859 resultados para sandy beaches


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Both sexes of a new species of Noodtorthopsyllus Lang, 1965 (Harpacticoida, Cristacoxidae) from a sandy beach in Sao Paulo State (Brazil) are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Noodtorthopsyllus tageae sp. nov. displays a mosaic of characters drawn from both Noodtorthopsyllus and Cristacoxa Huys, 1990, blurring the boundaries between both genera. Consequently, Cristacoxa, the type genus of the nominal family-group taxon Cristacoxidae Huys, 1990, is relegated to a junior subjective synonym of Noodtorthopsyllus, and its type species is transferred to the latter as N. petkovskii (Huys, 1990) comb. nov. A new genus Acuticoxa is proposed to accommodate A. ubatubaensis sp. nov. (type species), collected on the northern continental shelf of Sao Paulo State, and A. biarticulata sp. nov., previously identified as Laophontisochra sp., from the Northern Magellan Straits. Amended diagnoses are provided for Noodtorthopsyllus and Laophontisochra. Autapomorphies supporting the monophyly of the Cristacoxidae are re-evaluated, including new data on P3 endopod sexual dimorphism and caudal ramus development. It is concluded that a recently published hypothesis of a deeply rooted split of the family into two highly divergent lineages cannot be supported. Consequently, both Laophontisochra and Acuticoxa gen. nov. are removed from the Cristacoxidae and tentatively assigned to the Nannopodidae (ex Huntemanniidae), forming a clade with three other genera displaying coxal modifications on leg 1 (Rosacletodes Wells, 1985; Huntemannia Poppe, 1884; and an as yet undescribed genus from Brazil). Based on the sexual dimorphism of the P4 endopod, we propose to transfer Metahuntemannia Smirnov, 1946 and Pottekia Huys, 2009 from the Nannopodidae to the Canthocamptidae (subfamily Hemimesochrinae) where they are probably most closely related to Psammocamptus Mielke, 1975; Bathycamptus Huys & Thistle, 1989; Perucamptus Huys & Thistle, 1989; and Isthmiocaris George & Schminke, 2003. An identification key to the genera of the Nannopodidae is presented.

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This article discusses seasonal and interannual variations of the evapotranspiration (ET) rates in Bananal Island floodplain, Brazil. Measurements included ET and sensible heat flux using the eddy covariance method, atmospheric forcings (net radiation, Rn, vapor pressure deficit, VPD, wind speed and air temperature), soil moisture profiles, groundwater level and flood height, taken from November 2003 to December 2006. For the hydrological years (October-September) of 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, the accumulated precipitation was 1692, 1471, 1914 mm and the accumulated ET was 1361, 1318 and 1317 mm, respectively. Seasonal analyses indicated that ET decreased in the dry season (average 3.7 mm day(-1)), despite the simultaneous increase in Rn, air temperature and VPD. The increase of ET in the wet season and particularly in the flood period (average 4.1 mm day(-1)) showed that the free water surface evaporation strongly influenced the energy exchange. Soil moisture, which was substantially depleted during the dry season, and adaptative vegetation mechanisms such as leaf senescence contributed to limit the dry season ET. Strong drainage within permeable sandy soils helped to explain the soil moisture depletion. These results suggest that the Bananal flooding area shows a different pattern in relation to the upland Amazon forests, being more similar to the savanna strictu senso areas in central Brazil. For example, seasonal ET variation was not in phase with Rn; the wet season ET was higher than the dry season ET; and the system stored only a tiny memory of the flooding period, being sensitive to extended drought periods.

