Efeito da associação do herbicida clomazone a nanoesferas de alginato/quitosana na sorção em solos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cartografia da percepção de mês e profissionais sobre a atenção a saúde de crianças/adolescentes soropositivos no município de Natal

This study had as objective to identify to the perception of mothers and professionals of health on the attention to the health of HIV-Positive children/adolescents in the city of Natal-RN. It is a descriptive-exploratory study with quantitative and qualitative approach, carried through in the Giselda Trigueiro Hospital and in the State and Municipal Health Councils in Natal - RN, from march to december of 2005. The sample was composed by 56 participants, 33 mothers of children who use specialized assistance and 23 professionals. Data collection occurred with the application of a half-structuralized interview. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and qualitative data were submitted to content analysis. Prevailing categories in relation to the cartography of the attention to seropositive children and adolescents in Natal were: Organization and dynamics of the attention; Institutional management and human development; Control and prevention; other contexts of attention; relationship/communication team-patient and organization and functioning of the services. The profile epidemiologist of the children, adolescents and of the people/mothers, who take care of them with HIV/Aids, followed the evolution of the epidemic in the country and the world. It was verified that mothers need care and information; however they make a positive evaluation of the attendance they receive. It was also observed many gaps in the services of assistance, in which the researched group was attended, beyond imperfections in the communication between health professionals and users. The professionals recognize the advances that the politics represent for the assistance of people with Aids; however feel themselves limited by the precariousness of the system and the partner-economic conditions of the people. According to these data, it can be verified great challenges to go through in the context of integrality of the assistance to HIV positive children and adolescents in the city of Natal and in the improvement of the communication in the institution of reference

Sensibilidade de Metarhizium anisopliae à temperatura e umidade em três tipos de solos

Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da temperatura e do teor de umidade do solo na sobrevivência de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. em três tipos de solos. Foram utilizados o Latossolo Vermelho textura argilosa, Latossolo Vermelho textura média e Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo textura arenosa média. As temperaturas empregadas foram 21,5; 26,8 e 31,5°C, e os teores de umidade foram 35, 65 e 100% de saturação. A sobrevivência do fungo foi avaliada após zero, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120 dias de incubação em cada temperatura estudada. Na análise do efeito do teor de umidade, a sobrevivência foi avaliada após zero, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 e 112 dias de incubação à temperatura de 27,0±1,0°C. em ambos os ensaios, foi determinado o número de unidades formadores de colônias (UFC) em placa de Petri. Houve influência significativa da temperatura e do teor de umidade na sobrevivência do fungo. O maior crescimento e a maior sobrevivência ocorreram nas temperaturas de 21,5 e 26,8°C, enquanto que, no solo incubado a 31,5°C, o fungo cresceu pouco, e a população declinou rapidamente. No teor de 65% de umidade, houve rápido crescimento do fungo, mas no 112° dia foi observado um declínio da população nos três tipos de solos. Nos teores de 35 e 100% de umidade, o crescimento foi menor, mas obteve-se maior sobrevivência do fungo no solo.

Sociedade civil no espaço de atuação com juventude: uma cartografia social

This report has as its objective the setting up of a social cartography, mapping and characterizing non-governmental organizations working with adolescents and young people (OSC) in the western districts of the city of Natal. Characteristics such as the profile, themes and principal activities, how the organizations fit into the public sector and their participation in social networks are observed. Thus common differences and similarities which serve as a means of indentification, take as reference the symbolic cartography of Boaventura of Sousa Santos. Since there are relatively few studies relating to civil society of Rio Grande do Norte and in particular, Natal, the starting point was the setting up of a database allowing for a general overview. Hence a panorama of the organizations could be observed: where they are located, when they were formed how they operate and their relationships with other sectors (the state, the market and civil society) in addition to basic facts and location. The principal lines of enquiry were a) the OSC which operate with the public comprising adolescents and young people and b) the OSC operating or having branches in four suburbs on the periphery of the western administrative region of the city (Felipe Camarão, Bom Pastor, Cidade Nova and Guararapes).The present report has identified the impacts of ongoing social transformation caused by the process of globalization ,by the various currently contested political projects which are as follows: the project of neoliberal globalized capitalism(hegemonic)and the project of social emancipation (contra-hegemonic),how these are seen from the local viewpoint and how they influence the profiles and operation of the cartographic organizations. The area of the OSC is a heterogenous one with political, cultural and ideological strains, characterized by its infiltration, its local/global and multicultural dimensions. As civil organizations are fundamental in the processes of transformation within society, and following the idea of social emancipation referred to by Boaventura Santos, the enquiry classified the organizations according to the afore-mentioned characteristics, establishing eight types of associations. These different types and their respective characteristics were analysed from a related perspective using the mechanisms of symbolic cartography: scale, projection and symbolisation. The theoretical references underpinning this research arise from the debate on civil society which becomes redefined as a result of the dispute involving the two afore-mentioned political projects. These demand the theoretical application of the comprehension of heterogeneity in its diversity and complexity together with the idea of social emancipation.The main authors consulted were Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Antonio Gramsci, through the texts translated by Marco Aurelio Nogueira; Carlos Nelson Coutinho and Alberto Rivera ,who supported the construction of the types of associations identified by the local reality.Finally this research enabled an understanding of the current form of social action happening in the Space of the Four Neighbourhoods (Espaço dos 4 Bairros) and how the distinct profiles analysed together with the ares of operation of the organizations define their emancipatory potencials within the following two poles: regulation/adaptation and emancipation/transformation

