Relationships Between Deprivation and the Self-reported Health of Older People in Northern Ireland

Objectives: There are few studies on relationships between deprivation and the self-reported health of people aged over 64 years, and no studies fully representative of Northern Ireland’s older population. This paper addresses this gap. Methods: Deprivation of older people as reported in the 2001 and 2011 Censuses and the relationship with self-reported health are analyzed over a ten-year span using multilevel modeling. The data are from the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (NILS) linked to 2001-11 Census returns. Deprivation measures include housing tenure, property-value, access to a car, educational, employment and area-level income-deprivation. Results: Older people suffering deprivation face a significant health disadvantage over a ten-year time span. Discussion: This health disadvantage is stronger in men than in women, likely due to conservative gender roles prevalent among Northern Ireland’s older population, leading to psychological distress among deprived men. The analysis found strongly significant area-level effects, aggravating the health impact of deprivation.

Transfusion and Treatment of severe anaemia in African children (TRACT): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, where infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies are common, severe anaemia is a common cause of paediatric hospital admission, yet the evidence to support current treatment recommendations is limited. To avert overuse of blood products, the World Health Organisation advocates a conservative transfusion policy and recommends iron, folate and anti-helminthics at discharge. Outcomes are unsatisfactory with high rates of in-hospital mortality (9-10 %), 6-month mortality and relapse (6 %). A definitive trial to establish best transfusion and treatment strategies to prevent both early and delayed mortality and relapse is warranted.

METHODS/DESIGN: TRACT is a multicentre randomised controlled trial of 3954 children aged 2 months to 12 years admitted to hospital with severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 6 g/dl). Children will be enrolled over 2 years in 4 centres in Uganda and Malawi and followed for 6 months. The trial will simultaneously evaluate (in a factorial trial with a 3 x 2 x 2 design) 3 ways to reduce short-term and longer-term mortality and morbidity following admission to hospital with severe anaemia in African children. The trial will compare: (i) R1: liberal transfusion (30 ml/kg whole blood) versus conservative transfusion (20 ml/kg) versus no transfusion (control). The control is only for children with uncomplicated severe anaemia (haemoglobin 4-6 g/dl); (ii) R2: post-discharge multi-vitamin multi-mineral supplementation (including folate and iron) versus routine care (folate and iron) for 3 months; (iii) R3: post-discharge cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for 3 months versus no prophylaxis. All randomisations are open. Enrolment to the trial started September 2014 and is currently ongoing. Primary outcome is cumulative mortality to 4 weeks for the transfusion strategy comparisons, and to 6 months for the nutritional support/antibiotic prophylaxis comparisons. Secondary outcomes include mortality, morbidity (haematological correction, nutritional and infectious), safety and cost-effectiveness.

DISCUSSION: If confirmed by the trial, a cheap and widely available 'bundle' of effective interventions, directed at immediate and downstream consequences of severe anaemia, could lead to substantial reductions in mortality in a substantial number of African children hospitalised with severe anaemia every year, if widely implemented.

The Exclusive Brethren ‘Doctrine of Separation’: An Anthropology of Theology

Why do the Exclusive Brethren attend church ten times a week? Why do they shun excommunicated members, including immediate family? Why do they refuse to eat with outsiders? Why will they employ outsiders in their businesses, but never be employed by them? Why do they reject modern media as “pipelines of filth”? Why do they refuse to vote, while simultaneously campaigning for Conservative Party candidates? Why do they only live in detached houses, and build churches entirely without windows? How, in other words, do the Exclusive Brethren try to live good lives? And what can we learn anthropologically from these models of ‘the good’, and from the objections they provoke? Drawing inspiration from Keane’s (2014) suggestion that ‘we shouldn’t decide in advance what ethics will look like’, this paper seeks to critically contribute to new scholarship within the anthropology of morality and detachment by constructing, in a very literal sense, an anthropology of theology via an analysis of the Exclusive Brethren ‘doctrine of separation’.

