A Technique for Digital Color Image Watermarking Using ICA

With the increase of use of digital media the need for the methods of multimedia protection becomes extremely important. The number of the solutions to the problem from encryption to watermarking is large and is growing every year. In this work digital image watermarking is considered, specifically a novel method of digital watermarking of color and spectral images. An overview of existing methods watermarking of color and grayscale images is given in the paper. Methods using independent component analysis (ICA) for detection and the ones using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) are considered in more detail. A novel method of watermarking proposed in this paper allows embedding of a color or spectral watermark image into color or spectral image consequently and successful extraction of the watermark out of the resultant watermarked image. A number of experiments have been performed on the quality of extraction depending on the parameters of the embedding procedure. Another set of experiments included the test of the robustness of the algorithm proposed. Three techniques have been chosen for that purpose: median filter, low-pass filter (LPF) and discrete cosine transform (DCT), which are a part of a widely known StirMark - Image Watermarking Robustness Test. The study shows that the proposed watermarking technique is fragile, i.e. watermark is altered by simple image processing operations. Moreover, we have found that the contents of the image to be watermarked do not affect the quality of the extraction. Mixing coefficients, that determine the amount of the key and watermark image in the result, should not exceed 1% of the original. The algorithm proposed has proven to be successful in the task of watermark embedding and extraction.

Avaliação da classificação digital de povoamentos florestais em imagens de satélite através de índices de acurácia

A utilização de matéria-prima de origem florestal aumentou significativamente nas últimas décadas. A busca por alta produtividade concretizou-se com a introdução de espécies exóticas, principalmente Eucalyptus sp. e Pinus sp. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a precisão da classificação digital obtida no levantamento de povoamentos florestais implantados e naturais da área da carta de Cachoeira do Sul - RS, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, sensoriamento remoto, SIG (sistema de informação geográfica) e GPS (sistema de posicionamento global). Verificou-se que a área é ocupada por vegetação natural (35,54%), Pinus sp. (1,89%) e Eucalyptus sp. (0,77%), cuja precisão na classificação supervisionada digital foi: Exatidão global (85,23%), Kappa (84,90%) e Tau (77,74%). Concluiu-se que os três índices de acurácia podem ser utilizados, apesar de os índices Kappa e Tau mostrarem-se mais consistentes.

Use data from permanent sampling points in growth and yield modeling

This study was carried to evaluate the efficiency of the Bitterlich method in growth and yield modeling of the even-aged Eucalyptus stands. 25 plots were setup in Eucalyptus grandis cropped under a high bole system in the Central Western Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sampling points were setup in the center of each plot. The data of four annual mesurements were colleted and used to adjust the three model types using the age, the site index and the basal area as independent variables. The growths models were fitted for volume and mass of trees. The efficiency of the Bitterlich method was confirmed for generating the data for growth and yield modeling.

Future revenue models: Transformation from textbooks to digital solutions in the educational publishing industry, Case Sanoma Learning

This study was conducted in order to learn how companies’ revenue models will be transformed due to the digitalisation of its products and processes. Because there is still only a limited number of researches focusing solely on revenue models, and particularly on the revenue model change caused by the changes at the business environment, the topic was initially approached through the business model concept, which organises the different value creating operations and resources at a company in order to create profitable revenue streams. This was used as the base for constructing the theoretical framework for this study, used to collect and analyse the information. The empirical section is based on a qualitative study approach and multiple-case analysis of companies operating in learning materials publishing industry. Their operations are compared with companies operating in other industries, which have undergone comparable transformation, in order to recognise either similarities or contrasts between the cases. The sources of evidence are a literature review to find the essential dimensions researched earlier, and interviews 29 of managers and executives at 17 organisations representing six industries. Based onto the earlier literature and the empirical findings of this study, the change of the revenue model is linked with the change of the other dimen-sions of the business model. When one dimension will be altered, as well the other should be adjusted accordingly. At the case companies the transformation is observed as the utilisation of several revenue models simultaneously and the revenue creation processes becoming more complex.

