Salte); The Program of Goals; The Trienal Plan of Economic and Social Development; and the Plan of Governmental Economic Action (Paeg). Using these five plans for his historical experience the author sets out a series of errors of formulation and execution by which he analyzes that experience. With respect to formulation, he speaks of a lack of elaboration of programs and projects, of coordination among diverse goals, and of provision of qualified staff and techniques. He mentions the absence of the definition of resources necessary to the financing of the plan and the inadequate quantification of sectorial and national goals due to the lack of reliable statistical information. Finally, he notes the failure to coordinate the annual budget with the multi-year plans. He sees the problems of execution as beginning in the absence of coordination between the various sectors of the public administration, the failure to develop an operative system of decentralization, the absence of any system of financial and fiscal control over execution, the difficulties imposed by the system of public accounting, and the absence of an adequate program of allocation for the liberation of resources. He ends by pointing to the failure to develop and use an integrated system of political economic tools in a mode compatible with the objective of the plans. The body of the article analyzes national planning experience in Brazil using these lists of errors as rough model of criticism. Several conclusions emerge from this analysis with regard to planning in Brazil and in developing countries, in general. Plans have generally been of little avail in Brazil because of the lack of a continuous, bureaucratized (in the Weberian sense) planning organization set in an instrumentally suitable administrative structure and based on thorough diagnoses of socio-economic conditions and problems. Plans have become the justification for planning. Planning has come to be conceived as a rational method of orienting the process of decisions through the establishment of a precise and quantified relation between means and ends. But this conception has led to a planning history rimmed with frustration, and failure, because of its rigidity in the face of flexible and changing reality. Rather, he suggests a conception of planning which understands it "as a rational process of formulating decisions about the policy, economy, and society whose only demand is that of managing the instrumentarium in a harmonious and integrated form in order to reach explicit, but not quantified ends". He calls this "planning without plans": the establishment of broad-scale tendencies through diagnosis whose implementation is carried out through an adjustable, coherent instrumentarium of political-economic tools. Administration according to a plan of multiple, integrated goals is a sound procedure if the nation's administrative machinery contains the technical development needed to control the multiple variables linked to any situation of socio-economic change. Brazil does not possess this level of refinement and any strategy of planning relevant to its problems must recognize this. The reforms which have been attempted fail to make this recognition as is true of the conception of planning informing the Brazilian experience. Therefore, unworkable plans, ill-diagnosed with little or no supportive instrumentarium or flexibility have been Brazil's legacy. This legacy seems likely to continue until the conception of planning comes to live in the reality of Brazil.
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RESUMO: O envolvimento parental no desporto determinante no processo de formao desportiva dos jovens desportistas. Pelo facto de existirem poucos instrumentos de avaliao neste assunto, a adaptao e validao do Parental Involvement Sport Questionnaire (PISQ) para o idioma Portugus, tornou-se fundamental para colmatar esta lacuna. Assim, o presente estudo pretende alcanar dois objectivos principais: a) traduzir e adaptar o PISQ ao idioma Portugus do Brasil e, deste modo, iniciar o processo de validao do referido instrumento; b) analisar a relao entre a percepo dos jovens sobre o envolvimento parental na sua prtica de natao e a motivao destes jovens nadadores. Um total de 114 nadadores participaram deste estudo, com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e 20 anos [ M = 14.67; DP = 8.29], para aferir utilizamos a verso Portuguesa do PISQ e do Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Como principais resultados, a verso portuguesa do PISQ apresentou um Alpha de Cronbach deos comportamentos directivos dos pais mostraram reduzir a motivao intrnsica saber, a motivao intrnsica pela prtica e a motivao extrnsica introjectada, e aumentar a amotivao dos jovens desportistas. ABSTRACT: The parental involvement in sport is crucial in the process of sports training of young athletes and, because there are few instruments for assessing this issue, the adaptation and validation of the Parental Involvement Sport Questionnaire (PISQ) for the Portuguese language, it became essential to bridge this gap. Thus, this study aims to achieve two main objectives: a) translate and adapt the PISQ to the Portuguese language of Brazil and thus begin the process of validation of that instrument, b) analyze the relationship between the perception of young people about the involvement parental in their practice of swimming, and the motivation of these young swimmers. A total of 114 swimmers participated in this study, aged between 12 and 20 years [M = 14.67, SD = 8.29], we used to measure the Portuguese version of PISQ and the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). As main results, the Portuguese version of PISQ showed a Cronbachs Alpha of , directive behaviors of the parents shown to reduce intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and increase the amotivation of the young athletes.
