Análisis, diseño y desarrollo de un videojuego en 2D con perspectiva top-down

[ES]En este proyecto la alumna ha desarrollado la demo jugable de un videojuego en 2D con perspectiva top-down. El juego transcurre en un zoológico, con un mono como protagonista, y el objetivo del mismo es lograr escapar al tiempo que se evita a los empleados del zoo. Para conseguir huir, el jugador tendrá que obtener algunos objetos y liberar a otros animales. En la propia demo se pueden consultar los controles y las distintas opciones disponibles. Para la creación del juego se ha utilizado el motor de juegos Unity 5 (edición personal) y recursos obtenidos de diversas fuentes de contenido gratuito.

Shape design optimization of road acoustic barriers featuring top-edge devices by using Genetic Algotithms and Boundary Elements

[EN] This paper presents a Boundary Elements (BE) approach for the efficiency improvement of road acoustic barriers, mora specifically, for the shape design optimization of top-edge devices in the search for the best designs in terms of screening performance, usually represented by the insertion loss (IL).

Analisi della dinamica e composizione chimica del particolato atmosferico mediante un modello alla mesoscala

The vertical profile of aerosol in the planetary boundary layer of the Milan urban area is studied in terms of its development and chemical composition in a high-resolution modelling framework. The period of study spans a week in summer of 2007 (12-18 July), when continuous LIDAR measurements and a limited set of balloon profiles were collected in the frame of the ASI/QUITSAT project. LIDAR observations show a diurnal development of an aerosol plume that lifts early morning surface emissions to the top of the boundary layer, reaching maximum concentration around midday. Mountain breeze from Alps clean the bottom of the aerosol layer, typically leaving a residual layer at around 1500-2000 m which may survive for several days. During the last two days under analysis, a dust layer transported from Sahara reaches the upper layers of Milan area and affects the aerosol vertical distribution in the boundary layer. Simulation from the MM5/CHIMERE modelling system, carried out at 1 km horizontal resolution, qualitatively reproduced the general features of the Milan aerosol layer observed with LIDAR, including the rise and fall of the aersol plume, the residual layer in altitude and the Saharan dust event. The simulation highlighted the importance of nitrates and secondary organics in its composition. Several sensitivity tests showed that main driving factors leading to the dominance of nitrates in the plume are temperature and gas absorption process. A modelling study turn to the analysis of the vertical aerosol profiles distribution and knowledge of the characterization of the PM at a site near the city of Milan is performed using a model system composed by a meteorological model MM5 (V3-6), the mesoscale model from PSU/NCAR and a Chemical Transport Model (CTM) CHIMERE to simulate the vertical aerosol profile. LiDAR continuous observations and balloon profiles collected during two intensive campaigns in summer 2007 and in winter 2008 in the frame of the ASI/QUITSAT project have been used to perform comparisons in order to evaluate the ability of the aerosol chemistry transport model CHIMERE to simulate the aerosols dynamics and compositions in this area. The comparisons of model aerosols with measurements are carried out over a full time period between 12 July 2007 and 18 July 2007. The comparisons demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce correctly the aerosol vertical distributions and their temporal variability. As detected by the LiDAR, the model during the period considered, predicts a diurnal development of a plume during the morning and a clearing during the afternoon, typically the plume reaches the top of the boundary layer around mid day, in this time CHIMERE produces highest concentrations in the upper levels as detected by LiDAR. The model, moreover can reproduce LiDAR observes enhancement aerosols concentrations above the boundary layer, attributing the phenomena to dust out intrusion. Another important information from the model analysis regard the composition , it predicts that a large part of the plume is composed by nitrate, in particular during 13 and 16 July 2007 , pointing to the model tendency to overestimates the nitrous component in the particular matter vertical structure . Sensitivity study carried out in this work show that there are a combination of different factor which determine the major nitrous composition of the “plume” observed and in particular humidity temperature and the absorption phenomena are the mainly candidate to explain the principal difference in composition simulated in the period object of this study , in particular , the CHIMERE model seems to be mostly sensitive to the absorption process.