Dimensionality of Policy Space in Consociational Northern Ireland

A criticism of consociational power sharing as an institutional response to violent conflict is that it buttresses rather than ameliorates the underlying (linguistic, religious or ethno-national) divide, hence prohibiting the emergence of new dimensions of political competition (such as economic left-right or moral liberal-conservative dimensions) that are characteristic of 'normal' societies. We test this argument in the context of the illustrative Northern Ireland case, using data from expert coding of party policy documents and opinion data derived from two Voter Advice Applications (VAAs). We find evidence for a moral liberal-conservative dimension of politics in addition to the ethno-national dimension. Hence, we caution against assuming that consociational polities are uni-dimensional.

Monitoring ocular hypertension, how much and how often? A cost-effectiveness perspective

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficiency of alternative monitoring services for people with ocular hypertension (OHT), a glaucoma risk factor.

DESIGN: Discrete event simulation model comparing five alternative care pathways: treatment at OHT diagnosis with minimal monitoring; biennial monitoring (primary and secondary care) with treatment if baseline predicted 5-year glaucoma risk is ≥6%; monitoring and treatment aligned to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) glaucoma guidance (conservative and intensive).

SETTING: UK health services perspective.

PARTICIPANTS: Simulated cohort of 10 000 adults with OHT (mean intraocular pressure (IOP) 24.9 mm Hg (SD 2.4).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs, glaucoma detected, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

RESULTS: Treating at diagnosis was the least costly and least effective in avoiding glaucoma and progression. Intensive monitoring following NICE guidance was the most costly and effective. However, considering a wider cost-utility perspective, biennial monitoring was less costly and provided more QALYs than NICE pathways, but was unlikely to be cost-effective compared with treating at diagnosis (£86 717 per additional QALY gained). The findings were robust to risk thresholds for initiating monitoring but were sensitive to treatment threshold, National Health Service costs and treatment adherence.

CONCLUSIONS: For confirmed OHT, glaucoma monitoring more frequently than every 2 years is unlikely to be efficient. Primary treatment and minimal monitoring (assessing treatment responsiveness (IOP)) could be considered; however, further data to refine glaucoma risk prediction models and value patient preferences for treatment are needed. Consideration to innovative and affordable service redesign focused on treatment responsiveness rather than more glaucoma testing is recommended.

How do clinicians become teachers? A communities of practice perspective.

There is widespread acceptance that clinical educators should be trained to teach, but faculty development for clinicians is undermined by poor attendance and inadequate learning transfer. As a result there has been growing interest in situating teacher development initiatives in clinical workplaces. The relationship between becoming a teacher and clinical workplace contexts is under theorised. In response, this qualitative research set out to explore how clinicians become teachers in relation to clinical communities and institutions. Using communities of practice (CoP) as a conceptual framework this research employed the sensitising concepts of regimes of competence and vertical (managerial) and horizontal (professional) planes of accountability to elucidate structural influences on teacher development. Fourteen hospital physicians completed developmental timelines and underwent semi-structured interviews, exploring their development as teachers. Despite having very different developmental pathways, participants’ descriptions of their teacher identities and practice that were remarkably congruent. Two types of CoP occupied the horizontal plane of accountability i.e. clinical teams (Firms) and communities of junior doctors (Fraternities). Participants reproduced teacher identities and practice that were congruent with CoPs’ regimes of competence in order to gain recognition and legitimacy. Participants also constructed their teacher identities in relation to institutions in the vertical plane of accountability (i.e. hospitals and medical schools). Institutions that valued teaching supported the development of teacher identities along institutionally defined lines. Where teaching was less valued, clinicians adapted their teacher identities and practices to suit institutional norms. Becoming a clinical educator entails continually negotiating one’s identity and practice between two potentially conflicting planes of accountability. Clinical CoPs are largely conservative and reproductive of teaching practice whereas accountability to institutions is potentially disruptive of teacher identity and practice.