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RESUMO: A Dissertao teve por objectivos comparar e estudar as relaes entre os fenmenos psicolgicos observados no puerprio, nomeadamente a ansiedade-estado e ansiedade-trao, os sintomas depressivos e a sensibilidade ao stresse. A amostra foi composta de 200 purperas, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 42 anos (M = 28,88; DP = 5,87), que sabiam ler e falar Lngua Portuguesa, possuam pelo menos quatro anos de escolaridade, residiam em Portugal h mais de um ano e tinham tido um parto de termo. As participantes responderam a um protocolo de avaliao constitudo por um Questionrio de dados sociodemogrficos, um Questionrio de dados clnicos e os instrumentos DASS e STAI. Com a DASS pretendia-se avaliar os construtos ansiedade hiperfisolgica, depresso e stresse; atravs da STAI observou-se a ansiedade-trao e ansiedade-estado. Os resultados demonstraram que as primparas, quando comparadas com as multparas, possuam maior ansiedade-estado. Constatou-se que as mulheres que tiveram um parto distcico mostraram mais sensibilidade ao stresse. Tambm se concluiu que as purperas que manifestaram patologias mdicas durante a gestao apresentaram, no puerprio, ansiedade-trao, sintomas depressivos e sensibilidade ao stresse. Por ltimo, confirmou-se que as mulheres com um trabalho de parto mais longo revelaram maior ansiedade-estado. Espera-se, com esta investigao, contribuir para um maior conhecimento psicolgico das purperas. ABSTRACT: The aims of this Dissertation were to compare and to ascertain the relationships between postpartum psychological phenomena, namely state-anxiety, trait-anxiety, depressive symptoms and stress sensitivity. The sample encompassed 200 puerperas aged 18 to 42 (M = 28,88; SD = 5,87), who were able to read and write in Portuguese, attended at least four years at school, lived in Portugal for at least one year and had a term delivery. Participants were requested to answer an evaluation protocol composed by a sociodemographic Questionnaire, clinical data Questionnaire, DASS and STAI instruments. DASS enabled the evaluation of hyperphysiological anxiety, depression and stress constructs; through STAI state-anxiety and trait-anxiety were scrutinized. Results revealed that primiparas had greater state-anxiety than multiparas. Women who had a dystocic delivery showed increased stress sensitivity. Postpartum women who suffered medical intercurrences during pregnancy exhibited traitanxiety, depressive symptoms and stress sensitivity. Women who underwent protracted labour had greater state-anxiety. This research is expected to attain a greater psychological knowledge regarding postpartum women.
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The aims of this study were a) to assess the ability of primary care doctors to make accurate ratings of psychiatric disturbance and b) to evaluate the use of a case-finding questionnaire in the detection of psychiatric morbidity. The estudy took place in three primary care clinics in the city of So Paulo, Brazil, during a six-month survey. A time sample of consecutive adult attenders were asked to complete a case-finding questionnaire for psychiatric disorders (the Self Report Questionnaire - SRQ) and a subsample were selected for a semi-structured psychiatric interview (the Clinical Interview Schedule - CIS). At the end of the consultation the primary care doctors were asked to assess, in a standardized way, the presence or absence of psychiatric disorder; these assessments were then compared with that ratings obtained in the psychiatric interview. A considerable proportion of minor psychiatric morbidity remained undetected by the three primary care doctors: the hidden morbidity ranged from 22% to 79%. When these were compared to those of the case-finding questionnaire, they were consistently lower, indicating that the use of these instruments can enhance the recognition of psychiatric disorders in primary care settings. Four strategies for adopting the questionnaire are described, and some of the clinical consequences of its use are discussed.
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A series of studies in the field of Epidemiological Psychiatry have been performed over the last two decades, and these have focused on the ability of primary care physicians to detect emotional disorders in the patients that attend their practices. The scientific methodology utilized in these studies is the subject of this review, which contains a discussion concerning: a) interviewer awareness bias; b) accuracy of the instruments and c) medical and psychological concepts involved in defining minor emotional disorders. Suggestions for change in the methodology are made in each of the sections of the review.
