Sensory profile and drivers of liking for grape nectar among smoker and nonsmoker consumers

Decreased gustatory and olfactory capacity is one of the problems caused by tobacco use. The objectives of this study were to determine the sensory profile of six grape nectar samples sweetened with different sweeteners and to verify the drivers of liking in two distinct consumer groups: smokers and nonsmokers. The sensory profile was constructed by twelve trained panelists using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Consumer tests were performed with 112 smokers and 112 nonsmokers. Partial least squares regression analyses was used to identify the drivers of acceptance and rejection of the grape nectars among the two consumer groups. According to the QDA, the samples differed regarding six of the nineteen attributes generated. The absolute averages of the affective test were lower in the group of smokers; possibly because smoking influences acceptance and eating preferences, especially with regard to sweet foods. The results showed that the grape flavor was the major driver of preference for acceptance of the nectar, while astringency, wine aroma, bitterness and sweetness, and bitter aftertaste were drivers of rejection in the two groups of consumers, with some differences between the groups.

Influence of disinfestation and osmotic conditioning on the germinating behavior of australian royal palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae)seeds

The technique of Osmotic Conditioning, which consists of partial and controlled hydration of the seeds, has obtained success with various species of seeds, increasing the germinating span and tolerance to the adverse conditions of the environment, and has also reduced the time elapsed between sowing and the emergence of the plants. Associated to ideal storage conditions, the treatment has increased the performance of the seeds of tropical wood species. Aiming at studying the germinating environment and the effect of osmotic conditioning on the germination of seeds of the Australian Royal Palm tree, two experiments were performed. The first one evaluated the effect of disinfestation of the seeds of the Australian Royal Palm tree with NaClO. The treatments applied were: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, exposure periods of 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes, and the fungicide Captan, as control. The treatments with NaClO did not differ in relation to the final percentage of germination and to the germination speed index, and did not differ from the treatment control. The second test evaluated solutions with the following osmotic potentials: 0.0MPa (pure water), -0.4MPa, -0.6MPa and -0.8MPa, exposed for the periods of 10 and 20 days. The final percentage of germination did not differ among the treatments. The seeds hydrated in pure water for a period of 20 days showed a germination speed index significantly superior to the other treatments, and they did not show significant differences among themselves.

”Far from being such untameable savages” - Australian ja Uuden-Seelannin alkuperäiskansat Britannian parlamentin komitearaporteissa 1830- ja 40-luvuilla