Gestão de resíduos para uma construção sustentável

Os resíduos sólidos (RS) têm vindo a aumentar em quantidade e diversidade nas últimas décadas em todo o mundo, em resultado da explosão demográfica, do crescimento económico e do aumento da construção, acentuando-se também a produção de resíduos perigosos. Por estas mesmas razões têm surgido limitações do espaço disponível para deposição final de RS. A prática atual no sector da construção pode ser alterada através da introdução de uma gestão eficiente, optimizadora de custos, com a produção de menos resíduos produzidos e também através da implementação de medidas preventivas de produção de resíduos nas obras. Pretende-se, no âmbito deste trabalho, abordar a problemática da gestão de resíduos de construção em obra e contribuir para alterar a situação descrita, apresentando e validando ferramentas a utilizar na gestão de RS. O principal objetivo do trabalho é avaliar os impactes ambientais associados à gestão dos resíduos produzidos na obra na fase de construção. Nas obras em estudo foi recolhida informação sobre os resíduos (quantidades e tipologia) e analisada, tratada com a finalidade de criar uma ferramenta indispensável na gestão de resíduos de construção e compilado o inventário dos resíduos. Após esta compilação, procedeu-se à avaliação dos impactes. A aplicação da ferramenta de avaliação de ciclo de vida permitem avaliar o impacte das decisões na sustentabilidade da construção, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à geração de resíduos.

Ensino superior como princípio hegemónico de cidadania na sociedade civil: um diálogo com António Gramsci no sul da Amazónia brasileira

A tese tem como foco quatro eixos centrais: o ensino superior, a sociedade civil, a cidadania e a hegemonia. Na primeira parte da tese, estes eixos teórico-conceptuais são explanados numa perspectiva da promoção de uma compreensão mais ampla da sociedade civil e do estado, nomeadamente o contratualismo, o liberalismo, o materialismo e o neoliberalismo. Um protagonismo fundamental é atribuído às concepções de Antonio Gramsci de sociedade civil, cidadania e estado aplicadas no ensino superior no Sul da Amazónia brasileira. A segunda parte da tese concentra-se num estudo de caso com três premissas de análise: a fragmentação do ensino superior brasileiro; a reconfiguração da cidadania e hegemonia; e o ensino superior no contexto do Amazonas. O ensino superior no Brasil teve início com as escolas jesuíticas, que, depois de encerradas pelo Marquês de Pombal não tiveram sucessoras em solo brasileiro, ao nível do que poderia ter sido o embrião de um sistema de ensino superior. A chegada da Corte Imperial Portuguesa, em 1808, permite reinstalar novos cursos. A primeira unidade de ensino superior no Amazonas surge apenas no princípio do século XX. Um século depois, tem início o processo de expansão com a implantação de unidades no interior do estado. O ensino superior no Brasil, nas últimas décadas, assumiu um caráter híbrido e de massificação. A massificação, no entanto, ainda é uma realidade a ser alcançada. Apesar dos avanços realizados na última década, ainda subsiste ainda uma forte exclusão de estudantes. O enfoque sobre o ensino superior e a cidadania, no contexto do Amazonas, surge na articulação de um conjunto de informação empírica, extraída de entrevistas realizadas com atores chave locais, com as categorias de pensamento de Antonio Gramsci, que sustentam teoricamente o estudo. Esta articulação tem no ensino superior a possibilidade de desenvolver a cidadania como o princípio organizador e fim último deste nível de ensino. Neste sentido, a hegemonia ganha um estatuto de orientação e direção que permite aos sujeitos envolvidos no ensino superior maior possibilidade de autonomia, liberdade, justiça social, empregabilidade e desenvolvimento social. O modelo de universidade para a cidadania apresenta-se como uma possibilidade de mudanças no horizonte social, económico e também político, no interior da própria universidade. O ensino superior, perspectivado como um instrumento essencial para a cidadania, tem como objetivo primordial a qualificação de professores para a educação de base, Reflexivamente, esta qualificação não deixará potencialmente de produzir retornos positivos na própria expansão e abrangência numérica e educativa do próprio ensino superior. Desta forma, a cidadania no ensino superior é perspectivada neste estudo como um deslocamento de lógicas de compreensão individual e de individualização elitista dos benefícios para lógicas assentes em construções mais coletivas, portadoras de benefícios sociais. A interiorização do ensino superior no Amazonas é assumida no estudo como uma possibilidade de formação académica para o desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas e científicas críticas e mais conscientes, constituindo um horizonte determinante para a ativação de processos de integração regional e nacional. Em suma, os pontos de confluência entre o ensino superior, a sociedade civil, a cidadania e as propostas de Gramsci, estão relacionados com a formação, a conscientização política, e o bem-estar económico e social.

