Measuring party organization: The vertical dimension of the multilevel organization of statewide parties in Spain and the UK

Over the past few years, attention to the role of state-wide political parties in multi-level polities has increased in recognition of their linkage function between levels of government, as these parties compete in both state-wide and regional elections across their countries. This article presents a coding scheme designed to describe the relationship between central and regional levels of state-wide parties. It evaluates the involvement of the regional branches in central decision-making and their degree of autonomy in the management of regional party affairs. This coding scheme is applied to state-wide parties in Spain (the socialist PSOE and the conservative Partido Popular) and in the UK (Labour, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats). It is an additional tool with which to analyse party organization and it facilitates the comparison of parties across regions and in different countries.

Granular anchors under vertical loading - axial pull

Granular anchors are a relatively new concept in ground engineering with relatively little known regarding their load–displacement behaviour, failure modes, ultimate pullout capacity and also potential applications. A granular anchor consists of three main components: a base plate; tendon and compacted granular backfill. The tendon is used to transmit the applied load to the base plate which compresses the granular material to form the anchor. A study of the load–displacement response and ultimate pullout capacity of granular anchors constructed in intact lodgement till and made ground deposits is reported in this paper. Parallel tests were also performed on cast insitu concrete anchors which are traditionally used for anchoring purposes. A new method of analysis for the determination of the ultimate pullout capacity of granular anchors is presented and verified experimentally, with the dominant mode of failure controlled by the column length to diameter ratio. Granular anchors with L/D > 7 principally failed on bulging whereas short granular anchors failed on shaft resistance, with the latter mobilising similar pullout capacities as conventional concrete anchors.

Estimation of the surface area and volume of the retinal capillary basement membrane using the stereologic method of vertical sections

The modern stereologic method of vertical sections was applied to the retina as a means of generating unbiased estimates of three-dimensional structure. The method is illustrated with real data on the volume and surface area of the capillary basement membrane from the central retina of the rat. Novel methods of estimating the volume of retina sampled and of creating accurate vertical sections are described. The advantages of using stereologic methods to generate quantitative information on the three-dimensional structure of the retina are discussed and compared to those of previous quantitative methods that provide data on two-dimensional structure only.

Multibody modelling of a TB31 and a TB32 crash test with vertical portable concrete barriers: model verification and sensitivity analysis.

In this article the multibody simulation software package MADYMO for analysing and optimizing occupant safety design was used to model crash tests for Normal Containment barriers in accordance with EN 1317. The verification process was carried out by simulating a TB31 and a TB32 crash test performed on vertical portable concrete barriers and by comparing the numerical results to those obtained experimentally. The same modelling approach was applied to both tests to evaluate the predictive capacity of the modelling at two different impact speeds. A sensitivity analysis of the vehicle stiffness was also carried out. The capacity to predict all of the principal EN1317 criteria was assessed for the first time: the acceleration severity index, the theoretical head impact velocity, the barrier working width and the vehicle exit box. Results showed a maximum error of 6% for the acceleration severity index and 21% for theoretical head impact velocity for the numerical simulation in comparison to the recorded data. The exit box position was predicted with a maximum error of 4°. For the working width, a large percentage difference was observed for test TB31 due to the small absolute value of the barrier deflection but the results were well within the limit value from the standard for both tests. The sensitivity analysis showed the robustness of the modelling with respect to contact stiffness increase of ±20% and ±40%. This is the first multibody model of portable concrete barriers that can reproduce not only the acceleration severity index but all the test criteria of EN 1317 and is therefore a valuable tool for new product development and for injury biomechanics research.

Estimation of the hydraulic conductivity of soils improved with vertical drains

In this study, some limitations associated with modeling the hydraulic conductivity of soil improved with vertical drains are discussed. In addition, some limitations of conventional methodologies for deducing the hydraulic conductivity from oedometer or Rowe cell tests are investigated. An alternative approach for estimating the hydraulic conductivity in soils improved by vertical drains is discussed. This methodology will allow for simpler finite element modeling of consolidation due to vertical drains. The effectiveness of this technique has been demonstrated using a field study.