Käsittelen tutkielmassani Australian aboriginaaleista ja Uuden-Seelannin maoreista 1830- ja 1840-luvuilla Britannian hallinnossa esitettyjä kuvauksia. Lähteenä aiheen tarkasteluun käytän viiden Britannian parlamentin tuona aikana asettaman komitean raportteja, joissa käsitellään Australian ja Uuden-Seelannin tilaa suhteessa eurooppalaisiin siirtolaisiin ja näiden alueiden kolonisoimista. Yhdessä nämä viisi raporttia muodostavat kiinnostavan kokonaisuuden, sillä ne ovat 1800-luvun ensimmäisen puoliskon ainoat komitearaportit, joissa käsitellään aboriginaaleja ja maoreja. Ne olivat myös yksi tapa, jolla 1800-luvulla siirtokunnista saatiin tietoa Britannian hallintoon, joten niissä esitetyt kuvaukset olivat merkittävä osa tiedonkulkua siirtokunnista imperiumin metropoliin. Tutkielmassani selvitän millaista kuvaa komiteat loivat aboriginaaleista ja maoreista metropolissa toimineelle hallinnolle siirtomaista peräisin olleiden lähteiden perusteella. Tarkastelen komiteoiden raporteissaan esittämiä kuvauksia aboriginaaleista ja maoreista suhteessa komiteoita ympäröineeseen ajatteluun ja muiden käsittelemieni komiteoiden esittämiin näkemyksiin. Rinnastamalla raporteissa esitettyjä kuvauksia ja näkemyksiä laajempaan aikalaiseen ajatteluun pystyn tuomaan esille komiteoiden esittämistä näkemyksistä niin samankaltaisuuksia verrattuna laajempaan ajatteluun kuin ajalleen poikkeuksellisia näkemyksiä. Komiteoiden esittämien näkemysten suhteuttaminen myös raporttien taustalla olleisiin todistajalausuntoihin tuo esille komiteoiden omia suuntautumisia. Komiteoiden raporteissa aboriginaalit ja maorit näyttäytyvät keskenään hyvin erilaisina kansoina monilla eri perusteilla. Maoreista luodaan raporteissa kuvaa aboriginaaleja kehittyneempinä ja sivistyneempinä, mikä perustuu niin maorien kehittyneempiin elinkeinoihin, yhteiskunnalliseen organisoitumiseen, kykeneväisyyteen toimia aktiivisena osapuolena kanssakäymisessä eurooppalaisten kanssa ja toisaalta aboriginaalien jo alunalkaen alhaiseen tilaan. Eri raportit kuitenkin kuvaavat maoreja ja aboriginaaleja kuitenkin hyvin eri tavoilla, ja erityisesti komiteoiden omat motiivit ja tavoitteet näyttävät vaikuttaneen tapoihin, joilla näitä kansoja kuvataan. Voimakkaana vastakkainasetteluna näyttäytyy humanitaarinen, lähetystyötä korostava positiivisempi tapa kuvata kansoja ja kolonisaatiota sekä siirtolaisten etuja ajaneet negatiivisemmat kuvaukset. Komiteoiden käsittely kuitenkin perustuu lähes täysin eurooppalaiseen näkökulmaan ja eurooppalaisiin normeihin, eikä näiden kansojen kulttuuria tuoda juurikaan esille.

The role of a minor party : a comparative study of the British Liberal Party and the Australian Country Party since 1918

and the Australian Country Party since 1918. 2. The thesis examines the proposition that the role of a minor party is determined, not by its total strength expressed as a percentage of the national vote, but by how its strength is concentrated. Australia and Britain were chosen for the comparison because of the many similarities in political culture and in the extent of class voting. Each country has a party - the Country Party in Australia and the Liberal Party in Britain - which has had a distinct impact on the political scene in their respective countries. In the period from 1918 to the present day neither party, at the national level, has ever held the largest number of seats in parliament let alone a majority of seats, and it is in this sense that they are herein defined as minor parties. In the thesis the constitutional background of and differences between Australia and Britain are reviewed, followed by a brief historical picture of each of the two parties being studied. The sources of supporc of the two parties are analysed and it is here that real differences emerge. The Country Party in Australia is a deliberately sectional party with a narrow rural base, whereas the British Liberal Party is more broadly based than either the Labour or Conservative Parties in Britain. 3. Party leadership and organisation are then discussed. Both parties have had outstanding leaders, Earle Page and McEwen for the Country Party; Asquith, Lloyd George and Grimond for the Liberal Party. Both parties have had relatively fewer leaders than their major party opponents. However, whereas the Country Party has been free of serious splits the Liberal Party was shattered on the leadership struggles of Asquith and Lloyd George. Both parties have been identified with decentralisation of state power, the Country Party through its support, albeit sometimes lukewarm of the New States Movement; the Liberal Party through its espousal of a federal system for Britain with separate Welsh, Scottish and regional assemblies. Unfortunately for the British Liberal Party the beneficiaries of their policies in this area have been relatively new nationalist parties in both Wales arid Scotland. The major part of the thesis is devoted to a study of how the electoral systems in the two countries have, in practice, worked to the advantage or disadvantage of the Country Party and the British Liberal Party. The Country Party has been as consistently over-represented in the House of Representatives as the Liberal Party has been under-represented in the British House of Commons. With the even distribution of its support the introduction of the single transferable vote, in itself, would bring little benefit to the British Liberal Party in terms of seats. Multimember urban constituencies combined with some type of list system are the only way the Liberals are likely to obtain House of Commons seats in proportion to their votes. 4. Finally, the relations of the two minor parties with their respective major parties are considered. In the conclusion the future of the two parties is reviewed. In general terms it appears that the Country Party is faced with a slow decline. Although the British Liberal Party made a major breakthrough, in terms of votes, in the February 1974 election, they were unable to maintain this momentum in the October election, even though they lost very little ground. In the long term they must make an inroad into Labour held seats if they are to progress further.