Cold cloud climatology over Europe and the Mediterranean during the warm season from Meteosat IR imagery

Thermal infrared (IR, 10.5 – 12.5 m) images from the Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager (MVIRI) of cold cloud episodes (cloud top brightness temperature < 241 K) are used as a proxy of precipitating clouds to derive a warm season (May-August) climatology of their coherency, duration, span, and speed over Europe and the Mediterranean. The analysis focuses over the 30°-54°N, 15°W-40°E domain in May-August 1996-2005. Harmonic analysis using discrete Fourier transforms is applied together with a statistical analysis and an investigation of the diurnal cycle. This study has the objective to make available a set of results on the propagation dynamics of the cloud systems with the aim of assist numerical modellers in improving summer convection parameterization. The zonal propagation of cold cloud systems is accompanied by a weak meridional component confined to narrow latitude belts. The persistence of cold clouds over the area evidences the role of orography, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkans and Anatolia. A diurnal oscillation is found with a maximum marking the initiation of convection in the lee of the mountains and shifting from about 1400 UTC at 40°E to 1800 UTC at 0°. A moderate eastward propagation of the frequency maximum from all mountain chains across the domain exists and the diurnal maxima are completely suppressed west of 5°W. The mean power spectrum of the cold cloud frequency distribution evidences a period of one day all over Europe disappearing over the ocean (west of 10°W). Other maxima are found in correspondence of 6 to 10 days in the longitudes from 15° W to 0° and indicate the activity of the westerlies with frontal passage over the continent. Longer periods activities (from 15 up to 30 days) were stronger around 10° W and from 5° W to 15° E and are likely related to the Madden Julian Oscillation influence. The maxima of the diurnal signal are in phase with the presence of elevated terrain and with land masses. A median zonal phase speed of 16.1 ms-1 is found for all events ≥ 1000 km and ≥ 20 h and a full set of results divided by years and recurrence categories is also presented.

Finite-strain analysis in orthogneiss of the Gran Paradiso massif, Western Alps, Italy

A finite-strain study in the Gran Paradiso massif of the Italian Western Alps has been carried out to elucidate whether ductile strain shows a relationship to nappe contacts and to shed light on the nature of the subhorizontal foliation typical of the gneiss nappes in the Alps. The Rf/_ and Fry methods used on feldspar porphyroclasts from 143 augengneiss and 11 conglomerate samples of the Gran Paradiso unit (upper tectonic unit of the Gran Paradiso massif), as well as, 9 augengneiss (Erfaulet granite) and 3 quartzite conglomerate samples from the underlying Erfaulet unit (lower unit of the Gran Paradiso massif), and 1 sample from mica schist. Microstructures and thermobarometric data show that feldspar ductility at temperatures >~450°C occurred only during high-pressure metamorphism, when the rocks were underplated beneath the overriding Adriatic plate. Therefore, the finite-strain data can be related to high-pressure metamorphism in the Alpine subduction zone. The augen gneiss was heterogeneously deformed and axial ratios of the strain ellipse in XZ sections range from 2.1 to 69.8. The long axes of the finite-strain ellipsoids trend W/WNW and the short axes are subvertical associated with a subhorizontal foliation. The strain magnitudes do not increase towards the nappe contacts. Geochemical work shows that the accumulation of finite strain was not associated with any significant volume strain. Hence, the data indicate flattening strain type in the Gran Paradiso unit and constrictional strain type in the Erfaulet unit and prove deviations from simple shear. In addition, electron microprobe work was undertaken to determine if the analysed fabrics formed during high-P metamorphism. The chemistry of phengites in the studied samples suggests that deformation and final structural juxtaposition of the Gran Paradiso unit against the Erfaulet took place during high-pressure metamorphism. On the other hand, nappe stacking occurred early during subduction probably by brittle imbrication and that ductile strain was superimposed on and modified the nappe structure during high-pressure underplating in the Alpine subduction zone. The accumulation of ductile strain during underplating was not by simple shear and involved a component of vertical shortening, which caused the subhorizontal foliation in the Gran Paradiso massif. It is concluded that this foliation formed during thrusting of the nappes onto each other suggesting that nappe stacking was associated with vertical shortening. The primary evidence for this interpretation is an attenuated metamorphic section with high-pressure metamorphic rocks of the Gran Paradiso unit juxtaposed against the Erfaulet unit. Therefore, the exhumation during high-pressure metamorphism in the Alpine subduction zone involved a component of vertical shortening, which is responsible for the subhorizontal foliation within the nappes.