As práticas educativas na saúde da família: uma cartografia simbólica

This qualitative research aimed to understand the educational activities carried out in Family Health Units, of the municipality of Mossoró-RN. It was used symbolic cartography to organize and present data from reality. It started on the approach of Health Education and knowledge transformation practice, aiming at the development of autonomy and responsibility of individuals and healthcare, publicized by the appreciation of the interpersonal relations area established in services, such as educational emancipator practices contexts. Individual and collective interviews were realized, conducted with health professionals and users of ESF, about themes, activities, membership, the difficulties, the potential and the design of health education that permeate everyday Family Health Strategy. From what was apprehended, thematic maps were done with the analysis of educational practices of professionals belonging to the Family‟s Health. Links are built with the wires of conceptions of education reflected on themes and activities of family health teams. The storylines are rebinded by voices about the difficulties and the potential of educational processes for emancipator postures. For users, health education means proper care and information on disease prevention. Professionals understand that it is all information that is given to users, about health, social well-being, economic and general condition of human being as a way of preventing and treating disease. Mark printed on voices denote that activities and themes worked don‟t motivate users enough for their participation, being that physicians and dentists also get excluded themselves from educational practices. Elderly groups are those who get most involved with the activities. The size of the contained area and its seclusion from community make harder the access of users, as well as diminishing the quality of educational actions and links users-professionals. Therefore, the searching for medicines, medical consultations and wish to be well served are trademarks of voices from the users that interconnect with enlightening information and guidelines offered by professionals to users. It brings out practices that need to incorporate the social, the subjective and act with practices of prevention and health promotion, on the basis of lifestyles. The dialogical model, which needs to be approached since planning phase of health education actions could arouse interest of involved groups; promoting a relationship of dialogue and listening; discussing the local reality; stimulating practical methodological dialetics; promoting processes of deconstruction of concepts, values and attitudes, as more necessary than construction, using multiple languages. The defended thesis denotes paths to other studies aimed at understanding a dialogical template committed to exchanges of knowledge, and discover strategies that encourage formation of critical consciousness and the discovery of how is the training of new generations of healthcare professionals to belong to the project of society, in its technical, scientific, pedagogical, ethical, political and humanistic dimensions

Mineralização potencial e líquida de nitrogênio em solos

Os métodos de incubação de solo fornecem subsídios técnicos para a avaliação da mineralização e disponibilidade de N. Nesse sentido, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a mineralização potencial e líquida do N orgânico em solos e relacioná-la à disponibilidade de N para plantas. Amostras de 22 solos coletadas na camada arável (0 a 20 cm) foram submetidas à incubação em condições aeróbias a 35 °C, por 30 semanas, e anaeróbias a 40 °C, por sete dias, e utilizadas em experimento, em casa de vegetação, em que o milho foi a planta-teste. Durante a incubação por 30 semanas, houve aumento do N mineralizado na segunda semana, seguido de diminuição e estabilização a partir da quarta semana. Este comportamento resultou em ajuste do N mineralizado (Nm) ao modelo exponencial de decrescimento e do N mineralizado acumulado (Nmac) ao modelo exponencial de crescimento, a partir do qual foi possível calcular o N potencialmente mineralizável (N0). As quantidades de N0 refletiram a mineralização e a disponibilidade de N em longo prazo. Contudo, o Nmac apresentou maior grau de correlação com o N disponível medido pelas plantas (concentração de N e N acumulado na parte aérea) do que o N0, e valores altos de correlação foram obtidos já após duas semanas de incubação, o que indica que a modelagem matemática pode ser dispensada e o período de incubação pode ser encurtado. O N total do solo foi melhor índice da mineralização potencial e líquida de N orgânico do que a matéria orgânica do solo, principalmente em longo prazo. O método de incubação anaeróbia de curta duração pode ser utilizado para cálculo da estimativa do N0, e a subtração do N-NH4+ inicial não contribuiu para melhorar a estimativa da mineralização e da disponibilidade de N por meio deste método, o que o torna ainda mais simples e viável.