Drivers of Local Firms’ Focus on Internal R&D in Emerging Economies and Their International Performance

Grounded on the resource-based view of the firm, the study of this thesis investigates the effect of four internal and external factors – engineer intensity, location, affiliation with the government, government funding – on Chinese firms’ decision to either invest in internal R&D activities or external R&D and the effect of this decision on the firms’ international market success. In addition, the moderating role of the presence of foreign firms in China is examined. To understand these relationships, the thesis’ theorization focuses on the issue of how firms can combine optimally the two options – “internal R&D” and “external R&D”. In this regard I juxtapose internal R&D and external R&D and compare their advantages and disadvantages. To test my model, I apply panel data from the Annual Industrial Survey Database provided by the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics. My results show that three of the four investigated factors affect Chinese firms’ resource allocation decisions; and effective resource allocation decisions lead effectively to international market success, strengthened by the presence of foreign firms in China. Moreover the findings bear several theoretical and managerial contributions. First I propose the last dimension of the “VRIO framework” – “organization” – as an endogenous component of the VRIO framework, as my study investigated how firms can effectively combine resources to generate a competitive advantage in terms of international market success. Previous academic literature so far focused on examining whether internal and external R&D are complements or substitutes. My study fills a gap in the literature by investigating the determinants of the efficient combination of the two strategies and the outcome of the combination. One of the managerial implications is that Chinese firms can learn from foreign companies that are present in China.

Contradictions within the Modern Food System: Nutritional Disbalance across the Globe, Its Main Drivers and Possible Ways Out

Contemporary food production, given the degree of technology being applied in it and the present state of scientific knowledge, should be able to feed the world. Corresponding statistics show that in fact the volumes of modern food production confirm this statement. Yet, the present nutritional situation across the globe leaves much to be desired: on the one hand the numbers of undernourished and malnourished people are still high and even growing in some regions, and on the other hand there is an increasing number of overweight and obese people who are experiencing (or are at risk of) adverse health impacts as consequences. The question arises how this situation is possible given the present state of food production and knowledge, and also in terms of nutrition basics when talking about the latter. When arguing about the main causes of the present situation with nutrition across the globe, it is the modern food system with its distortions that is often criticised with emphasis placed on inappropriate food distribution as one of the key problems. However it is not only food distribution that shapes inequalities in terms of food availability and accessibility – there is a number of other factors contributing to this situation including political influences. Each of the drivers of the present situation might affect more than one part and have outcomes in different dimensions. Therefore it makes sense to apply a holistic approach when viewing the modern food system, embracing all the elements and existing relationships between them for this will facilitate taking appropriate actions in order to target the desired outcome in the best possible way. Applying a systematic approach and linking various elements with corresponding interactions among them allows for picturing all the possible outcomes and hence finding the way for a better solution on global level – a solution to the present problem with nutritional disbalance across the globe.

Compositional data analysis of vote shares in the 2001 Australian Federal election

First application of compositional data analysis techniques to Australian election data

Family background, adolescent's achievement and aspirations, and young adult's enrolment in Australian Universities

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Australian English and its culture : el inglés australiano y su cultura.

Material no publicado

Spanish version of Bus Drivers’ Job Demands Scale (BDJD-24)

Resumen tomado de la publicación