O (alpha 4 s) loop-by-loop contributions to heavy quark pair production in hadronic collisions

The present state of the theoretical predictions for the hadronic heavy hadron production is not quite satisfactory. The full next-to-leading order (NLO) ${cal O} (alpha_s^3)$ corrections to the hadroproduction of heavy quarks have raised the leading order (LO) ${cal O} (alpha_s^2)$ estimates but the NLO predictions are still slightly below the experimental numbers. Moreover, the theoretical NLO predictions suffer from the usual large uncertainty resulting from the freedom in the choice of renormalization and factorization scales of perturbative QCD.In this light there are hopes that a next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) ${cal O} (alpha_s^4)$ calculation will bring theoretical predictions even closer to the experimental data. Also, the dependence on the factorization and renormalization scales of the physical process is expected to be greatly reduced at NNLO. This would reduce the theoretical uncertainty and therefore make the comparison between theory and experiment much more significant. In this thesis I have concentrated on that part of NNLO corrections for hadronic heavy quark production where one-loop integrals contribute in the form of a loop-by-loop product. In the first part of the thesis I use dimensional regularization to calculate the ${cal O}(ep^2)$ expansion of scalar one-loop one-, two-, three- and four-point integrals. The Laurent series of the scalar integrals is needed as an input for the calculation of the one-loop matrix elements for the loop-by-loop contributions. Since each factor of the loop-by-loop product has negative powers of the dimensional regularization parameter $ep$ up to ${cal O}(ep^{-2})$, the Laurent series of the scalar integrals has to be calculated up to ${cal O}(ep^2)$. The negative powers of $ep$ are a consequence of ultraviolet and infrared/collinear (or mass ) divergences. Among the scalar integrals the four-point integrals are the most complicated. The ${cal O}(ep^2)$ expansion of the three- and four-point integrals contains in general classical polylogarithms up to ${rm Li}_4$ and $L$-functions related to multiple polylogarithms of maximal weight and depth four. All results for the scalar integrals are also available in electronic form. In the second part of the thesis I discuss the properties of the classical polylogarithms. I present the algorithms which allow one to reduce the number of the polylogarithms in an expression. I derive identities for the $L$-functions which have been intensively used in order to reduce the length of the final results for the scalar integrals. I also discuss the properties of multiple polylogarithms. I derive identities to express the $L$-functions in terms of multiple polylogarithms. In the third part I investigate the numerical efficiency of the results for the scalar integrals. The dependence of the evaluation time on the relative error is discussed. In the forth part of the thesis I present the larger part of the ${cal O}(ep^2)$ results on one-loop matrix elements in heavy flavor hadroproduction containing the full spin information. The ${cal O}(ep^2)$ terms arise as a combination of the ${cal O}(ep^2)$ results for the scalar integrals, the spin algebra and the Passarino-Veltman decomposition. The one-loop matrix elements will be needed as input in the determination of the loop-by-loop part of NNLO for the hadronic heavy flavor production.

Messung der B s-Oszillation mit dem semileptonischen Zerfall B 0 s D - s (phi pi -) my + ny my mit dem D0-Detektor

Das Standardmodell (SM) der Teilchenphysik beschreibt sehr präzise die fundamentalen Bausteine und deren Wechselwirkungen (WW). Trotz des Erfolges gibt es noch offene Fragen, die vom SM nicht beantwortet werden können. Ein noch noch nicht abgeschlossener Test besteht aus der Messung der Stärke der schwachen Kopplung zwischen Quarks. Neutrale B- bzw. $bar{B}$-Mesonen können sich innerhalb ihrer Lebensdauer über einen Prozeß der schwachen WW in ihr Antiteilchen transformieren. Durch die Messung der Bs-Oszillation kann die Kopplung Vtd zwischen den Quarksorten Top (t) und Down (d) bestimmt werden. Alle bis Ende 2005 durchgeführten Experimente lieferten lediglich eine untere Grenze für die Oszillationsfrequenz von ms>14,4ps-1. Die vorliegenden Arbeit beschreibt die Messung der Bs-Oszillationsfrequenz ms mit dem semileptonischen Kanal BsD(-)+. Die verwendeten Daten stammen aus Proton-Antiproton-Kollisionen, die im Zeitraum von April 2002 bis März 2006 mit dem DØ-Detektor am Tevatron-Beschleuniger des Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von $sqrt{s}$=1,96TeV aufgezeichnet wurden. Die verwendeten Datensätze entsprechen einer integrierten Luminosität von 1,3fb-1 (620 millionen Ereignisse). Für diese Oszillationsmessung wurde der Quarkinhalt des Bs-Mesons zur Zeit der Produktion sowie des Zerfalls bestimmt und die Zerfallszeit wurde gemessen. Nach der Rekonstruktion und Selektion der Signalereignisse legt die Ladung des Myons den Quarkinhalt des Bs-Mesons zur Zeit des Zerfalls fest. Zusätzlich wurde der Quarkinhalt des Bs-Mesons zur Zeit der Produktion markiert. b-Quarks werden in $pbar{p}$-Kollisionen paarweise produziert. Die Zerfallsprodukte des zweiten b-Hadrons legen den Quarkinhalt des Bs-Mesons zur Zeit der Produktion fest. Bei einer Sensitivität von msenss=14,5ps-1 wurde eine untere Grenze für die Oszillationsfrequenz ms>15,5ps-1 bestimmt. Die Maximum-Likelihood-Methode lieferte eine Oszillationsfrequenz ms>(20+2,5-3,0(stat+syst)0,8(syst,k))ps-1 bei einem Vertrauensniveau von 90%. Der nicht nachgewiesene Neutrinoimpuls führt zu dem systematischen Fehler (sys,k). Dieses Resultat ergibt zusammen mit der entsprechenden Oszillation des Bd-Mesons eine signifikante Messung der Kopplung Vtd, in Übereinstimmung mit weiteren Experimenten über die schwachen Quarkkopplungen.