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Magnetic fabric and rock magnetism studies were performed on 25 unmetamorphosed mafic dikes of the Meso-Late Proterozoic (similar to 1.02 Ga) dike swarm from Salvador (Bahia State, NE Brazil). This area lies in the north-eastern part of the Sao Francisco Craton, which was dominantly formed/reworked during the Transamazonian orogeny (2.14-1.94 Ga). The dikes crop out along the beaches and in quarries around Salvador city, and cut across both amphibolite dikes and granulites. Their widths range from a few centimeters up to 30 m with an average of similar to 4 m, and show two main trends N 140-190 and N 100-120 with vertical dips. Magnetic fabrics were determined using both anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM). The magnetic mineralogy was investigated by many experiments including remanent magnetization measurements at variable low temperatures (10-300 K), Mossbauer spectroscopy, high temperature magnetization curves (25-700 degrees C) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rock magnetism study suggests pseudo-single-domain magnetite grains carrying the bulk magnetic susceptibility and AARM fabrics. The magnetite grains found in these dikes are large and we discard the presence of single-domain grains. Its composition is close to stoichiometric with low Ti substitution, and its Verwey transition occurs around 120 K. The main AMS fabric recognized in the swarm is so-called normal, in which the K(max)-K(int) plane is parallel to the dike plane and the magnetic foliation pole K(min)) is perpendicular to it. This fabric is interpreted as due to magma flow, and analysis of the K m inclination permitted to infer that approximately 80% of the dikes were fed by horizontal or sub-horizontal flows (K(max) < 30 degrees). This interpretation is supported by structural field evidence found in five dikes. In addition, based on the plunge of K(max), two mantle sources could be inferred; one of them which fed about 80% of the swarm would be located in the southern part of the region, and the other underlied the Valeria quarry. However, for all dikes the AARM tensors are not coaxial with AMS fabrics and show a magnetic lineation (AARM(max)) oriented to N30-60E, suggesting that magnetite grains were rotated clockwise from dike plane. The orientation of AARM lineation is similar to the orientation of a system of faults in which the Salvador normal fault is the most important. These faults were formed during Cretaceous rifting in the Reconcavo-Tucano-jatoba assemblage that corresponds to an aborted intra-continental rift formed during the opening of the South Atlantic. Therefore, the AARM fabric found for the Salvador dikes is probably tectonic in origin and suggests that the dike swarm was affected by the important tectonic event responsible for the break-up of the Gondwanaland. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Stratigraphic intervals characterized by varied and complex styles of soft-sediment deformation structures are well preserved in Miocene and Late Pleistocene to Holocene deposits of a sedimentary basin located in Northeastern Brazil. The Miocene strata, represented by the Barreiras Formation, record only brittle structures, including numerous faults and fractures with straight and high angle-dipping planes that are often filled with sands derived from overlying beds. Folds consisting of broad anticlines and synclines are also present in this unit. The late Pleistocene to Holocene deposits, named Post-Barreiras Sediments, contain an indurated sandy package with a large variety of ductile and brittle deformation structures (i.e., massive sandstones with isolated sand fragments and breccias, undulatory strata, sand dykes and diapirs, sinks and bowls, pebbly pockets, plunged sediment mixtures, fitted sand masses, cone-shaped cracks, fault grading and sedimentary enclaves). These features, confined to sharp-based stratigraphic horizons that progressively grade downward into undisturbed deposits, are related to seismic shocks of high surface-wave magnitude (i.e., Ms>5 or 6). Amalgamated seismites suggest that previously formed seismites were affected by subsequent seismic-wave propagation. Seismic waves caused by activity along one, or most likely, several tectonic structures would have propagated throughout the depositional environment, producing laterally extensive seismites. The close proximity to earthquake epicenters would have promoted pervasive re-sedimentation due to pore overpressure, resulting high volumes of massive sandstones and breccia. The similarity between deposits with correlatable strata from many other areas along the Brazilian coast allows raise the hypothesis that the seismic episodes might have affected sedimentation patterns in a large (i.e., extension of several hundreds of kilometers) geographic area. Thus, the modern seismicity recorded along Northeastern Brazil was recurrent during the Quaternary and, perhaps, also in the Pliocene. The estimated high magnitude of the seismic events and the great regional extent of the affected area demonstrate that the Brazilian coast experienced tectonic stress through the last geological episodes of its evolution, which would have favored sediment accumulation and penecontemporaneous re-sedimentation. This geological context is unexpected in a passive margin, inducing to revisit the debate on how active is a passive margin. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Ilha Comprida is a regressive barrier island located in southeastern Brazil that was formed essentially by Quaternary sandy sediments. Ilha Comprida sediments were analyzed to assess heavy mineral indices and grain size variables. The spatial variation of heavy minerals and grain size was interpreted in terms of the present barrier dynamics and the barrier`s evolution since the Middle Holocene. These analyses allowed for the identification of the main factors and processes that control the variation of heavy minerals and grain size on the barrier. Rutile and zircon (RZi) and tourmaline and hornblende (THi) are significantly sensitive to provenance and exhibit the contributions of the Ribeira de Iguape River sediments, which reach the coast next to the northeastern end of Ilha Comprida. In addition to the influence of provenance, TZi responds mainly to hydraulic sorting processes. This agrees with a sediment transport pattern characterized by a divergence of two resultant net alongshore drifts southwest of the barrier. The sediments from the Ribeira de Iguape River reach the barrier directly through the river mouth and indirectly after temporary storage in the inner shelf. The combination of grain size and heavy mineral analyses is a reliable method for determining sediment transport patterns and provenance. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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This paper describes the development of a sequential injection method to automate the fluorimetric determination of glyphosate based on a first step of oxidation to glycine by hypochlorite at 48 degrees C, followed by reaction with the fluorogenic reagent o-phthaldialdehyde in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol in borate buffer (pH > 9) to produce a fluorescent 1-(2`-hydroxyethylthio)-2-N-alkylisoindole. The proposed method has a linear response for glyphosate concentrations between 0.25 and 25.0 mu mol L(-1), with limits of detection and quantification of 0.08 and 0.25 mu mol L(-1), respectively. The sampling rate of the method is 18 samples per hour, consuming only a fraction of reagents consumed by the chromatographic method based on the same chemistry. The method was applied to study adsorption/desorption properties in a soil and in a sediment sample. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were properly fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir equations, leading to adsorption capacities of 1384 +/- 26 and 295 +/- 30 mg kg(-1) for the soil and sediment samples, respectively. These values are consistent with the literature, with the larger adsorption capacity of the soil being explained by its larger content of clay minerals, while the sediment was predominantly sandy. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment contains organic matter and plant nutrients that can play an important role in agricultural production and the maintenance of soil fertility, The present study has aimed to evaluate the degree of humification following sewage sludge application of soil organic matter by laser-induced fluorescence and humic acids using ultraviolet-visible fluorescence, and including comparison with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Sewage sludge applications to the soil caused a decrease in the degree of humification of the soil organic matter and humic acids for both a Typic Eutrorthox (clayey) soil and a Typic Haplorthox (sandy) soil of around 14 and 27%, respectively. This effect is probably clue to incorporation of newly formed humic substances from the sewage sludge into the characteristics of less humified material, and to the indigenous soil humic substances. The minor alterations observed in the clay soil probably occurred due to both the greater mineral association, which better stabilized the indigenous soil organic matter, and the higher microbial activity in this soil, which accelerated sewage sludge mineralization. Sewage sludge applications increased the C content for the clay and sandy soils by 7.4 and 15.4 g kg(-1), respectively, suggesting a positive effect on these two soils.

