Reincidentes da Penitenci��ria de Benguela: pris��o e hist��ria em Angola.

Este trabalho �� resultado de uma pesquisa realizada com sujeitos jovens e adultos privados de liberdade, reincidentes, com pelo menos metade da pena cumprida na Penitenci��ria de Benguela/Angola. Teve como foco a compreens��o do sentido atribu��do por esses sujeitos �� experi��ncia de ser preso reincidente, percebendo como experienciam o programa de reeduca����o do sistema prisional local. Os fundamentos te��ricos da investiga����o basearam-se em autores que discutem a realidade da pris��o; o direito �� educa����o de pessoas em espa��os de priva����o de liberdade; e a situa����o hist��rica de Angola, marcada pela longa guerra civil, ap��s a Independ��ncia que a livrou do colonialismo do governo portugu��s, por tantos anos. Autores angolanos contribu��ram para o desvelamento dessa condi����o hist��rica, e v��rios brasileiros foram fundamentais para compreender a tem��tica relativa �� pris��o. O tema tornou-se relevante entre pesquisadores na academia brasileira, provocados em grande parte por acordos internacionais sobre direitos humanos e, especialmente, sobre o direito �� educa����o de pessoas jovens e adultas em espa��os de priva����o de liberdade. O balizamento brasileiro e internacional serviu para avaliar como o Estado angolano se porta diante desse direito, e de que forma atende (ou n��o) o preceituado nas pris��es angolanas, sendo signat��rio de acordos internacionais. A investiga����o pode ser considerada um estudo de caso qualitativo, cuja recolha de informa����es utilizou observa����o, entrevistas e question��rios que geraram dados quantitativos. Estes resultaram de question��rios aplicados a dez reeducadores dos servi��os prisionais e a 26 reclusos reincidentes, entre os quais 23 do sexo masculino e tr��s do sexo feminino, todos n��o identificados. As entrevistas realizadas se fizeram desde o diretor da institui����o penal ao respons��vel provincial da reeduca����o; ouviram o respons��vel pela ��rea de seguran��a do pres��dio, um advogado de presos e a m��e de um dos reclusos reincidentes. Problemas de ordem pol��tica, econ��mica, social, assim como o fator guerra que acompanhou toda a hist��ria de Angola (1975-2002) contribu��ram, em grande parte, para que os sujeitos especialmente jovens cometessem delitos e sofressem a priva����o da liberdade. No dizer dos sujeitos, a expectativa de mudan��a de vida se p��e na volta �� escola e no aprendizado de uma profiss��o no que depositam esperan��as de que a cadeia possa contribuir, para que a sociedade os discrimine menos, porque egressos do sistema penitenci��rio de Angola.

O Diurno na educa����o de jovens e adultos: quem s��o esses sujeitos?

A pesquisa objetivou tra��ar um perfil de alunos da educa����o de jovens e adultos (EJA) em duas escolas p��blicas municipais do Rio de Janeiro, de oferta diurna, na mesma regi��o geogr��fica e administrativa, identificando e caracterizando os sujeitos e o significado do ensino diurno para o seguimento da escolariza����o. Os alunos, em maioria jovens, encontravam-se matriculados no Programa de Educa����o de Jovens e Adultos (PEJA). A natureza do objeto conduziu-me metodologicamente para um estudo de caso e, para desenvolv��-la, fiz uso de aplica����o de question��rio e, posteriormente, realizei entrevista semiestruturada com 25 alunos. Meu locus de pesquisa conectou-se a contextos mais amplos com os quais o campo da EJA dialoga, como acordos e documentos resultantes de Confer��ncias Internacionais de Educa����o de Adultos (CONFINTEAs) e bases legais do direito �� educa����o para todos no Brasil. A matriz te��rica da pesquisa viabilizou um olhar investigativo sustentado pelo m��todo de pensamento adotado, inspirado na teoria da complexidade. Meus resultados levaram-me a compreender que pensar a EJA diurna como mais uma oferta no sistema pode anunciar possibilidades de adequa����o ��s caracter��sticas dos sujeitos, mas pode, na pr��tica, constituir novas exclus��es intrassistemas e interdi����es a sujeitos julgados, continuadamente, como incapazes de aprender

Crab fisheries in Cambodia and the development of crab banks

The crab (swimming crab; Portunus pelagicus) fishery in coastal Cambodia appears to have declined in recent years due to over-fishing and a growth in the number of fishermen, but remains an important source of income for households along the coast. Several initiatives have started since 2007, with support from NGOs, international organizations and the Fisheries Administration (FiA), to test stock enhancement techniques through the release of crab larvae. The so-called ���crab bank��� initiative involves keeping harvested gravid crabs alive in cages for a few days until they spawn, instead of immediately selling them for consumption or processing. In Cambodia, this initiative has developed within the framework of Community Fisheries (CFis) and thus implies a communitybased approach. The FiA has promoted the continuation of such initiatives; however, the nature of crab fisheries and the results from crab bank initiatives have not been documented in detail. The scope of this study was to understand the diversity of approaches to crab bank development in Cambodia, as well as their operational status and the challenges faced at differen

Gerenciamento de res��duos s��lidos nas atividades de explora����o offshore de ��leo e g��s.

