Immunological parameters in elderly women: Correlations with aerobic power, muscle strength and mood state

Purpose: Our objective was to relate immunological data for healthy but sedentary elderly women to aerobic power, strength, and mood state. Methods: We measured peak aerobic power and one-repetition maximum strength along with mood (depression and fatigue), quality of life and carbohydrate intake on 42 women aged 60-77 years. Standard immunological techniques determined natural killer cell count and cytotoxic activity (NKCA), proliferative responses to phytohemaglutinin and OKT3, various lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3(+), CD3(-)CD19(+), CD56(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD56(dim) and CD56(bright)), and markers of activation, maturation, down-regulation and susceptibility to apoptosis (CD25(+), CD28(+), CD45RA(+), CD45RO(+), CD69(+), CD95(+), HLA-DR+). Results: Correlations of immune parameters with aerobic power and strength were very similar for absolute and relative immunological data. In the group as a whole, the only correlation with aerobic power was -0.35 (relative CD4(+)CD69(+) count), but in subjects with values <22.6 mL kg(-1) min(-1) correlations ranged from -0.57 (relative CD4(+)CD45RO(+)) to 0.92 (absolute CD56(dim)HLA-DR+). In terms of muscle strength, univariate correlation coefficients ranged from -0.34 (relative and absolute CD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(+)) to +0.48 (absolute CD3(+)HLA-DR+.) and +0.50 (absolute CD8(+)CD45RA(+)CD45RO(+)). Neither NKCA nor lymphocyte proliferation were correlated with aerobic power or muscle strength. Although mood state and quality of life can sometimes be influenced by an individual's fitness level, our multivariate analyses suggested that depression, fatigue and quality of life were more important determinants of immune profile than our fitness measures. Conclusions: Psychological changes associated with aging may have a substantial adverse effect upon the immune system, and immunological function may be enhanced more by addressing these issues than by focusing upon aerobic or resistance training. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Neuroimaging during Trance State: A Contribution to the Study of Dissociation

Despite increasing interest in pathological and non-pathological dissociation, few researchers have focused on the spiritual experiences involving dissociative states such as mediumship, in which an individual (the medium) claims to be in communication with, or under the control of, the mind of a deceased person. Our preliminary study investigated psychography - in which allegedly "the spirit writes through the medium's hand" - for potential associations with specific alterations in cerebral activity. We examined ten healthy psychographers - five less expert mediums and five with substantial experience, ranging from 15 to 47 years of automatic writing and 2 to 18 psychographies per month - using single photon emission computed tomography to scan activity as subjects were writing, in both dissociative trance and non-trance states. The complexity of the original written content they produced was analyzed for each individual and for the sample as a whole. The experienced psychographers showed lower levels of activity in the left culmen, left hippocampus, left inferior occipital gyrus, left anterior cingulate, right superior temporal gyrus and right precentral gyrus during psychography compared to their normal (non-trance) writing. The average complexity scores for psychographed content were higher than those for control writing, for both the whole sample and for experienced mediums. The fact that subjects produced complex content in a trance dissociative state suggests they were not merely relaxed, and relaxation seems an unlikely explanation for the underactivation of brain areas specifically related to the cognitive processing being carried out. This finding deserves further investigation both in terms of replication and explanatory hypotheses.

