Os Coveiros enquanto Recursos Humanos

A presente dissertação consiste num trabalho de investigação, descritivo e exploratório, cujo objetivo é o estudo da profissão de coveiro no universo dos recursos humanos - a sua profissão, formação, sentimentos e perspetiva inerente ao novo paradigma da cremação. Começou por se abordar as dificuldades surgidas durante a elaboração do trabalho e que, fundamentalmente, se relacionavam com a falta de informação e o tabu e preconceito social que o tema da morte ainda provoca na sociedade atual. Seguidamente, elaborou-se um enquadramento teórico e histórico sobre o nascimento dos cemitérios, baseado em referências bibliográficas, com o intuito de melhor compreender a necessidade da existência da profissão de coveiro. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise cuidada e rigorosa aos dados recolhidos durante o trabalho de investigação, abordando os aspetos qualitativos e demográficos para, deste modo, se proceder à caraterização do perfil do coveiro, enquanto profissional. Recolheram-se opiniões junto da hierarquia (chefias) e dos clientes (famílias dos defuntos), de forma a construir uma ideia mais coesa da profissão de coveiro. Para a um melhor entendimento da atividade profissional em estudo, realizou-se ainda uma entrevista aos responsáveis da Servilusa, entidade formadora neste sector, aprofundando deste modo, as boas práticas e se perceber como funciona este setor de atividade terciária. Solicitaram-se esclarecimentos aos responsáveis dos Alcoólicos Anónimos (AA), com o intuito de aprofundar os conhecimentos em torno do problema do alcoolismo nesta profissão, de forma a opinar sobre esta matéria de uma maneira mais rigorosa e responsável. Realizou-se ainda uma abordagem sobre a cremação como um novo paradigma que poderá, de certo modo, pôr em causa o futuro da função do coveiro e respetiva categoria profissional. Como conclusão, sugeriram-se soluções que visam a melhoria da situação profissional dos coveiros, do seu bem-estar e condições de trabalho, tendo o presente trabalho culminado com a criação de um código de ética, na implementação da avaliação de desempenho, atribuição da carreira de coveiro e respetivas categorias, assim como na atualização de conhecimentos e melhoria de competências profissionais e pessoais, com o recurso à formação profissional.

The influence of various types of question forms and test directions on the educational achievement of deaf and hearing children

This paper is a review of educational achievement tests and their suitability for hearing impaired children.

Effects of Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) Outbreaks on Boreal Mixed-Wood Bird Communities

This study examined the influence of a spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak on a boreal mixed-wood bird community in forest stands ranging in age from 0 to 223 yr. We asked if (1) patterns of species response were consistent with the existence of spruce budworm specialists, i.e., species that respond in a stronger quantitative or qualitative way than other species; (2) the superabundance of food made it possible for species to expand their habitat use in age classes that were normally less used; and (3) the response to budworm was limited to specialists or was it more widespread. Results here indicated that three species, specifically the Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea), Tennessee Warbler (Vermivora peregrina), and Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina), had a larger numerical response to the budworm outbreak. They responded with increases in density of up to tenfold over 4 or 5 yr. No other species responded with more than a twofold increase in the same time period. These species also showed a functional response by breeding more frequently in young stands aged 1–21 yr and intermediate stands aged 22–36 yr as budworm numbers increased. Our data also suggested that many species profited to a lesser extent from budworm outbreaks, but that this effect may be too subtle to detect in most studies. We found evidence of a positive numerical effect in at least 18 additional species in one or two stand-age categories but never in all three for any one species. Given the numerical response in many species and the potential influence of budworm on bird populations because of the vast extent of outbreaks, we believe that the population cycle of spruce budworm should be considered in any evaluation of population trends in eastern boreal birds.

Fast and frugal framing effects?

Three experiments examine whether simple pair-wise comparison judgments, involving the “recognition heuristic” (Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002), are sensitive to implicit cues to the nature of the comparison required. Experiments 1 & 2 show that participants frequently choose the recognized option of a pair if asked to make “larger” judgments but are significantly less likely to choose the unrecognized option when asked to make “smaller” judgments. Experiment 3 demonstrates that, overall, participants consider recognition to be a more reliable guide to judgments of a magnitude criterion than lack of recognition and that this intuition drives the framing effect. These results support the idea that, when making pair-wise comparison judgments, inferring that the recognized item is large is simpler than inferring that the unrecognized item is small.

A simple variance formula for population size estimators by conditioning

This note considers the variance estimation for population size estimators based on capture–recapture experiments. Whereas a diversity of estimators of the population size has been suggested, the question of estimating the associated variances is less frequently addressed. This note points out that the technique of conditioning can be applied here successfully which also allows us to identify sources of variation: the variance due to estimation of the model parameters and the binomial variance due to sampling n units from a population of size N. It is applied to estimators typically used in capture–recapture experiments in continuous time including the estimators of Zelterman and Chao and improves upon previously used variance estimators. In addition, knowledge of the variances associated with the estimators by Zelterman and Chao allows the suggestion of a new estimator as the weighted sum of the two. The decomposition of the variance into the two sources allows also a new understanding of how resampling techniques like the Bootstrap could be used appropriately. Finally, the sample size question for capture–recapture experiments is addressed. Since the variance of population size estimators increases with the sample size, it is suggested to use relative measures such as the observed-to-hidden ratio or the completeness of identification proportion for approaching the question of sample size choice.

Clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania: Risk, intervention and knowledge transfer

In a cross-sectional study of 400 randomly selected smallholder dairy farms in the Tanga and Iringa regions of Tanzania, 14.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.6-17.3) of cows had developed clinical mastitis during the previous year. The point prevalence of subclinical mastitis, defined as a quarter positive by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) or by bacteriological culture, was 46.2% (95% Cl = 43.6-48.8) and 24.3% (95% Cl = 22.2-26.6), respectively. In a longitudinal disease study in Iringa, the incidence of clinical mastitis was 31.7 cases per 100 cow-years. A randomised intervention trial indicated that intramammary antibiotics significantly reduced the proportion of bacteriologically positive quarters in the short-term (14 days post-infusion) but teat dipping had no detectable effect on bacteriological infection and CMT positive quarters. Other risk and protective factors were identified from both the cross-sectional and longitudinal included animals with Boran breeding (odds ratio (OR) = 3,40, 95% CI = 1.00-11.57, P < 0.05 for clinical mastitis, and OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 1.299.55, P < 0.01 for a CMT positive quarter), while the practice of residual calf suckling was protective for a bacteriologically positive quarter (OR = 0.63, 95% Cl = 0.48-0.81, P <= 0.001) and for a CMT positive quarter (OR = 0.69, 95% Cl = 0.63-0.75, P < 0.001). A mastitis training course for farmers and extension officers was held, and the knowledge gained and use of different methods of dissemination were assessed over time. In a subsequent randomised controlled trial, there were strong associations between knowledge gained and both the individual question asked and the combination of dissemination methods (village meeting, video and handout) used. This study demonstrated that both clinical and subclinical mastitis is common in smallholder dairying in Tanzania, and that some of the risk and protective factors for mastitis can be addressed by practical management of dairy cows following effective knowledge transfer. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.