Apesar da relev��ncia econ��mica, a atividade de Explora����o e Produ����o (E&P) �� considerada potencialmente causadora de impactos ambientais, dentre estes destaca-se a gera����o de res��duos s��lidos. Neste cen��rio, est��o sendo criados uma s��rie de regulamenta����es e acordos internacionais cada vez mais restritivos pertinentes a esta tem��tica, dentre estes a Nota T��cnica CGPEG/DILIC/IBAMA n 01/11, que estabelece a implementa����o do Projeto de Controle da Polui����o (PCP). Al��m de marcos regulat��rios cada vez mais r��gidos, o gerenciamento de res��duos �� fundamental para a minimiza����o de impactos ambientais, pois se o mesmo n��o for realizado de maneira eficiente, pode gerar custos e problemas ambientais e a imagem da empresa pode ficar comprometida atrav��s de passivos ambientais. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa analisar o processo de Gerenciamento de Res��duos S��lidos gerados em instala����es mar��timas de perfura����o de po��os de petr��leo, bem como a adequa����o deste processo �� legisla����o vigente de modo a identificar os principais entraves para a minimiza����o dos efeitos ambientais provocados pela atividade. O estabelecimento de um marco regulat��rio para controle da polui����o dessa atividade definiu novas diretrizes, que levar��o a redu����o dos quantitativos gerados, bem como a ado����o de melhores formas para tratamento e disposi����o dos res��duos. Contudo, o crescimento das atividades de explora����o de petr��leo dever�� ser acompanhado tamb��m do desenvolvimento e amplia����o do mercado nacional voltado ao transporte, tratamento e disposi����o final de res��duos, de forma a reduzir ao m��ximo o impacto ambiental causado por estas atividades.

The NRA's role in wetland conservation

This is the NRA's role in wetland conservation report produced by the National Rivers Authority in 1995. This document is the third of a series of three R&D Notes produced as part of an integrated research programme addressing aspects of the NRA's role in wetland management and conservation. Chapter 1 considers the nature of the wetland resource and its definition. Chapter 2 presents the NRA's current legislative and policy framework relating to its role in wetland conservation. National and international legislation and agreements are considered, and particular attention is afforded to the potential implications of the 'Habitats Directive'. Chapter 4 presents key examples of operational casework involving wetlands. Differences in approach and external perceptions of the NRA's current and likely future role in wetland conservation are discussed within Chapter 5. Other issues highlighted in this report are: policy guidance required on NRA���s role in land drainage; standard of flood defence service for wetlands; cost-benefit analysis; strategies for halting and reversing the decline and degradation of wetland resource; and Catchment Management Planning.

Simulation of solitary wave impact on coastal structures using weakly compressible and incompressible SPH methods

In this paper, we engage a Lagrangian, particle-based CFD method, named Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) to study the solitary wave motion and its impact on coastal structures. Two-dimensional weakly compressible and incompressible SPH models were applied to simulate wave impacting on seawall and schematic coastal house. The results confirmed the accuracy of both models for predicting the wave surface profiles. The incompressible SPH model performed better in predicting the pressure field and impact loadings on coastal structures than the weakly compressible SPH model. The results are in qualitatively agreement with experimental results. Copyright �� 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).

Everywhere and nowhere: nearshore software development in the context of globalisation

Offshore software development has been identified as one of the most striking manifestations of contemporary globalisation and as evidence of placelessness, the idea that information and communication technologies have rendered location irrelevant. Research in the International Business and Information Systems fields, in contrast, has suggested that all locations are not equal and has identified a number of characteristics that may influence the attractiveness of a location for multinational investment and offshoring, respectively. These literatures, however, focus almost exclusively on quantitative, economic characteristics that are seen as fixed and applying uniformly throughout a whole country. They therefore offer little guidance on the suitability of particular locations as offshoring destinations, especially in countries without a track record in offshore software development. Drawing on two cases of nearshore software development centres set up by offshore service providers in the Caribbean, this paper illustrates that, while the initial decision to establish the ventures reflected a logic of placelessness, characteristics of these particular locations affected their subsequent success. Through the findings, we therefore develop a typology of espoused, unanticipated and remediable locational characteristics, which illustrates that locational attractiveness may vary significantly within countries and that offshore service providers and government agencies can modify locational characteristics to their advantage.

Non-reflective boundary conditions for non-uniform mean velocity inlet and outlet flows

The numerical solution of problems in unbounded physical space requires a truncation of the computational domain to a reasonable size. As a result, the conditions on the artificial boundaries are generally unknown. Assumptions like constant pressure or velocities are only valid in the far field and lead to spurious reflections if applied on the boundaries of the truncated domain. A number of attempts have been made over the past decades to design conditions that prevent such reflections. One approach is based on characteristics. The standard analysis assumes a spatially uniform mean flow field but this is often impractical. In the present paper we show how to extend the formulation to the more general case of a non-uniform mean velocity field. A number of test cases are provided and our results compare favourably with other boundary conditions. In principle the present approach can be extended to include non-uniformities in all variables.

Cloning, characterization, and gene expression analysis of a novel cadmium metallothionein gene in Tetrahymena pigmentosa

A novel cadmium-inducible metallothionein (MT) gene (Tpig-MT1) was cloned and sequenced from the ciliate Tetrahymena pigmentosa. The number of deduced amino acids is 118. The polypeptide possesses CCC and CC clusters characteristic of typical Tetrahymena Cd-inducible MTs. The structure of Tpig-MT1 is different from the reported Cd-MT in T. pyriformis, T. thermophila and T. pigmentosa. Tpig-MT1 contains two intragenic tandem repeats with 72.9% identity described as Tpig-MT1 (repeat A1) and Tpig-MT1 (repeat A2). The transcriptional response of Tpig-MT1 gene to different heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb) and oxidative stress (H2O2) was measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the gene was quickly induced (1 h) by the five heavy metals and the order of expression level was Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn. The induction effect of H2O2 was 5-fold after about 15 min, but soon decreased to a non-significant level (30 min). The genetic diversity of Tetrahymena MT genes is discussed in relation to the unique structure of the Tpig-MT1 gene and other reported Cd-MT isoforms. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.