Atividade e população microbiana envolvida nas transformações do enxofre em solos com diferentes vegetações

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Adição de areia para dispersão de solos na análise granulométrica

A acurácia da análise granulométrica depende da obtenção de suspensões de solo completamente dispersas e estáveis para possibilitar a separação das suas frações granulométricas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da adição de quantidades e tamanhos de grãos de areia na fase de dispersão da análise granulométrica de solos, visando à maior acurácia na obtenção dos resultados da análise granulométrica. Os solos utilizados foram: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef), LatossoloVermelho acriférrico (LVwf), Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico (LVe), Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico (PVAe) e Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (NVef). A dispersão das amostras dos solos foi realizada por meio da adição de hidróxido de sódio e agitação rotativa (60 rpm) por 16 h. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por seis quantidades (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 g) e dois diâmetros (2,0-1,0 e 1,0-0,5 mm) de areia, adicionados na fase de dispersão da análise granulométrica dos solos. de acordo com as equações ajustadas, a adição de areia com diâmetro entre 1,0 e 0,5 mm nas quantidades de 21,4 g para LVef, 19,6 g para LVwf e 25,8 g para NVef proporciona, respectivamente para esses solos, aumentos de 50, 38 e 14,5 % nos teores de argila. No LVe e no PVAe não se justifica a adição de areia na análise granulométrica, pois esses solos não apresentaram problemas de dispersão. Os resultados demonstram que a adição de 25 g de areia, com diâmetro entre 1,0 e 0,5 mm, na fase de dispersão da análise granulométrica de solos argilosos com altos teores de óxidos de Fe e com dificuldades de dispersão, é eficiente para promover efetiva dispersão das partículas primárias do solo.

Eficiência relativa de diferentes frações granulometricas de calcários na neutralização da acidez dos solos, avaliada em laboratório

As frações granulométricas retidas nas peneiras n°s (ABNT) 5-10, 10-30, 30-50, e 50-60 de quatro calcários, sendo dois sedimentares e dois metamórficos, foram incubadas durante 160 dias com três tipos de solos, em condições de laboratório. A eficiência das frações na neutralização da acidez dos solos foi avaliada pela variação do pH. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a referida eficiência independe da natureza geológica do calcário mas depende do tipo de solo, sendo decrescente na seguinte ordem: LVd, LEd e LEm. Apesar da legislação atual normatizar as características físicas dos calcários, bem como os seus graus de eficiência, a presente pesquisa sugere novos valores para a eficiência relativa das diferentes frações granulometricas de calcários: fração maior do que 10:0%, de 30:35%; de 30-50:75% e menor que 50:100%.

Classificação numérica e modelo digital de elevação na caracterização espacial de atributos dos solos

One of needs of modern agriculture is the prediction of spatial variability of soil properties at more detailed scales for sustainable management and optimization of management practices. The mathematical model associated with knowledge of variability of soil attributes and mapping of relief forms has helped in agricultural planning. In this regard the aim of this study was to characterize the spatial variability of physical and chemical properties of Oxisols and Ultisols using numerical classification and the digital elevation model. Two distinct landforms: convex for the Oxisol (158 ha) and linear for the Ultisol (172 ha). 53 samples from the Oxisol and 57 samples from the Ultisol were taken. Multivariate analysis of clusters of attributes studied from their euclidean distances was performed. This analysis by dendograms along with digital elevation models for different soils characterized was more homogeneous in Ultisol groups, and less homogeneous for the Oxisol in convex landform. These quantitative methods showed that the landforms conditioned the spatial pattern of soil attributes.