Lattice preferred orientation in omphacite: Examples from the Tauern Window, Austria and the Western Gneiss Region, Norway

It is lively debated how eclogites find their way from deep to mid-crustal levels during exhumation. Different exhumation models for high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure rocks were suggested in previous studies, based mainly on field observations and less on microstructural studies on the exhumed rocks. The development and improvement of electron microscopy techniques allows it, to focus interest on direct investigations of microstructures and crystallographic properties in eclogites. In this case, it is of importance to study the applicability of crystallographic measurements on eclogites for exhumation processes and to unravel which processes affect eclogite textures. Previous studies suggested a strong relationship between deformation and lattice preferred orientation (LPO) in omphacite but it is still unclear if the deformation is related to the exhumation of eclogites. This study is focused on the questions which processes affect omphacite LPO and if textural investigations of omphacite are applicable for studying eclogite exhumation. Therefore, eclogites from two examples in the Alps and in the Caledonides were collected systematically and investigated with respect to omphacite LPO by using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique. Omphacite textures of the Tauern Window (Austria) and the Western Gneiss Region (Norway) were studied to compare lattice preferred orientation with field observations and suggested exhumation models from previous studies. The interpretation of omphacite textures, regarding the deformation regime is mainly based on numerical simulations in previous studies. Omphacite LPO patterns of the Eclogite Zone are clearly independent from any kind of exhumation process. The textures were generated during omphacite growth on the prograde path of eclogite development until metamorphic peak conditions. Field observations in the Eclogite Zone show that kinematics in garnet mica schist, surrounding the eclogites, strongly indicate an extrusion wedge geometry. Stretching lineations show top-N thrusting at the base and a top-S normal faulting with a sinistral shear component at the top of the Eclogite Zone. The different shear sense on both sides of the unit does not affect the omphacite textures in any way. The omphacite lattice preferred orientation patterns of the Western Gneiss Region can not be connected with any exhumation model. The textures were probably generated during the metamorphic peak and reflect the change from subduction to exhumation. Eclogite Zone and Western Gneiss Region differ significantly in size and especially in metamorphic conditions. While the Eclogite Zone is characterized by constant P-T conditions (600-650°C, 20-25 kbar), the Western Gneiss Region contains a wide P-T range from high- to ultrahigh pressure conditions (400-800°C, 20-35 kbar). In contrast to this, the omphacite textures of both units are very similar. This means that omphacite LPO is independent from P-T conditions and therefore from burial depth. Further, in both units, omphacite LPO is independent from grain and subgrain size as well as from any shape preferred orientation (SPO) on grain and subgrain scale. Overall, omphacite lattice preferred orientation are generated on the prograde part of omphacite development. Therefore, textural investigations on omphacite LPO are not applicable to study eclogite exhumation.