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När en grafisk profil för en spännande ny internationell webbtidning för ungdomar skall göras är det viktigt att tänka på hur färg och form påverkar våra känslor. Experiment med färg som har gjorts av ledande färgpsykologer och färgvetare som Goethe, Itten, Lüscher och Karl Ryberg bevisar att färg har en stor psykologisk påverkan på människan. Internet är ett väldigt effektiv kommunikationsmedium och för att kommunicera effektivt är det inte bara orden, utan även färgerna och formerna på webbsidorna som skall vara väl genomtänkta. Vilka färger kopplar ungdomar i Sverige och Chile ihop med vissa känslor? Vilka former kopplas ihop med samma känslor? Svaren på de frågorna sammanställdes och analyserades efter svaren på en enkät om färg och form som delades it till två högstadieskolor i Borlänge, Sverige och en i Santiago, Chile.

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We propose and test the implications of a two-dimensional concept of candidate quality in U.S. House elections. Strategic quality is composed of the skills and resources necessary to wage an effective campaign; personal quality is composed of the characteristics most ordinary citizens value in their leaders and representatives, such as personal integrity and dedication to public service. We employ district informants in studies of the 1998 and 2002 congressional elections to measure these qualities in candidates, and we merge mass survey data with the district informant indicators to assess constituents’ awareness and evaluation of House candidates, and voting choice. We find that awareness tends to be responsive to candidates’ strategic quality, and that incumbent evaluation is remarkably responsive to variation in personal quality, even taking into account the quality of challenger emergence. These and other findings appear to support a more positive view of citizen capacity than is common in the congressional elections literature, especially in light of the electoral security of House incumbents.

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Efforts to estimate the magnitude of the incumbency effect in U.S. House elections and assess its political meaning have been complicated by two omitted-variables problems. First, in the absence of an adequate measure of incumbent prospects, estimates of the magnitude of the incumbency effect fail to control for selection effects associated with the decision incumbents make about whether to run for reelection. Strategic incumbents enter races they think they can win and withdraw when they expect to lose. The consequence is an upward bias in estimates of incumbents’ electoral advantages. Second, the normative implications of high reelection rates cannot be assessed without measuring incumbent quality, since a possible explanation for their electoral success is that incumbents are of high quality and doing a good job. We propose a strategy for measuring incumbent prospects and quality, demonstrate the strategic nature of incumbent and challenger entry, re-estimate the incumbency effect, and show that incumbent quality has an impact on electoral outcomes. Our conclusion is that incumbents’ advantages in House elections have been over estimated while the positive basis of incumbent safety is typically under appreciated.