Rhodolith Beds Are Major CaCO3 Bio-Factories in the Tropical South West Atlantic

Rhodoliths are nodules of non-geniculate coralline algae that occur in shallow waters (<150 m depth) subjected to episodic disturbance. Rhodolith beds stand with kelp beds, seagrass meadows, and coralline algal reefs as one of the world's four largest macrophyte-dominated benthic communities. Geographic distribution of rhodolith beds is discontinuous, with large concentrations off Japan, Australia and the Gulf of California, as well as in the Mediterranean, North Atlantic, eastern Caribbean and Brazil. Although there are major gaps in terms of seabed habitat mapping, the largest rhodolith beds are purported to occur off Brazil, where these communities are recorded across a wide latitudinal range (2 degrees N - 27 degrees S). To quantify their extent, we carried out an inter-reefal seabed habitat survey on the Abrolhos Shelf (16 degrees 50' - 19 degrees 45'S) off eastern Brazil, and confirmed the most expansive and contiguous rhodolith bed in the world, covering about 20,900 km(2). Distribution, extent, composition and structure of this bed were assessed with side scan sonar, remotely operated vehicles, and SCUBA. The mean rate of CaCO3 production was estimated from in situ growth assays at 1.07 kg m(-2) yr(-1), with a total production rate of 0.025 Gt yr(-1), comparable to those of the world's largest biogenic CaCO3 deposits. These gigantic rhodolith beds, of areal extent equivalent to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, are a critical, yet poorly understood component of the tropical South Atlantic Ocean. Based on the relatively high vulnerability of coralline algae to ocean acidification, these beds are likely to experience a profound restructuring in the coming decades.

Tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis in prison inmates

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalences of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis ill inmates. METHODS: Observational study was carried out with inmates of a prison and a jail in the State of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between March and December of 2008. Questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic and epidemiological data. Tuberculin skin testing was administered (PPD-RT23-2TU/0.1 mL), and the following laboratory tests were also performed: sputum smear examination, sputum culture, identification of strains isolated and drug susceptibility testing. The variables were compared using Pearson's chi-square (chi(2)) association test, Fisher's exact test and the proportion test. RESULTS: Of the 2,435 inmates interviewed, 2,237(91.9%) agreed to submit to tuberculin skin testing and of these, 73.0% had positive reactions. The prevalence of tuberculosis was 830.6 per 100,000 inmates. The coefficients of prevalence were 1,029.5/100,000 for inmates of the prison and 525.7/100,000 for inmates of the jail. The sociodemographic characteristics of the inmates in the two groups studied were similar; most of the inmates were young and single with little schooling. The epidemiological characteristics differed between the prison units, with the number of cases of previous tuberculosis and of previous contact with the disease greater in the prison and coughing, expectoration and smoking more common in the jail. Among the 20 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains identified, 95.0% were sensitive to anti-tuberculosis drugs, and 5.0% were resistant to streptomycin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalences of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis were higher in the incarcerated population than in the general population, and they were also higher in the prison than in the jail.

Low-Resolution Molecular Models Reveal the Oligomeric State of the PPAR and the Conformational Organization of Its Domains in Solution

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and are targets of drugs approved for human use. Whereas the crystallographic structure of the complex of full length PPAR gamma and RXR alpha is known, structural alterations induced by heterodimer formation and DNA contacts are not well understood. Herein, we report a small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of the oligomeric state of hPPAR gamma alone and in the presence of retinoid X receptor (RXR). The results reveal that, in contrast with other studied nuclear receptors, which predominantly form dimers in solution, hPPAR gamma remains in the monomeric form by itself but forms heterodimers with hRXR alpha. The low-resolution models of hPPAR gamma/RXR alpha complexes predict significant changes in opening angle between heterodimerization partners (LBD) and extended and asymmetric shape of the dimer (LBD-DBD) as compared with X-ray structure of the full-length receptor bound to DNA. These differences between our SAXS models and the high-resolution crystallographic structure might suggest that there are different conformations of functional heterodimer complex in solution. Accordingly, hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments reveal that the heterodimer binding to DNA promotes more compact and less solvent-accessible conformation of the receptor complex.

