Zika virus damages the human placental barrier and presents marked fetal neurotropism

An unusually high incidence of microcephaly in newborns has recently been observed in Brazil. There is a temporal association between the increase in cases of microcephaly and the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic. Viral RNA has been detected in amniotic fluid samples, placental tissues and newborn and fetal brain tissues. However, much remains to be determined concerning the association between ZIKV infection and fetal malformations. In this study, we provide evidence of the transplacental transmission of ZIKV through the detection of viral proteins and viral RNA in placental tissue samples from expectant mothers infected at different stages of gestation. We observed chronic placentitis (TORCH type) with viral protein detection by immunohistochemistry in Hofbauer cells and some histiocytes in the intervillous spaces. We also demonstrated the neurotropism of the virus via the detection of viral proteins in glial cells and in some endothelial cells and the observation of scattered foci of microcalcifications in the brain tissues. Lesions were mainly located in the white matter. ZIKV RNA was also detected in these tissues by real-time-polymerase chain reaction. We believe that these findings will contribute to the body of knowledge of the mechanisms of ZIKV transmission, interactions between the virus and host cells and viral tropism.

Valor predictivo del perfil biofísico fetal en gestantes a término en relación con las condiciones neonatales detectadas por el APGAR. Hospital Regional Vicente Corral Moscoso, enero-septiembre 2005

Se justifica el estudio como un aporte importante que permite en base al trabajo en equipo de a profesionales en imágenes, pediatras y obstetras, responsables del binomio madre-hijo, tener un método útil o de exploración peri.natal que ha permitido evaluar una serie de actividades biofísicas que ayudan en la toma de decisiones certeras en la conducción del parto y/o culminación del embarazo, que ayudan a predecir varias complicaciones entre las más importantes el sufrimiento fetal agudo, consecuencia de la hipoxia que muchas de las veces ha terminado en la muerte fetal. Por lo que se hace necesario determinar el valor predictivo de la prueba del Perfil Biofísico Fetal en gestantes a término en relación con las condiciones neonatales valoradas por el Test de Pagar al momento del nacimiento. Conclusiones: en relación a la prueba de perfil biofísico fetal se encontró que la sensibilidad de la prueba es de 62.96, la especificidad de 93.45, el valor predictivo positivo fue del 48.5, el valor predictivo negativo 96.45, los índices de verdaderos positivos de 48.47, de falsos positivos de 51.43, de falsos negativos 3.75y de verdaderos negativos 96.25

The Role of Mucosal Defense in Intestinal Injury of Infants With Fetal Growth Retardation

Background: Infants with fetal growth retardation (FGR) are prone to intestinal disorders. Objectives: Aim of the study was to determine the role of mucosal defense ability in formation of gut injury in infants with FGR. Materials and Methods: 44 premature infants who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit were divided into two groups: 20 infants with FGR (FGR group) and 24 appropriate-for-gestational age newborns (AGA group). Control group consisted of 22 premature infants who were delivered after uncomplicated pregnancy. Gut barrier function was evaluated by detecting serum intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP). The level of serum IFABP and ITF was measured by using ELISA method. Results: FGR group showed significantly higher ITF concentration than AGA group on the first days of life (P ˂ 0.01). High level of ITF in the FGR group significantly declines up to 7th - 10th day of life (P ˂ 0.01). This reduction was accompanied by increase of IFABP which is a marker of ischemic intestinal mucosal injury. Correlation analyses showed that ITF had a negative correlation with IFABP. Conclusions: Infants with fetal growth retardation are characterized by a high level of ITF on the first days of life. This protects intestinal mucosa under hypoxic conditions. Its subsequent decline accompanied by an increase of IFABP reflects the depletion of Goblet cells to secret ITF causing damage to the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier.