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The Sandy River in central Maine Is flanked along much of its length by low terraces. Approximately 100 kg of sediment from one terrace in Starks, Somerset County, Maine was wet-sieved in the field. Over 1100 subfossil Coleoptera were recovered representing 53 individual species of a total of 99 taxa. Wood associated with the fauna is 2000 +/-80 14C Yr in age (1-16,038). The fauna is dominated by species characteristic of habitats apparent in modern central Maine. The subfossil assemblage is indicative of a wide vartety of environments including open ground (e.g., Harpalus pensylvanicus), dense forest (e.g., pterostichus honestus), aquatic environments (e.g., Gyrinus, Helophorus), riparian environments with sand and gravel substrates (e.g., Bembidion inaequale, Schizogenius lineolatus), and moist, organic-rich terrestrial environments (e.g., Micropeplus sculptus). The ecological requirements for each taxon permit an environmental reconstruction suggesting an area vegetationally, climatically, and ecologically similar to that of the Sandy River today. The lowest terraces apparently represent the modern-day floodplain of the Sandy River. An average sedimentation rate of l.00 to 1.04 mm per year has been inferred based on radiocarbon dates here and elsewhere on the Sandy River. The Coleopteran fauna suggests that sand and gravel were distinctly abundant, and that the aggradation of point bars, as seen today, contributed to the flood history. Lateral bank erosion of the modern Sandy River accelerated after the State of Maine mandated cessation of bar removal in 1975: flood severity has dramatically increased since that time. Implications suggest that mining of the bars may be necessary to minimize future flooding problems.

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o Pontal de Tapes está inserido dentro da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul e localiza-se ao noroeste da Laguna dos Patos. Até a década de 70, a área caracterizava-se por uma dinâmica regida pela ação dos ventos, das ondas e da corrente lagunar, compondo um ambiente caracterizado pela existência de banhados, dunas, bancos de areia, entre outras feições. Com a introdução de bosques de pinus, o Pontal passou por uma drástica alteração nos seus padrões eólicos de transporte e acumulação de areia. Este fato levou a área a uma nova dinâmica eólica e, por sua vez, morfológica. Neste estudo passamos a avaliar as conseqüências deste novo cenário. Para tal, monitoramos durante aproximadamente um ano (05.06.02 a 04.06.03) os parâmetros climáticos, bem como algumas dunas da área. A partir daí detectou-se a existência de quatro processos atuantes no ambiente: translado, bloqueio, captura e carreamento, sendo que os três últimos passaram a dominar o modelado do ambiente pós-pinus. A atuação desta nova dinâmica causou profundas alterações ao Pontal, como o desaparecimento de banhados e a descaracterização do sistema dunário.