Proline dehydrogenase regulates redox state and respiratory metabolism in Trypanosoma Cruzi

Over the past three decades, L-proline has become recognized as an important metabolite for trypanosomatids. It is involved in a number of key processes, including energy metabolism, resistance to oxidative and nutritional stress and osmoregulation. In addition, this amino acid supports critical parasite life cycle processes by acting as an energy source, thus enabling host-cell invasion by the parasite and subsequent parasite differentiation. In this paper, we demonstrate that L-proline is oxidized to Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) by the enzyme proline dehydrogenase (TcPRODH, E.C. 1.5.99.8) localized in Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondria. When expressed in its active form in Escherichia coli, TcPRODH exhibits a Km of 16.58±1.69 µM and a Vmax of 66±2 nmol/min mg. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TcPRODH is a FAD-dependent dimeric state protein. TcPRODH mRNA and protein expression are strongly upregulated in the intracellular epimastigote, a stage which requires an external supply of proline. In addition, when Saccharomyces cerevisiae null mutants for this gene (PUT1) were complemented with the TcPRODH gene, diminished free intracellular proline levels and an enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress in comparison to the null mutant were observed, supporting the hypothesis that free proline accumulation constitutes a defense against oxidative imbalance. Finally, we show that proline oxidation increases cytochrome c oxidase activity in mitochondrial vesicles. Overall, these results demonstrate that TcPRODH is involved in proline-dependant cytoprotection during periods of oxidative imbalance and also shed light on the participation of proline in energy metabolism, which drives critical processes of the T. cruzi life cycle.

Longitudinal bar buckling behavior

Reinforced concrete columns might fail because of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcing bar when exposed to earthquake motions. Depending on the hoop stiffness and the length-over-diameter ratio, the instability can be local (in between two subsequent hoops) or global (the buckling length comprises several hoop spacings). To get insight into the topic, an extensive literary research of 19 existing models has been carried out including different approaches and assumptions which yield different results. Finite element fiberanalysis was carried out to study the local buckling behavior with varying length-over-diameter and initial imperfection-over-diameter ratios. The comparison of the analytical results with some experimental results shows good agreement before the post buckling behavior undergoes large deformation. Furthermore, different global buckling analysis cases were run considering the influence of different parameters; for certain hoop stiffnesses and length-over-diameter ratios local buckling was encountered. A parametric study yields an adimensional critical stress in function of a stiffness ratio characterized by the reinforcement configuration. Colonne in cemento armato possono collassare per via dell’instabilità dell’armatura longitudinale se sottoposte all’azione di un sisma. In funzione della rigidezza dei ferri trasversali e del rapporto lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro, l’instabilità può essere locale (fra due staffe adiacenti) o globale (la lunghezza d’instabilità comprende alcune staffe). Per introdurre alla materia, è proposta un’esauriente ricerca bibliografica di 19 modelli esistenti che include approcci e ipotesi differenti che portano a risultati distinti. Tramite un’analisi a fibre e elementi finiti si è studiata l’instabilità locale con vari rapporti lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro e imperfezione iniziale-diametro. Il confronto dei risultati analitici con quelli sperimentali mostra una buona coincidenza fino al raggiungimento di grandi spostamenti. Inoltre, il caso d’instabilità globale è stato simulato valutando l’influenza di vari parametri; per certe configurazioni di rigidezza delle staffe e lunghezza d’inflessione-diametro si hanno ottenuto casi di instabilità locale. Uno studio parametrico ha permesso di ottenere un carico critico adimensionale in funzione del rapporto di rigidezza dato dalle caratteristiche dell’armatura.

Il recupero della ex ferrovia Rimini-San Marino : un'occasione per la mobilità lenta nel territorio riminese