Deeply virtual Compton scattering in a relativistic quark model

This thesis is mainly concerned with a model calculation for generalized parton distributions (GPDs). We calculate vectorial- and axial GPDs for the N N and N Delta transition in the framework of a light front quark model. This requires the elaboration of a connection between transition amplitudes and GPDs. We provide the first quark model calculations for N Delta GPDs. The examination of transition amplitudes leads to various model independent consistency relations. These relations are not exactly obeyed by our model calculation since the use of the impulse approximation in the light front quark model leads to a violation of Poincare covariance. We explore the impact of this covariance breaking on the GPDs and form factors which we determine in our model calculation and find large effects. The reference frame dependence of our results which originates from the breaking of Poincare covariance can be eliminated by introducing spurious covariants. We extend this formalism in order to obtain frame independent results from our transition amplitudes.

Quantifying and modeling ecosystem services provided by urban greening in cities of the Southern Alps, N Italy

Population growth in urban areas is a world-wide phenomenon. According to a recent United Nations report, over half of the world now lives in cities. Numerous health and environmental issues arise from this unprecedented urbanization. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of urban green spaces and the role they play in improving both the aesthetics and the quality of life of its residents. In particular, urban green spaces provide ecosystem services such as: urban air quality improvement by removing pollutants that can cause serious health problems, carbon storage, carbon sequestration and climate regulation through shading and evapotranspiration. Furthermore, epidemiological studies with controlled age, sex, marital and socio-economic status, have provided evidence of a positive relationship between green space and the life expectancy of senior citizens. However, there is little information on the role of public green spaces in mid-sized cities in northern Italy. To address this need, a study was conducted to assess the ecosystem services of urban green spaces in the city of Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy. In particular, we quantified the cooling effect of urban trees and the hourly amount of pollution removed by the urban forest. The information was gathered using field data collected through local hourly air pollution readings, tree inventory and simulation models. During the study we quantified pollution removal for ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter (<10 microns). We estimated the above ground carbon stored and annually sequestered by the urban forest. Results have been compared to transportation CO2 emissions to determine the CO2 offset potential of urban streetscapes. Furthermore, we assessed commonly used methods for estimating carbon stored and sequestered by urban trees in the city of Bolzano. We also quantified ecosystem disservices such as hourly urban forest volatile organic compound emissions.

Misura della sezione d'urto di produzione tt-barra nel canale adronico in collisioni pp con radice di s = 8tev a cms

La sezione d'urto di produzione per coppie tt-barra viene misurata utilizzando dati raccolti dall'esperimento CMS in collisioni protone-protone ad LHC, con energia nel sistema del centro di massa radice di s = 8 TeV. Il campione raccolto corrisponde ad una luminosità integrata di 19.5 fb^-1. La misura viene effettuata su eventi che contano un numero di jet pari o superiore a 6, almeno due dei quali identificati come prodotto dell'adronizzazione di quark bottom. Il valore di sezione d'urto ottenuto è (260 pm 10 (stat)) pb, in accordo con le previsioni teoriche del Modello Standard.

Misura della sezione d'urto differenziale di produzione top-antitop con l'esperimento atlas ad lhc

Il documento contiene un'analisi sull'accordo fra le misure delle sezioni d’urto differenziali del sistema top-antitop registrate nel 2011 dall’esperimento ATLAS a un'energia del centro di massa di 7 TeV e le predizioni teoriche.

A threshold hypothesis of institutional change: collective action in the Italian Alps during the 13th - 19th centuries.

This dissertation is about collective action issues in common property resources. Its focus is the “threshold hypothesis,” which posits the existence of a threshold in group size that drives the process of institutional change. This hypothesis is tested using a six-century dataset concerning the management of the commons by hundreds of communities in the Italian Alps. The analysis seeks to determine the group size threshold and the institutional changes that occur when groups cross this threshold. There are five main findings. First, the number of individuals in villages remained stable for six centuries, despite the population in the region tripling in the same period. Second, the longitudinal analysis of face-to-face assemblies and community size led to the empirical identification of a threshold size that triggered the transition from informal to more formal regimes to manage common property resources. Third, when groups increased in size, gradual organizational changes took place: large groups split into independent subgroups or structured interactions into multiple layers while maintaining a single formal organization. Fourth, resource heterogeneity seemed to have had no significant impact on various institutional characteristics. Fifth, social heterogeneity showed statistically significant impacts, especially on institutional complexity, consensus, and the relative importance of governance rules versus resource management rules. Overall, the empirical evidence from this research supports the “threshold hypothesis.” These findings shed light on the rationale of institutional change in common property regimes, and clarify the mechanisms of collective action in traditional societies. Further research may generalize these conclusions to other domains of collective action and to present-day applications.