Mal nutrición materna, parto y bienestar fetal. Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Abril-Julio 2007

Determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición materna al parto, relacionar con el tipo de parto y la condición del recién nacido. Embarazadas al parto, departamento de obstetricia, Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, Abril - Julio 2007, Muestra: 650 parturientas. Al ingreso se peso y tomo la talla, clasificó según el nomograma de Rosso y Mardones. Se valoró el tipo de parto. Se clasificó según peso, edad gestacional y según riesgo de mortalidad neonal (Bataglia y Lunchenko), APGAR a los cinco minutos y el destino del recien nacido. La prevalencia de malnutrición es 68 por ciento. 27.4 por ciento son adolescentes. Parto vaginal 67.8 por ciento, cesárea el 32.2 por ciento. El recién nacido (RN) 70.9 por ciento es adecuado, 20.9 por ciento es pequeño y el 8.2 por ciento es grande para la edad gestacional. El 98.5 por ciento son vivos. El APGAR mayor 7 a los cinco minutos 93.3 por ciento. El 87 por ciento de RN el destino es su madre, 10.6 por ciento a neonatología. El peso bajo de la madre se asocia con el recién nacido pequeño (OR=1,695). El peso bajo de la madre es protector para el RN sea grande (OR=0,313; el sobrepeso (OR=2,098), la obesidad (OR=2,941) es asociación con el RN sea grande. La obesidad materna es asociación con el al APGAR menor 7 (OR=2,007). El parto por cesárea es asociación con el RN pequeño (OR=2,011), el destino a neonatología (OR=2,368) y APGAR menor 7 (OR=2,314)

Densidad óptica en embarazadas normales y madurez pulmonar fetal. Estudio en el líquido amniótico. Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Cuenca -Ecuador 1999

Se realiza un estudio de tipo clínico-descriptivo con el objeto de determinar la presencia de pigmentos bilirrubinoides y la madurez pulmonar, comprado el Test de Clements con la edad gestacional y el estado clínico del recién nacido. Se tomó a cincuenta pacientes embarazadas entre 37 y 41 semanas de gestación, sin factores de riesgo y sus recién nacidos, atendidos mediante cesárea o parto vaginal, en el Centro Obstétrico del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso de la ciudad de Cuenca en 1999. Se realizaron las determinaciones basados en los parámetros recomendados a nivel internacional concluyendo que: 1 En las embarazadas a término de la gestación, la determinación de la presencia de pigmentos bilirrubinoides en líquido ammniótico corresponde a la zona 1 de la gráfica de Liley, interpretada como exenta de riesgo para los recién nacidos, de acuerdo con los parámetros que se registran en la literatura médica actual. 2. La prueba de Clements positiva guarda estrecha relación con la madurez del recién nacido expresada por Capurro y con una adecuada función respiratoria expresada por un puntaje normal de Silverman en todos los casos. 3. En caso de usarse la prueba de Clements, es la prueba de un tubo, suficiente para valorar la madurez pulmonar por su alta confiabilidad y bajo costo. 4. Por lo tanto los autores recomendamos que se incluya la aplicación de estas dos pruebas, que son de fácil realización, como parte del protocolo de atención materno-infantil en el Centro Obstétrico del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso

Indicadores ecográficos de patología fetal del tercer trimestre de gestación: Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, febrero-julio del 2005

Las experiencias prenatales y postnatales de este grupo de gestantes investigadas, tanto por ultrasonido como por valoración clínica pediátrica; ha sido de mucho interés. El objetivo consiste en detectar mediante signos ecográficos la presencia de patología fetal; utilizando un ecógrafo marca Sonoace 8000 EX con transductor convexo 3,5 MHZ, puesto que se han comparado punto por punto la investigación con la experiencia de grupos similares de otras investigaciones, efectuándose por lo tanto una correlación ecográfica y clínica en toda mujer embarazada que cursa el tercer trimestre de gestación, obteniéndose de las 355 pacientes estudiadas, 28 casos positivos para patología fetal por ultrasonido, de los cuales se comprobó clínicamente al momento del nacimiento 20 casos, lo que permite indica que se puede diagnosticar un 71.4cuadros patológicos sonoembrionarios; que en comparación con grupos similares de investigación, es significativo. En el grupo de personas investigadas hubo también falsos positivos para ultrasonido tal es el caso de 6 (20) en patología craneal, 1 (10) en polimalformados y 1 5en patología toráxica; los demás coincidieron en su diagnóstico prenatal con el postnatal. De esta manera señalamos que en la presente investigación las pruebas diagnosticas son tambien significativas y acordes a las investigaciones que trae la literatura mundial, en donde se reportan sensibilizadas bajas, que van desde 24.5(González 1999), hasta 73.7(estudio mundial Eurofetus), con especialidades altas sobre los 90; el grupo investigado posee una sensibilidad del 70y una especificidad del 95.82que indica que se puede captar en el 70a los verdaderos positivos y en el 95a los verdaderos negativos con una probabilidad de padecer la enfermedad se si obtiene un resultado positivo en la prueba que es de un 50, con lo que se concluye e insiste en la importancia que posee el manejo interdisciplinario y la aplicación de esta modalidad en toda gestante