Questo lavoro riguarda il recupero di una ferrovia dismessa per la realizzazione di una "greenway", ovvero un percorso per la mobilità lenta. Per mobilità lenta si intende mobilità alternativa al traffico veicolare motorizzato e riguarda il muoversi su un territorio a piedi in bicicletta o con altro mezzo di trasporto senza l’ausilio di un motore. La lentezza è una caratteristica che permette una visione nuova dei paesaggi che si attraversano, siano essi naturali o urbani. In alcuni casi si parla anche di circolazione dolce. Questo tipo di circolazione necessita di infrastrutture con caratteristiche adatte a questa funzione, attrezzate in modo da consentire il più alto grado di fruibilità e comodità d’uso. Esse devono servire a muoversi nel territorio in maniera comoda e sicura. Una ferrovia dismessa si presta ad essere riconvertita in un percorso per la mobilità lenta in quanto presenta caratteristiche compatibili con questo nuovo utilizzo. In primo luogo le caratteristiche geometriche come ad esempio le pendenze ridotte, la larghezza e la regolarità del tracciato e la pubblica proprietà. Una ferrovia dismessa rappresenta una opportunità per l’intero territorio attraversato in quanto può rappresentare un importante elemento di connessione fra le popolazioni e le risorse del territorio. La connessione richiama il concetto di rete che è formata da punti e da linee che li collegano fra di loro. Questo concetto è importante per capire come questo percorso possa interagire con le altre risorse territoriali. Ad esempio in alcuni casi una greenway può costituire un corridoio ecologico ed entrare a far parte di una rete ecologica, diventando così una importante risorsa per la diffusione della biodiversità. Nell’affrontare un argomento complesso come la riconversione di una ferrovia dismessa è stata fondamentale l’esperienza fatta sul campo visitando casi di greenway già realizzate in Italia, dalla quale è stato possibile estrapolare una serie di soluzioni da adottare per analogia al caso in esame. E’ stato importante inoltre tutto il lavoro di conoscenza riguardante la storia della ferrovia e le tecniche realizzative dei fabbricati e manufatti, che ha permesso di studiare soluzioni progettuali adatte ad un nuovo utilizzo compatibile alla funzione originaria degli stessi. Le analisi territoriali hanno permesso poi di ricavare importanti informazioni riguardanti il tipo di utenza potenziale, le risorse del territorio attraversate dal tracciato storico, nonché le previsioni future ricavate dagli strumenti urbanistici vigenti. Tutte queste informazioni sono state sintetizzate in una analisi criticità/potenzialità che ha permesso di individuare le azioni progettuali necessarie. Mentre l’analisi territoriale è svolta a tavolino, la successiva analisi del percorso invece è stata portata a termine con un rilievo diretto sul campo al fine di verificare le informazioni raccolte in precedenza. Dividendo il percorso in tratti omogenei è stato possibile assegnare ad ogni tratto un corrispondente tipo di intervento. La verifica di criticità e potenzialità ha permesso poi di programmare corrispondenti azioni progettuali al fine di risolvere le prime ed assecondare le seconde. Le tipologie di intervento individuate sono tre: gli Interventi sul percorso che riguardano la sistemazione del fondo stradale per renderlo adatto ad un utilizzo ciclopedonale e la sistemazione a verde di alcuni tratti urbani; gli interventi di nuova realizzazione che riguardano la realizzazione di nuove infrastrutture per la risoluzione di criticità oppure la realizzazione di padiglioni per assecondare le potenzialità; ed infine gli interventi sul patrimonio storico che riguardano il riutilizzo degli edifici e manufatti della ex ferrovia. Vi è infine un caso applicativo che riassume tutte queste tipologie di intervento: la ex area ferroviaria di Rimini Marina, che è ritenuta un’area dalle alte potenzialità per la sua propensione a diventare punto di partenza dell’intero sistema lineare, ma anche luogo accentratore di servizi per l’intero quartiere che risulta a carattere prevalentemente turistico-residenziale. In questo modo si ritiene possibile fare rivivere la ex ferrovia facendola diventare cioè un insieme di luoghi connessi a servizio della comunità.