Improved Thermal Performance of SOI Using Compound Buried Layer

The buried oxide (BOX) layer in silicon on insulator (SOI) was replaced by a compound buried layer (CBL) containing layers of SiO2, polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon), and SiO2. The undoped polysilicon in the CBL acted as a dielectric with a higher thermal conductivity than SiO2. CBL provides a reduced thermal resistance with the same equivalent oxide thickness as a standard SiO2 buried layer. Thermal resistance was further reduced by lateral heat flow through the polysilicon. Reduction in thermal resistance by up to 68% was observed, dependent on polysilicon thickness. CBL SOI substrates were designed and manufactured to achieve a 40% reduction in thermal resistance compared with an 1.0-μm SiO2 BOX. Power bipolar transistors with an active silicon layer thickness of 13.5 μm manufactured on CBL SOI substrates showed a 5%-17% reduction in thermal resistance compared with the standard SOI. This reduction was dependent on transistor layout geometry. Between 65% and 90% of the heat flow from these power transistors is laterally through the thick active silicon layer. Analysis confirmed that CBL SOI provided a 40% reduction in the vertical path thermal resistance. Devices employing thinner active silicon layers will achieve the greater benefit from reduction in vertical path thermal resistance offered by CBL SOI.

Evaluation of infilled frames: an updated in-plane-stiffness macro-model considering the effects of vertical loads

The influence of masonry infills on the in-plane behaviour of RC framed structures is a central topic in the seismic evaluation and retrofitting of existing buildings. Many models in the literature use an equivalent strut member in order to represent the infill but, among the parameters influencing the equivalent strut behaviour, the effect of vertical loads acting on the frames is recognized but not quantified. Nevertheless a vertical load causes a non-negligible variation in the in-plane behaviour of infilled frames by influencing the effective volume of the infill. This results in a change in the stiffness and strength of the system. This paper presents an equivalent diagonal pin-jointed strut model taking into account the stiffening effect of vertical loads on the infill in the initial state. The in-plane stiffness of a range of infilled frames was evaluated using a finite element model of the frame-infill system and the cross-section of the strut equivalent to the infill was obtained for different levels of vertical loading by imposing the equivalence between the frame containing the infill and the frame containing the diagonal strut. In this way a law for identifying the equivalent strut width depending on the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the infilled frame was generalized to consider the influence of vertical loads for use in the practical applications. The strategy presented, limited to the initial stiffness of infilled frames, is preparatory to the definition of complete non-linear cyclic laws for the equivalent strut.

The Vertical Distribution and Evolution of Slam Pressure on an Oscillating Wave Surge Converter

The accurate definition of the extreme wave loads which act on offshore structures represents a significant challenge for design engineers and even with decades of empirical data to base designs upon there are still failures attributed to wave loading. The environmental conditions which cause these loads are infrequent and highly non-linear which means that they are not well understood or simple to describe. If the structure is large enough to affect the incident wave significantly further non-linear effects can influence the loading. Moreover if the structure is floating and excited by the wave field then its responses, which are also likely to be highly non-linear, must be included in the analysis. This makes the description of the loading on such a structure difficult to determine and the design codes will often suggest employing various tools including small scale experiments, numerical and analytical methods, as well as empirical data if available.
Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are a new class of offshore structure which pose new design challenges, lacking the design codes and empirical data found in other industries. These machines are located in highly exposed and energetic sites, designed to be excited by the waves and will be expected to withstand extreme conditions over their 25 year design life. One such WEC is being developed by Aquamarine Power Ltd and is called Oyster. Oyster is a buoyant flap which is hinged close to the seabed, in water depths of 10 to 15m, piercing the water surface. The flap is driven back and forth by the action of the waves and this mechanical energy is then converted to electricity.
It has been identified in previous experiments that Oyster is not only subject to wave impacts but it occasionally slams into the water surface with high angular velocity. This slamming effect has been identified as an extreme load case and work is ongoing to describe it in terms of the pressure exerted on the outer skin and the transfer of this short duration impulsive load through various parts of the structure.
This paper describes a series of 40th scale experiments undertaken to investigate the pressure on the face of the flap during the slamming event. A vertical array of pressure sensors are used to measure the pressure exerted on the flap. Characteristics of the slam pressure such as the rise time, magnitude, spatial distribution and temporal evolution are revealed. Similarities are drawn between this slamming phenomenon and the classical water entry problems, such as ship hull slamming. With this similitude identified, common analytical tools are used to predict the slam pressure which is compared to that measured in the experiment.

Dual Classification Revisited: Rodney Needham and Vertical Asymmetry aboard Scottish Trawlers

Drawing on ethnographic data collected while working as a deckhand on two Scottish trawlers, this article analyses the spatialisation of social, religious and economic inequalities that marked relations between crew members while they hunted for prawns in the North Sea. Moreover, it explores these inequalities as a wider feature of life in Gamrie, Aberdeenshire, a Brethren and Presbyterian fishing village riven by disparities in wealth and religion. Inequalities identified by fishermen at sea mirrored those identified by residents onshore, resulting in fishing boats being experienced as small 'floating villages'. Drawing on the work of Rodney Needham, this article suggests that these asymmetries can be traced along a vertical axis, with greater to lesser wealth and religiosity moving from top/above to bottom/below. The article seeks to understand the presence and persistence of these hierarchies at sea and on land, by revisiting dual classification within anthropological theory.