Correlación clínica y ecográfica de la maduración y reactividad fetal

Estudio descriptivo de cohorte único para por medio de la clínica (altura de fondo uterino) y del uso de la ecografía (longitud femoral y diámetro biparietal) elaborar curvas de crecimiento fetal y detectar posibles diferencias determinadas por el sexo en el mismo, estudiar la madurez placentaria ecográfica y la respuesta ftal al test de estimulación vibroacústica; en sesenta pacientes embarazadas que acudieron a la consulta externa del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso durante el período comprendido entre Marzo de 1992 y julio de 1993, que cumplieron las siguientes características: embarazo de curso clínico normal menor de veinte semanas al momento de la inclusión, ciclos menstruales espontáneos y regulares y no haber usado métodos anticonceptivos tres meses previos al embarazo, luego del parto los criterios fueron: recién nacido normal, de peso adecuado para la edad gestacional y a término. Encontramos que la longitud femoral se inicia con valores de 1.63 centímetros a las doce semanas de gestación, teniendo un comportamiento lineal progresivamente ascendente, con aumento promedio de 0.21 centímetros por semana, para terminar en 7.4 centímetros a la semana 40. Se encuentra que la longitud femoral se inicia con valores de 1.83 centímetros a las doce semanas de gestación, teniendo un comportamiento lineal progresivamente ascendiente, con aumento promedio de 0.21 centímetros por semana, para terminar en 7.4 centímetros a la semana 40. El diámetro biparietal se inicia con valores de 2 centímetros a las doce semanas, tiene un trayecto progresivamente ascendente, iniciando un aplanamiento hacia las 30 semanas, que se acentúa en las últimas semanas del embarazo, terminando en 9.17 a las 40 semanas de gestación. La altura del fondo uterino describe una curva regular con ascenso inicial rápido y luego tendencia al aplanamiento. En los tres parámetros no se evidenciaron diferencias determinadas por el sexo. El grado de maduración placentaria es progresivo. Aparece el grado I a las 27 semanas, el grado II a las 35 semanas y el grado III a las 38 semanas. Se demuestra que la prueba de estimulación vibroacústica es eficiente para la valoración del bienestar fetal, observándose además que a una mayor edad gestacional el incremento de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal es también mayor

A cross sectional study of leptospirosis and fetal death in Yucatan, Mexico

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting mainly to low income human population. Acute leptospiral infection during pregnancy has been associated with spontaneous abortion and fetal death during the first trimester and the abortion may occur as consequence of systemic failure. Objective: To estimate the frequency of Leptospira interrogans infection in women with spontaneous abortion in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Methods: A cross sectional study on women with spontaneous abortion was conducted. Serum samples were tested for Leptospirosis by the microaglutination test, to estimate the frequency of the infecting serovar. The indirect ELISA IgM was used to detect recent infection by L. interrogans. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue of placenta for PCR detection of L. interrogans. Results: Overall frequency of infection with L. interrogans in the 81 women with abortion was 13.6%. Five of the 12 serovars evaluated were found and included. Two of the 11 women with abortion and positive to microaglutination test were also positive to the ELISA IgM test. None samples were positive for PCR Leptospira diagnosis. Conclusion: two women could be associated with spontaneous abortion due to leptospirosis, because they showed antibodies against L. interrogans in the microaglutination test and ELISA IgM assays. Differences between regions were found with respect to the prevalences of lesptospirosis.

Síndrome Fetal Alcoólico, psicomotricidade, leitura e escrita : uma intervenção simultânea

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Educação Especial – Domínio Cognitivo e Motor.