Pushover analysis of an existing reinforced concrete bridge:Jamboree Road Overcrossing in Irvine, California

The work for the present thesis started in California, during my semester as an exchange student overseas. California is known worldwide for its seismicity and its effort in the earthquake engineering research field. For this reason, I immediately found interesting the Structural Dynamics Professor, Maria Q. Feng's proposal, to work on a pushover analysis of the existing Jamboree Road Overcrossing bridge. Concrete is a popular building material in California, and for the most part, it serves its functions well. However, concrete is inherently brittle and performs poorly during earthquakes if not reinforced properly. The San Fernando Earthquake of 1971 dramatically demonstrated this characteristic. Shortly thereafter, code writers revised the design provisions for new concrete buildings so to provide adequate ductility to resist strong ground shaking. There remain, nonetheless, millions of square feet of non-ductile concrete buildings in California. The purpose of this work is to perform a Pushover Analysis and compare the results with those of a Nonlinear Time-History Analysis of an existing bridge, located in Southern California. The analyses have been executed through the software OpenSees, the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation. The bridge Jamboree Road Overcrossing is classified as a Standard Ordinary Bridge. In fact, the JRO is a typical three-span continuous cast-in-place prestressed post-tension box-girder. The total length of the bridge is 366 ft., and the height of the two bents are respectively 26,41 ft. and 28,41 ft.. Both the Pushover Analysis and the Nonlinear Time-History Analysis require the use of a model that takes into account for the nonlinearities of the system. In fact, in order to execute nonlinear analyses of highway bridges it is essential to incorporate an accurate model of the material behavior. It has been observed that, after the occurrence of destructive earthquakes, one of the most damaged elements on highway bridges is a column. To evaluate the performance of bridge columns during seismic events an adequate model of the column must be incorporated. Part of the work of the present thesis is, in fact, dedicated to the modeling of bents. Different types of nonlinear element have been studied and modeled, with emphasis on the plasticity zone length determination and location. Furthermore, different models for concrete and steel materials have been considered, and the selection of the parameters that define the constitutive laws of the different materials have been accurate. The work is structured into four chapters, to follow a brief overview of the content. The first chapter introduces the concepts related to capacity design, as the actual philosophy of seismic design. Furthermore, nonlinear analyses both static, pushover, and dynamic, time-history, are presented. The final paragraph concludes with a short description on how to determine the seismic demand at a specific site, according to the latest design criteria in California. The second chapter deals with the formulation of force-based finite elements and the issues regarding the objectivity of the response in nonlinear field. Both concentrated and distributed plasticity elements are discussed into detail. The third chapter presents the existing structure, the software used OpenSees, and the modeling assumptions and issues. The creation of the nonlinear model represents a central part in this work. Nonlinear material constitutive laws, for concrete and reinforcing steel, are discussed into detail; as well as the different scenarios employed in the columns modeling. Finally, the results of the pushover analysis are presented in chapter four. Capacity curves are examined for the different model scenarios used, and failure modes of concrete and steel are discussed. Capacity curve is converted into capacity spectrum and intersected with the design spectrum. In the last paragraph, the results of nonlinear time-history analyses are compared to those of pushover analysis.

La fortezza di San Leo: restauri storici, indagini sulle superfici architettoniche esterne e linee di metodo per la conservazione