Insucesso escolar: causas e consequências no contexto do Agrupamento Vertical de Ourique (período 1999/2000 a 2007/2008)

O presente estudo, de carácter quantitativo e qualitativo, assenta na temática do insucesso escolar. O mesmo foi orientado pela questão de partida que o perspectivou: “Quais as causas, consequências e dimensão do fenómeno do insucesso escolar nos alunos que iniciaram, em 1999/2000, a sua escolaridade, no concelho de Ourique? Baseados no quadro conceptual de um estudo de caso, seleccionámos uma “coorte” de alunos, que entrevistámos, com vista a inteirarmo-nos das experiências e situações reais que os conduziram a situações de insucesso escolar procurando dar resposta aos seguintes objectivos: 1) avaliar, quantitativamente, o insucesso escolar na população discente seleccionada; 2) identificar as, eventuais, causas do insucesso escolar verificado; 3) identificar as, eventuais, consequências do insucesso escolar verificado; 4) avaliar possíveis intervenções no sentido de mitigar o fenómeno do insucesso escolar. Para tal, analisámos o percurso escolar de um universo de 46 alunos, entre 1999/2000 e 2007/08, tendo verificado que 24 desses alunos vivenciaram episódios de insucesso escolar, ao longo do seu trajecto académico. Destes, entrevistámos 12 alunos, tendo essa abordagem possibilitado ir de encontro aos nossos objectivos. Através da análise e interpretação dos dados recolhidos, concluímos que: 1) a taxa de insucesso escolar é superior a 50%, na coorte de alunos que iniciaram a sua escolaridade, no ano lectivo 1999/00, no concelho de Ourique; 2) há uma forte participação dos pais e encarregados de educação nas vivências escolares dos alunos (80% do total da amostra); 3) o número médio de retenções, nos alunos com episódios de insucesso escolar, é de 1,5 retenções; 4) o 7.º ano de escolaridade é o ano em que se verifica um maior número de retenções, seguido do 4.º ano de escolaridade; 5) a maioria dos alunos (58,3%) encontra-se relativamente distante do seu meio familiar; 6) um número significativo de alunos com episódios de insucesso escolar (83,3%) referiu que recebe apoio da família; 7) a incapacidade individual foi a causa do insucesso escolar mais referida/inferida pelos entrevistados; 8) evidenciou-se que retenções precoces induzem a retenções posteriores; 9) a importância do 1.º Ciclo é relevante, quando os entrevistados indicam que a falta de apoio no 1.º Ciclo terá induzido a situações futuras de insucesso escolar. No final deste trabalho são efectuadas propostas que possam potenciar futuras investigações, nomeadamente de investigação acção, promovendo intervenção; ### Abstract: The schools failure: The causes of consequences in context the Agrupamento Vertical de Ourique The present study, of quantitative and qualitative content, is based on the thematic of the failure rate in schools. The study was oriented towards the fundamental issue which has been put in perspective: “What are the causes, consequences and dimension of the phenomena of the failure rate in schools that can be seen in the students that started in 1999/2000 their school education in the municipality of Ourique?” Based on the conceptual framework of a study case, we selected a group of students, which we interviewed, in order to know about the real experiences and situations that led them to situations of school failure, trying to give answers and to achieve the following goals: 1) to evaluate quantitatively the school failure of the selected students population; 2) to identify the eventual causes of the verified school failure; 3) to identify the eventual consequences of the verified school failure; 4) to evaluate the possible interventions in order to minimize the school failure phenomena. Therefore, we analysed the school path of an amount of 46 students between 1999/2000 and 2007/2008 and we reached the conclusion that 24 of those students experienced episodes of school failure. We interviewed 12 of those 24 and that approach permitted us to reach our goals. Through the analysis and the interpretation of the collected data we conclude that: 1) the rate of school failure is over 50% in the group of students that started their schooling in the school year 1999/2000 in the municipality of Ourique; 2) there is a strong participation of parents and tutors in the students’ school life( 80% of the sample); 3) the average number of retention in the students with episodes of school failure is 1, 5 retentions; 4) the 7th grade is the one in which we verify the highest number of retentions followed by the 4th grade ; 5) the majority of the students (53,8%) are far away from their family environment; 6) a significant number of students with episodes of school failure (83,3%) referred that they get support from their family; 7) the individual incapacity was the most referred/inferred cause of school failure by the ones who were interviewed ; 8) it became an evidence that early retentions lead to future retentions; 9) the importance of the basic education is relevant when the interviewed students show that the lack of support in the basic education should have led to future situations of school failure. At the end of this work we present some proposals that can lead to future investigation, namely of investigation/action promoting intervention.