Accuracy and efficiency evaluation of point-centered quarter method variations for vegetation sampling in an araucaria forest

In order to verify Point-Centered Quarter Method (PCQM) accuracy and efficiency, using different numbers of individuals by per sampled area, in 28 quarter points in an Araucaria forest, southern Paraná, Brazil. Three variations of the PCQM were used for comparison associated to the number of sampled individual trees: standard PCQM (SD-PCQM), with four sampled individuals by point (one in each quarter), second measured (VAR1-PCQM), with eight sampled individuals by point (two in each quarter), and third measuring (VAR2-PCQM), with 16 sampled individuals by points (four in each quarter). Thirty-one species of trees were recorded by the SD-PCQM method, 48 by VAR1-PCQM and 60 by VAR2-PCQM. The level of exhaustiveness of the vegetation census and diversity index showed an increasing number of individuals considered by quadrant, indicating that VAR2-PCQM was the most accurate and efficient method when compared with VAR1-PCQM and SD-PCQM.

Avaliação de técnicas de classificação digital de imagens landsat em diferentes padrões de cobertura da terra em Rondônia

Dados de sensoriamento remoto têm sido largamente utilizados para classificação da cobertura e uso da terra, em particular graças à aquisição periódica de imagens de satélite e à generalização dos sistemas de processamento digital de imagens, que oferecem uma variedade de algoritmos de classificação de imagens. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar alguns dos métodos mais comuns de classificações supervisionadas e não supervisionadas para imagens do sensor TM do satélite Landsat-5, em três áreas com diferentes padrões de paisagem em Rondônia: (1) áreas de fazendas de "Médio porte", (2) assentamentos no padrão "Espinha de peixe" e (3) áreas de contato entre floresta e "Cerrado". A comparação com um mapa de referência baseado na estatística Kappa produziu indicadores de desempenho bons ou superiores (melhores resultados - K-médias: k = 0,68; k = 0,77; k = 0,64 e MaxVer: k = 0,71; k = 0,89; k = 0,70, respectivamente nas três áreas citadas), para os algoritmos utilizados. Os resultados indicaram que a escolha de um algoritmo deve considerar tanto a capacidade de discriminar várias assinaturas espectrais em diferentes padrões de paisagem quanto a relação custo/benefício decorrente das várias etapas do trabalho dos operadores que elaboram um mapa de cobertura e uso da terra. Este trabalho apontou a necessidade de esforço mais sistemático de avaliação prévia de várias opções de execução de um projeto específico antes de se iniciar o trabalho de elaboração de um mapa de cobertura e uso da terra.

Costs and Benefits of a Shared Digital Long-Term Preservation System

This paper describes the cost-benefit analysis of digital long-term preservation (LTP) that was carried out in the context of the Finnish National Digital Library Project (NDL) in 2010. The analysis was based on the assumption that as many as 200 archives, libraries, and museums will share an LTP system. The term ‘system’ shall be understood as encompassing not only information technology, but also human resources, organizational structures, policies and funding mechanisms. The cost analysis shows that an LTP system will incur, over the first 12 years, cumulative costs of €42 million, i.e. an average of €3.5 million per annum. Human resources and investments in information technology are the major cost factors. After the initial stages, the analysis predicts annual costs of circa €4 million. The analysis compared scenarios with and without a shared LTP system. The results indicate that a shared system will have remarkable benefits. At the development and implementation stages, a shared system shows an advantage of €30 million against the alternative scenario consisting of five independent LTP solutions. During the later stages, the advantage is estimated at €10 million per annum. The cumulative cost benefit over the first 12 years would amount to circa €100 million.

Comparação entre análise de tronco digital e convencional em árvores de mimosa scabrella bentham e pinus taeda L.

A análise completa de tronco é bastante aplicada em estudos de crescimento de espécies florestais que apresentam anéis de crescimento distinguíveis. As medições dos anéis são feitas manualmente com régua milimetrada, procedimento estabelecido como convencional. Porém, Rosot et al. (2003) desenvolveram procedimentos para que essas medições sejam feitas por programas de computador, trazendo avanço significativo para a aplicação da técnica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as medições manuais com as digitais em análise de tronco de Mimosa scabrella e Pinus taeda. Seis árvores de cada espécie foram utilizadas, e as diferenças entre os dois procedimentos para DAP (cm), altura total (m), área transversal (cm²) e volume (cm³) de cada anel de crescimento foram comparadas com um teste t(0,05)de dados pareados. As diferenças entre as medições manuais e as digitais foram significativas apenas para o volume do P. taeda em algumas idades. Os resultados indicam que a anatro digital é uma boa opção para a anatro convencional, demandando pessoa treinada para utilizar as ferramentas de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG).