Quando a morte antecede o nascimento: atuação do enfermeiro especialista em saúde materna e obstetrícia na assistência à mulher que vivência uma morte fetal

A perda gestacional é uma experiência dolorosa e complexa para a mãe/casal. O enfermeiro surge como promotor da adaptação á perda. Com esta intervenção, pretendo assegurar boas práticas de enfermagem na assistência às mulheres/casais em situação de perda gestacional. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo em que se realizaram entrevistas a mulheres que vivenciaram perda gestacional e aos Enfermeiros Especialistas de Saúde Materna e Obstétrica como prestadores de cuidados. Os resultados mostram que os enfermeiros consideram a perda gestacional uma experiência difícil de vivenciar, identificando necessidades de formação. As mulheres referem diferenças na abordagem por parte dos enfermeiros aquando dos cuidados recebidos, falta de apoio e necessidade de encaminhamento após a alta hospitalar. Efetuou-se formação aos enfermeiros com peritos da área e desenvolveram-se procedimentos para uniformizar os cuidados. Foi criado um procedimento para uniformizar a prática e materiais de suporte para o apoio na prestação de cuidados de enfermagem; WHEN THE DEATH ANTECIPATES THE BIRTH: MIDWIVES' ROLE IN ASSISTANCE TO WOMENWHO EXPERIENCE FETAL DEATH. ABSTRACT: Pregnancy loss is a painful and complex experience to the mother/couple. The nurse is the promoting agent to the loss adaptation. With this project, I intend to ensure good nursing practices in assisting women/couples who experience a pregnancy loss. A qualitative study was performed, in which interviews were conducted to women who experienced a pregnancy loss and to nurse-midwives who provided care. Results demonstrated that nurse-midwives find pregnancy loss as a difficult experience, identifying educational needs. Women relate differences in the nurse-midwives’ approach during care, lack of support and the need of follow-up after hospital discharge. Nurse-midwives were subjected to training with experts and procedures were developed in order to standardize care. A practice standardizing procedure and educational materials were created to support nursing practice.

Human congenital cytomegalovirus infection: characteristics and pathogenesis of fetal brain damage

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes congenital neurological lifelong disabilities. The study analyzed 10 HCMV-infected human fetuses at 21 weeks of gestation to evaluate the characteristics and pathogenesis of brain injury related to congenital human CMV (cCMV) infection. Specifically, tissues from cortical and white matter areas, subventricular zone, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia and cerebellum were analysed by: i) immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect HCMV-infected cell distribution, ii) hematoxylin-eosin staining to evaluate histological damage and iii) real-time PCR to quantify tissue viral load (HCMV-DNA). Viral tropism was assessed by double IHC to detect HCMV-antigens and neural/neuronal markers: nestin (expressed in early differentiation stage), doublecortin (DCX, identifying neuronal precursor cells) and neuronal nuclei (NeuN, identifying mature neurons). HCMV-positive cells and viral DNA were found in the brain of 8/10 (80%) fetuses. For these cases, brain damage was classified in mild (n=4, 50%), moderate (n=3, 37.5%) and severe (n=1, 12.5%) based on presence of i) diffuse astrocytosis, microglial activation and vascular changes; ii) occasional (in mild) or multiple (in moderate/severe) microglial nodules and iii) necrosis (in severe). The highest median HCMV-DNA level was found in the hippocampus (212 copies/5ng of humanDNA [hDNA], range: 10-7,505) as well as the highest mean HCMV-infected cell value (2.9 cells, range: 0-23), followed by that detected in subventricular zone (1.8 cells, range: 0-19). This suggests a preferential HCMV tropism for immature neuronal cells, residing in these regions, confirmed by the detection of DCX and nestin in 94% and 63.3% of HCMV-positive cells, respectively. NeuN was not found among HCMV-positive cells and was nearly absent in the brain with severe damage, suggesting HCMV does not infect mature neurons and immature HCMV-infected neuronal cells do not differentiate into neurons. HCMV preferential tropism in immature neural/neuronal cells delays/inhibits their differentiation interfering with brain development processes that lead to structural and functional brain defects.