A Race to the bottom – Prison Education and the English and Welsh Policy Context

This article examines prison education in England and Wales arguing that a disjuncture exists between the policy rhetoric of entitlement to education in prison at the European level and the playing out of that entitlement in English and Welsh prisons. Caught between conflicting discourses around a need to combat recidivism and a need for incarceration, prison education in England exists within a policy context informed, in part, by an international human rights agenda on the one hand and global recession, financial cutbacks, and a moral panic about crime on the other. The European Commission has highlighted a number of challenges facing prison education in Europe including over‐crowded institutions, increasing diversity in prison populations, the need to keep pace with pedagogical changes in mainstream education and the adoption of new technologies for learning (Hawley et al., 2013). These are challenges confronting all policy makers involved in prison education in England and Wales in a policy context that is messy, contradictory and fiercely contested. The article argues that this policy context, exacerbated by socio‐economic discourses around neo‐liberalism, is leading to a race‐to‐the‐bottom in the standards of educational provision for prisoners in England and Wales.

Grafos para todos

Dissertação de Mestrado, Matemática, Especialização em Matemática para o Ensino, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Conceitos e atitudes de intervenção arquitetónica em Portugal (1755-1834)

Tese de doutoramento, História (Arte Património e Restauro), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014

The Marquess of Londonderry: Aristocracy, Power and Politics in Britain and Ireland

The decline and fall of the British aristocracy looked headlong and irreversible in the twentieth century yet many grandees tried to preserve their power, wealth and influence by every means - and with some success. There is no better example than the Seventh Marquess of Londonderry whose life from 1878 to 1949 spanned and mirrored the period. The Londonderrys had enjoyed immense wealth in land and minerals in Britain and Ireland for centuries, played leading roles in Parliament and the state, and in an earlier time the Seventh Marquess would have continued in the family tradition of patrician prominence. Drawing upon original state and family papers, N.C. Fleming places the Londonderrys in the context of the history and the political theory of aristocracy and shows the constant struggle - not without success - against marginalisation. The theme runs through Londonderry's career as Conservative MP, on the Irish Viceroy's Council, as a junior minister in Lloyd Geroge's coalition, at the Air Ministry with Trenchard - the 'father of the RAF' - and in the National Government. Perhaps an element of desperation entered in his private business ventures and with contacts with the far Right - all in sharp contrast to past family achievement.

Infidelidades : eu, tu, nós e os outros : estudo de variantes e preditores do envolvimento extra-relacional

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia (Psicologia da Família), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2015

Marriage and gender inequality: work–family arrangements of Portuguese and British highly qualified women

This article examines work–family reconciliation processes in order to understand if, over the course of marital life, women become socially closer or further away from their partner. Drawing on work–life interviews with highly qualified women in Portugal and Britain, we compare these processes in two societies with different historical and social backgrounds. Findings reveal three main configurations of social (in)equality which emerge during married life: growing inequality in favour of the man, in favour of the woman or equality between spouses. With due attention to the importance of national specific factors, we present three main conclusions. First, (in) equality is built up over the course of marital life and female strategies for reconciling family and work are at the core of this process. Second, the national specificities can mould the effects of cross-national gender mechanisms. Third, the intersection between cross-cultural phenomena such as conservative attitudes towards domestic work and national specificities (such as the availability of part-time options) is a rather complex process which needs further research.

Descriptive acoustic analysis of a newly-discovered marine seep

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445