Extratores para avaliação da disponibilidade de metais pesados em solos adubados com vermicomposto de lixo urbano

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acúmulo e disponibilidade de cromo, cádmio e chumbo em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto por onze anos consecutivos

The sewage sludge used for agricultural purposes provides many benefits to soil, but it contain harmful elements to environment, that infers in a great attention on its use. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of successive applications of sewage sludge on heavy metals accumulation (cadmium, chromium and lead) in samples of soils and corn plants, as well as evaluate the chemicals extractants efficiency in estimate the phyto disponibility of those elements. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks design in the 2007/08 season, with 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge) and 5 replicates. It was evaluated: the quantities available of Cd, Cr and Pb in soil by Melich-1, Melich-3 and DTPA extractants; the quantities extracted by corn plants; and the correlation between the disposition and quantities of those metals on whole plants, diagnosis leaves and corn grains. The application of sewage sludge for eleven consecutive years has not showed increase in total quantity nor availability of Cr, Cd and Pb in the evaluated soils. The extractor Melich-1 was the only one that showed significant correlation for availability of Cd, Cr and Pb in soil and corn plants. The correlation of metal availability in soil x leaf diagnosis was significant only for Pb with the Melich-3 and DTPA extractants

Manejo hídrico em viveiro e uso de hidrogel na sobrevivência pós-plantio de Eucalyptus urograndis em dois solos diferentes

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a sobrevivência do clone H13 de Eucalyptus urograndis sob dois manejos hídricos de viveiro, plantados em dois solos, com e sem a adição de polímero hidroabsorvente (hidrogel). O plantio foi realizado em vasos mantidos em estufa, com dois tipos de solo: um arenoso e outro argiloso. Cada vaso recebeu 2,5 L de solo, um litro de água e o hidrogel na proporção de 0,4 g vaso-1 (120 mL de gel). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Os sintomas de estresse, nos vários níveis avaliados, sempre se manifestaram primeiro nas plantas no solo argiloso, de modo mais acentuado naquelas que foram mantidas sem estresse de água na fase de viveiro. Isso garantiu que as plantas sobrevivessem por um período menor sem água, variando de 14 a 20 dias (com e sem hidrogel, respectivamente), enquanto, no solo arenoso, a sobrevivência foi maior, de 29 a 34 dias (com e sem hidrogel, respectivamente). Apesar da não significância estatística, os resultados com o hidrogel possibilitam, em ambos os solos, maior flexibilidade operacional na intervenção com novas irrigações.

Avaliação do processo oxidativo avançado por permanganato de potássio no tratamento de solos contaminados com idrocarbonetos poliaromáticos

The soil contamination with petroleum is one of the major concern of industries operating in the field and also of environmental agencies. The petroleum consists mainly of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The most common examples of hydrocarbons polyaromatic are: naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, benzopyrene and their various isomers. These substances cause adverse effects on human and the environment. Thus, the main objective of this work is to study the advanced oxidation process using the oxidant potassium permanganate (KMnO4) for remediation of soils contaminated with two polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): anthracene and phenanthrene. This study was conducted at bench scale, where the first stage was at batch experiment, using the variables: the time and oxidant dosage in the soil. The second stage was the remediation conducted in continous by a fix column, to this stage, the only variable was remediation time. The concentration of oxidant in this stage was based on the best result obtained in the tests at batch, 2,464 mg / L. The results of degradation these contaminants were satisfactory, at the following dosages and time: (a) 5g of oxidant per kg soil for 48 hours, it was obtained residual contaminants 28 mg phenanthrene and 1.25 mg anthracene per kg of soil and (b) for 7g of oxidant per kg soil in 48 hours remaining 24 mg phenanthrene and anthracene 0.77 mg per kg soil, and therefore below the intervention limit residential and industrial proposed by the State Company of Environmental Sao Paulo (CETESB)

Remediação de solos contaminados com óleo diesel utilizando um sistema de lavagem com microemulsão

The underground reservoirs of fuel retailing system represent an environmental threat, because once in bad conservation, these tanks allow fuel leakage and infiltration. For soil contaminated with fuel, such as diesel oil, the present study introduces the microemulsion systems used by the method of washing. In tests carried out in column with a sample of sandy soil artificially contaminated and previously characterized as to its void level to porosity, to permeability which is an important parameter concerning the study of the method of washing. While microemulsions were characterized for their viscosity and wettability, a variation of active matter was also done departing from the original formulation. The hydraulic diffusivity of the microemulsion was studied so as the injection of such fluid in a soil with sandy characteristics. The results of the extractions revealed the excellent performance of these systems which get to remove around 95% of diesel fuel. This proves the efficiency of the microemulsion in the process of removal of diesel fuel from the soil with the advantage of being a system easily obtainable and less aggressive to the environment when compared to organic solvents.