Regionalização de vazões com base em modelo digital de elevação para a bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul

A regionalização de vazões tem sido realizada com o objetivo de disponibilizar informações hidrológicas em locais sem dados ou com poucas informações disponíveis, porém a determinação das características físicas das bacias de drenagem para cada local de interesse limita consideravelmente a aplicação dos resultados de um estudo convencional de regionalização de vazões. Uma das soluções para esse problema é a automação do processo de delimitação de bacias, utilizando-se de modelo digital de elevação hidrologicamente consistente (MDEHC). O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a regionalização de vazões máxima, mínima e média de longo período e da curva de permanência para a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraíba do Sul, a montante da cidade de Volta Redonda, com base em um MDEHC. O modelo digital de elevação mostrou-se hidrologicamente consistente, possibilitando, assim, a determinação automática das características físicas da bacia. Foram identificadas quatro regiões hidrologicamente homogêneas e obtidas equações de regressão em que a área de drenagem e o comprimento do curso d'água principal se caracterizaram como as variáveis mais expressivas para a representação das diversas variáveis e funções regionalizadas.

Digitisation at NLF and the National Digital Library

Esitys Bulgarian kirjastoseuran seminaarissa 15.3.2012

Digital surface area assessment of broiler chickens

Surface area (SA) of poultry is an important parameter for heat and mass transfer calculations. Optical approaches, such as the moiré technique (MT), are non-destructive, result in accuracy and speed gains, and preserve the object integrity. The objective of this research was to develop and validate a new protocol for estimating the surface area (SA) of broiler chickens based on the MT. Sixty-six Ross breed broiler chickens (twenty-seven male, thirty-nine female, ages spanning all growth phases) were used in this study. The dimensions (length, width and height) and body mass of randomly selected broiler chickens were evaluated in the laboratory. Chickens were illuminated by a light source, and grids were projected onto the chickens to allow their shape to be determined and recorded. Next, the skin and feathers of the chickens were removed to allow SA to be determined by conventional means. These measurements were then used for calibration and validation. The MT for image analysis was a reliable means of evaluating the three-dimensional shape and SA of broiler chickens. This technique, which is neither invasive nor destructive, is a good alternative to the conventional destructive methods.

Soil sampling intensity and spatial distribution pattern of soils attributes and corn yield in no-tillage system

Taking into account that the sampling intensity of soil attributes is a determining factor for applying of concepts of precision agriculture, this study aims to determine the spatial distribution pattern of soil attributes and corn yield at four soil sampling intensities and verify how sampling intensity affects cause-effect relationship between soil attributes and corn yield. A 100-referenced point sample grid was imposed on the experimental site. Thus, each sampling cell encompassed an area of 45 m² and was composed of five 10-m long crop rows, where referenced points were considered the center of the cell. Samples were taken from at 0 to 0.1 m and 0.1 to 0.2 m depths. Soil chemical attributes and clay content were evaluated. Sampling intensities were established by initial 100-point sampling, resulting data sets of 100; 75; 50 and 25 points. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical and geostatistics analyses. The best sampling intensity to know the spatial distribution pattern was dependent on the soil attribute being studied. The attributes P and K+ content showed higher spatial variability; while the clay content, Ca2+, Mg2+ and base saturation values (V) showed lesser spatial variability. The spatial distribution pattern of clay content and V at the 100-point sampling were the ones which best explained the spatial distribution pattern of corn yield.

Comparison between hydrographically conditioned digital elevation models in the morphometric charaterization of watersheds

The aim of this study was to compare the hydrographically conditioned digital elevation models (HCDEMs) generated from data of VNIR (Visible Near Infrared) sensor of ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), of SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) and topographical maps from IBGE in a scale of 1:50,000, processed in the Geographical Information System (GIS), aiming the morphometric characterization of watersheds. It was taken as basis the Sub-basin of São Bartolomeu River, obtaining morphometric characteristics from HCDEMs. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and cross validation were the statistics indexes used to evaluate the quality of HCDEMs. The percentage differences in the morphometric parameters obtained from these three different data sets were less than 10%, except for the mean slope (21%). In general, it was observed a good agreement between HCDEMs generated from remote sensing data and IBGE maps. The result of HCDEM ASTER was slightly higher than that from HCDEM SRTM. The HCDEM ASTER was more accurate than the HCDEM SRTM in basins with high altitudes and rugged terrain, by presenting frequency altimetry nearest to HCDEM IBGE, considered standard in this study.