Identificação das causas evitáveis, que levaram à mortalidade fetal e de crianças menores de um ano bo município de Angelândia - MG em 2013

Introdução: A mortalidade infantil e fetal são consideradas como indicadores clássicos e consagrados das condições de vida e saúde de uma população. O óbito infantil e fetal é potencialmente evitável, e, portanto, identificar fatores determinantes desses óbitos é imprescindível. Objetivo: Identificação das causas evitáveis que levaram a mortalidade fetal e de crianças menores de um ano a partir da investigação de óbitos no município de Angelândia - MG no ano de 2013. Metodologia: Foram analisadas fichas de investigação de óbitos fetais e de menores de um ano ocorridos no município. Optou-se pela revisão narrativa da literatura. Foram usados os seguintes descritores: Mortalidade Infantil, Mortalidade Neonatal, Assistência Pré-natal e para inclusão dos textos no estudo adotou-se os critérios: trabalhos que abordam o tema de forma integral; disponíveis gratuitamente on-line; publicados em português e trabalhos elaborados no período de janeiro de 2000 a janeiro 2014 além de investigação de óbitos fetais e de crianças menores de um ano. Resultados: Foram analisadas sete fichas de Investigação de óbitos, entre elas ocorreram, cinco óbitos fetais, um óbito neonatal e um óbito infantil. Plano de Ação: Mobilização das autoridades responsáveis pela saúde pública do município através da apresentação do resultado deste estudo para que providências sejam tomadas em relação à mortalidade infantil. Conclusão: Conclui-se que foi possível identificar as principais causas de óbitos e o importante papel das causas reduzíveis por adequada atenção ao recém-nascido e à mulher durante a gestação e parto.

Indole-3-carbinol Attenuates The Deleterious Gestational Effects Of Bisphenol A Exposure On The Prostate Gland Of Male F1 Rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that has been investigated for it potential to cause prostate diseases. In this study, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 25 or 250 μg/kg BPA from gestational day (GD) 10 to GD21 with or without concurrent indole-3-carbinol (I3C) feeding. I3C is a phytochemical, and it affords chemoprotection against many types of neoplasia. Male F1 rats from different litters were euthanized on post-natal day (PND) 21 and PND180. BPA-treated groups showed a significant increase in histopathological lesions, but I3C feeding reversed many of these changes, mainly at PND180. Maternal I3C feeding increased prostate epithelial apoptosis in the BPA-treated groups and across age groups. Furthermore, I3C induced partial normalization of the prostate histoarchitecture. The results pointed to a protective effect of maternal I3C feeding during pregnancy in the BPA-exposed male offspring, thereby indicating reduction in the harmful effects of gestational BPA imprinting on the prostate.

Long-term Results Of Anderson-hynes Pyeloplasty In Children: How Long Follow-up Is Necessary?

Purpose After a successful pyeloplasty at 3 to 6 months, the question remains whether children need a long follow-up. Methods The medical charts of patients with long-term follow-up (> 5 years), who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty for uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) from May 1998 to May 2007, excluding those with bilateral UPJO, solitary kidney, associated vesicoureteral reflux or other abnormalities, and inconclusive renogram due to poor renal function, were retrospectively reviewed. Ultrasonography, differential renal function (DRF, DMSA), and renal drainage on diuretic renography (diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate technetium-99 or DTPA-Tc99) were performed at 3 and 6 months every year. Results Complete data were available for 28 consecutive patients (28 renal unities) with 2 months to 12 years (mean age, 2.4 years) at surgery, of whom 21 (75%) were boys, 17 diagnosed prenatally (61%) and 18 unities (64.3%) were left, with median follow-up of 10.7 years. Images were graded according to the Society for Fetal Urology grading system: Grade III in 11 (49%) and grade IV in 17 (61%). All cases presented > 10% DRF (DMSA) and obstructed DTPA-Tc99. The T1/2 (the half-time of drainage) less than 20 minutes at 3 months was found in 21 cases (75%) and less than 25 minutes in 7 cases (25%). Renal function and patency were maintained during follow-up for all units with 8% maximum fluctuation of DRF. One index case (3.6%) of renal function deterioration presented DRF fluctuation > 8% at 3 months (from 23 to 32%) and progressive hydronephrosis and indeterminate DTPA at 6 months. Conclusions Satisfactory diuretic renogram at 3 to 6 months after pyeloplasty with maintained renal function and stable hydronephrosis suggests no need for further follow-up and indicates no functional loss with time. More than 8% DRF fluctuation might be a significant cutoff for further intervention aiming nephron preservation.