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The wettability of polyimide surfaces microstructured using KrF laser radiation at fluences above the material ablation threshold was studied by static contact angle measurements. The laser-treated surfaces present a morphology consisting of conical features whose dimensions and areal density depend on the fluence. The effect of these parameters on the surface apparent contact angle depends on the wetting regime. When wetting occurs in the homogeneous regime, the apparent contact angle of the treated surfaces increases with the radiation fluence because the cone dimensions increase. In contrast, when wetting occurs in the heterogeneous regime, the apparent contact angle increases with the radiation fluence because the average distance between cones increases. The apparent water contact angle of the laser-treated surfaces can reach values as high as 162 degrees, as compared to 75 degrees for virgin polyimide.
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A avaliao da Autonomia e funcionalidade das pessoas com esclerose mltipla fundamental para a compreenso das limitaes e necessidades destas pessoas. O presente estudo tem como objectivo estudar as propriedades psicomtricas da Escala de Impacto Autonomia e Participao em doentes com esclerose mltipla. Participaram neste estudo 280 indivduos com diagnstico de esclerose mltipla, 71,4% mulheres com idade mdia de 39,23 anos. Procedeu-se anlise factorial exploratria, consistncia interna, teste-reteste, validade convergente e discriminante. Os resultados demonstram valores psicomtricos apropriados para a verso de lngua portuguesa semelhantes s verses de lngua alem e de lngua inglesa. Conclumos que esta escala tem boas condies psicomtricas para avaliar a autonomia funcional em indivduos com esclerose mltipla. ABSTRACT: Assessment of Autonomy and participation of patients with multiple sclerosis is essential to understand the limitations and necessities of these patients. The present study aims to examine the psychometric proprieties of the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire (IPA) in patient with multiple sclerosis. Participants are 280 patients with a diagnostic of multiple sclerosis, 71.4% females, mean age of 39.23 years. We inspect metric properties namely, validity, construt validity and convergent and discriminant validity, and reliability, internal consistency and test-retest. The results show that IPA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessment autonomy and participation in Portuguese language, with similar sensibility than the Germany and English version. In conclusion these instruments have psychometric conditions for assessment the functional autonomy of people with multiple sclerosis.
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A esclerose mltipla (EM) a doena crnica neurolgica que mais afeta adultos jovens; em 80% dos casos, a doena progride para situaes de nveis variados de incapacidade, o que torna necessrio avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) desses indivduos. O objetivo desta reviso foi localizar estudos que avaliam a QV em indivduos com EM, identificando os instrumentos utilizados e suas caractersticas psicomtricas. Foram consultadas as bases Psycinfo, Psycarticles, Psycbooks, Psychology & Behavioral Science Collection, EJS E-Journal, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Medline, e Academic Search Complete, utilizando os descritores 'multiple sclerosis' e 'quality of life', para localizar artigos publicados no perodo 1997-2007. Foram selecionados 1.376 artigos e, aps a leitura dos resumos, excludos os referentes a instrumentos que no tinham boas caractersticas psicomtricas e/ou eram pouco referenciados. Foram encontrados 461 artigos, dos quais 267 usaram instrumentos genricos e 194 especficos para a EM. Dos 7 instrumentos (2 genricos, 5 especficos) com boas caractersticas psicomtricas utilizados pelos estudos consultados, o mais usado o SF-36 (em 237 estudos). Todos os instrumentos tm validade verificada e apresentam grau elevado de confiabilidade, podendo ser utilizados para avaliao da qualidade de vida de pacientes com EM tanto em pesquisa quanto na clnica. ABSTRACT - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the chronic neurological disease that most affects young adults; 80% of patients experience a transition towards persistent disability, hence the need to assess their quality of life (QoL). The aim of the study was to review studies that assess QoL in patients with multiple sclerosis, inquiring on the instruments used and their psychometric features. Articles published from 1997 through 2007 were searched for by means of key words 'multiple sclerosis' and 'quality of life' in databases Psycinfo, Psycarticles, Psycbooks, Psychology & Behavioral Science Collection, EJS E-Journal, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Medline, and Academic Search Complete. From the 1,376 studies found, after abstract reading those that reported on instruments with poor psychometric properties and/or were little referred were excluded. A total of 461 articles were selected, of which 267 reported using generic instruments and 194, MS-specific ones. Among the 7 instruments reported by the studies as having good psychometric characteristics (2 generic, five MS-specific), the most used is the SF-36 (by 237 studies). All instruments have shown adequate psychometric properties and a high degree of reliability, hence may be used to assess QoL in subjects with multiple sclerosis both in clinic and research.