La tesi si pone l’obiettivo di approfondire i restauri operati nel corso del tempo sulla fortezza di San Leo a seguito del sisma del 1786 ed affronta il delicato e complesso tema delle finiture delle superfici architettoniche esterne. La ricerca si è sviluppata a partire dall’analisi storico-critica delle vicende relative alla fortezza e alla città di San Leo, approfondendo le caratteristiche dell’architettura militare di transizione di Francesco di Giorgio Martini dal momento della sua fondazione nel Montefeltro, al fine di ricostruire la possibile sequenza delle fasi costruttive, anche attraverso la comparazione con altri esempi di fortificazioni sul territorio. L’analisi comparata delle fonti dirette e indirette, delle tracce murarie attraverso un accurato rilievo geometrico del complesso monumentale ottenuto con l’ausilio di molteplici tecniche di misura (topografiche, dirette, fotogrammetriche) opportunamente integrate in un unico sistema di riferimento, e il rilievo critico con tavole tematiche sulle superfici architettoniche, ha permesso di osservare sotto una nuova luce il singolare progetto di restauro elaborato da Giuseppe Valadier per la fortezza di San Leo. Esso rappresenta un’anticipazione della disciplina, maturata nell’ambiente colto romano dell’epoca, e fondata sulla presa di coscienza dei valori del manufatto architettonico. Si è provveduto a catalogare e descrivere più di 150 fonti documentarie, in gran parte inedite, collocate in un arco temporale che va dal Cinquecento, al periodo Moderno e Contemporaneo con le perizie del Genio Civile e della Soprintendenza. Sono state inoltre ordinate cronologicamente e descritte almeno 50 rappresentazioni iconografiche e cartografiche storiche. L’approccio analitico multidisciplinare, e la raccolta di informazioni storico-documentali, è stato completato da un’ultima fase di analisi, utile a determinare la stratificazione e la cronologia degli interventi. Sono state condotte indagini fisiche e chimiche su campioni, prelevati in loco durante il mese di novembre del 2008 sotto l’egida della Soprintendenza, al fine di determinare la formulazione e la microstuttura dei materiali, con particolare attenzione ai materiali lapidei, agli intonaci e alle coloriture, limitando le indagini a quelle strettamente necessarie. Le indagini strumentali sono state effettuate presso il Laboratorio di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (LASTM) del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali (DICAM) dell’Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Scuola di Ingegneria e Architettura, seguendo procedure sviluppate dai gruppi di lavoro presso la struttura. Al fine di determinare la composizione chimica dei materiali sono state eseguite calcimetrie e diffrattometrie a raggi x, mentre per quanto riguarda la struttura e la microstruttura sono state eseguite delle analisi granulometriche. L’interpretazione dei dati, ottenuti dalla lettura organica delle fonti, ha permesso di inquadrare i differenti trattamenti superficiali esterni in relazione all’epoca di realizzazione.

Association of individual resting state EEG alpha frequency and cerebral blood flow

Cognitive task performance differs considerably between individuals. Besides cognitive capacities, attention might be a source of such differences. The individual's EEG alpha frequency (IAF) is a putative marker of the subject's state of arousal and attention, and was found to be associated with task performance and cognitive capacities. However, little is known about the metabolic substrate (i.e. the network) underlying IAF. Here we aimed to identify this network. Correlation of IAF with regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in fifteen young healthy subjects revealed a network of brain areas that are associated with the modulation of attention and preparedness for external input, which are relevant for task execution. We hypothesize that subjects with higher IAF have pre-activated task-relevant networks and thus are both more efficient in the task-execution, and show a reduced fMRI-BOLD response to the stimulus, not because the absolute amount of activation is smaller, but because the additional activation by processing of external input is limited due to the higher baseline.

Men's Modesty, Religion, and the State: Spaces of Collision

This article examines religious practices in the United States, which govern modesty and other dress norms for men. I focus both on the spaces within which they most collide with regulatory regimes of the state and the legal implications of these norms, particularly for observant Muslim men. Undergirding the research are those ‘‘gender equality’’ claims made by many religious adherents, that men are required to maintain proper modesty norms just as are women. Also undergirding the research is the extensive anti-Islam bias in American culture today. The spaces within which men’s religiously proscribed dress and grooming norms are most at issue—indicated by First Amendment legal challenges to rights of religious practice—are primarily those state-controlled, total institutions Goffman describes, such as in the military and prisons. The implications of gendered modesty norms are important, as state control over religious expression in prisons, for example, is much more difficult to contest than in other spaces, although this depends entirely on who is doing the contesting and within which religious context. In American society today—and particularly within the context of growing Islamaphobia following the 9/11 attacks—the implications are greatest for those men practicing ‘‘prison Islam.’’