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Esta dissertação teve como objetivo geral ampliar o conhecimento sobre a ecologia vegetal das matas de Restinga arenosa em substratos bem drenados no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foram realizados o estudo florístico e fitossociológico do componente arbóreo de cinco capões de Restinga e a verificação de padrões de interações mutualísticas entre aves frugívoras e as árvores, além do estudo do componente de regeneração e suas relações com o estrato arbóreo adulto. Para a amostragem da vegetação, foi usado o método de parcelas, incluindo-se todas as árvores com DAP ≥ 5cm, totalizando uma área de 1,02ha. Com estes dados, foram estimados os parâmetros usuais em fitossociologia. Em um dos capões, foi realizado também o levantamento florístico e fitossociológico das plântulas (0,05 ≤ altura < 1m) e juvenis (altura ≥ 1m, DAP < 5cm), avaliando-se as relações com o estrato arbóreo adulto, o potencial e a taxa de regeneração natural para cada espécie. Para o estudo dos mutualismos, foram feitas observações visuais e capturas de aves durante um ano. Foram estimadas a conectância do sistema mutualístico e o índice de importância das espécies. Também foi feita a rede de interações do sistema e feita a análise da variação destas interações ao longo das estações do ano. A composição florística resultou em uma riqueza total de 20 famílias e 29 espécies para os cinco capões. A densidade total arbórea teve uma média máxima de 1207 ind/ha e mínima de 747 ind/ha. Sebastiania serrata apresentou o maior valor de importância e Myrtaceae foi a família mais representada. A diversidade específica foi baixa, variando de 1,08 a 2,38 (nats). No sistema mutualístico, registraram-se 29 espécies interagindo (aves e plantas), com uma conectância de 23,9%. Turdus amaurochalinus e T. rufiventris interagiram com a maioria das espécies arbóreas e tiveram o maior índice de importância, sendo caracterizadas como as principais dispersoras em potencial. Ocotea pulchella e Myrsine spp. foram registradas com maior número de eventos de consumo de frutos, no entanto, Ficus organesis interagiu com mais espécies frugívoras, além de ter a maior importância na dieta das aves. Houve variações no número eventos de frugivoria ao longo das estações, bem como no número de espécies frugívoras e de espécies arbóreas consumidas. O componente de regeneração apresentou riqueza específica e diversidade semelhantes às do estrato arbóreo adulto, refletindo uma similaridade florística maior que 70%. A maioria das espécies (73,7%) apresentou taxa de regeneração negativa, revelando o padrão de 'J' invertido. Os resultados indicam a existência de diferenças na composição e estrutura arbórea entre os capões de Restinga, além de uma boa capacidade de regeneração para a maioria das espécies vegetais estudadas. Os dados revelam também um sistema dispersão generalista, no qual poucas espécies de aves interagem com muitas espécies arbóreas e vice-versa.

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O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o que leva estudantes de intercâmbio ao Rio de Janeiro, quais são suas motivações e interesses que influenciam na escolha dessa cidade, um destino pouco tradicional para intercâmbios, que recebe um crescente número de intercambistas de países desenvolvidos. Também apresentamos uma discussão mais ampla sobre a educação internacional do século 21, posicionando programas de intercâmbio como uma das possíveis iniciativas para a internacionalização de instituições de ensino superior. Para responder essa questão, 20 estudantes de 11 países foram entrevistados. Os resultados indicam que existe muito mais no Rio de Janeiro além do sol e das belas praias. Há uma grande variedade de interesses que explicam porque estudantes de intercâmbio escolhem esse destino. O clichê sobre sol, praia e carnaval se manifestou em diversas respostas, no entanto, nunca como principal fator. Intercambistas se interessam pela cidade por diversos motivos além das atrações turísticas, como aprender português, melhorar o currículo e estar em uma economia emergente. Recomendações para a internacionalização de instituições de educação e uma agenda de pesquisa para o desenvolvimento desse tópico são apresentadas na parte final.

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Esta dissertação apresenta uma avaliação da eficiência de um recapeamento constituído por mistura de asfalto-borracha (processo via-úmida), no retardamento de reflexão de trincas, através da técnica de ensaios acelerados. Para a realização do estudo foi construído um pavimento experimental com camada final de terraplenagem de argila arenosa de comportamento laterítico (50 cm), base de brita graduada (30 cm), camada de concreto asfáltico trincado (4 cm) e camada de recapeamento em asfalto-borracha (5 cm). O simulador de tráfego DAER/UFRGS aplicou aproximadamente 513.000 ciclos de carga de eixo de 100 kN. Ao longo do experimento o desempenho do pavimento foi acompanhado, com ênfase no surgimento de trincas. A evolução da condição estrutural do pavimento foi monitorada através das medidas de deflexões e dados de instrumentação (tensões e deformações). O registro da evolução da condição funcional do pavimento foi feito através do levantamento de afundamento de trilha de roda, e macro e micro textura. Com a finalidade de comparar o desempenho do recapeamento em asfalto-borracha com os de outros recapeamentos convencionais previamente ensaiados, desenvolveu-se um procedimento para correção de temperaturas. Constatou-se que o emprego de asfalto-borracha retardou em cinco vezes o surgimento de trincas. Assim, o nível de severidade do trincamento igual a 100 cm/m2 ocorreu no recapeamento em asfalto-borracha após 340.000 solicitações (100 kN), enquanto no recapeamento em asfalto convencional tal nível de severidade foi registrado com somente 66.000 solicitações da mesma carga de eixo. Globalmente, o recapeamento em asfalto-borracha conferiu ao pavimento melhores condições funcionais e estruturais, se comparado com um recapeamento convencional da mesma espessura, executado sobre um pavimento com níveis de degradação similares.