Risk factors for cesarean section by category of health service

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the rate of cesarean section and differences in risk factors by category of health service, either public or private. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out including all pregnant women in labor admitted to hospitals in the city of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil, between January 1 and December 31, 2007. A pre-coded and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect on social, demographic, obstetric and newborn care information. Two regression models were constructed: one for public users and the other one for private ones. Poisson regression was used in each model in the multivariate analysis. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each adjusted factor. RESULTS: The rate of cesarean section was 43% and 86% among public and private users. Sociodemographic factors and twin births have a more significant impact among public users as well as number of pregnancies (25% vs. 13% reduction in public and private users, respectively) and previous cesarean section (86% vs. 24% increase in public and private users, respectively). Prenatal care visits and hospital admissions affected the outcome only in women users of public services. CONCLUSIONS: Cesarean section rates were high in both groups studied, but it was twice as high among women cared in the private sector. Associated factors differ in magnitude by category of service used.

Determination of airborne nanoparticles in elderly care centres

According to numerous studies, airborne nanoparticles have a potential to produce serious adverse human health effects when deposited into the respiratory tract. The most important parts of the lung are the alveolar regions with their enormous surface areas and potential to transfer nanoparticles into the blood stream. These effects may be potentiated in case of the elderly, since this population is more susceptible to air pollutants in general and more to nanoparticles than larger particles. The main goal of this investigation was to determine the exposure of institutionalized elders to nanoparticles using Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor (NSAM) equipment to calculate the deposited surface area (DSA) of nanoparticles into elderly lungs. In total, 193 institutionalized individuals over 65 yr of age were examined in four elderly care centers (ECC). The occupancy daily pattern was achieved by applying a questionnaire, and it was concluded that these subjects spent most of their time indoors, including the bedroom and living room, the indoor microenvironments with higher prevalence of elderly occupancy. The deposited surface area ranged from 10 to 46 μm2/cm3. The living rooms presented significantly higher levels compared with bedrooms. Comparing PM10 concentrations with nanoparticles deposited surface area in elderly lungs, it is conceivable that living rooms presented the highest concentration of PM10 and were similar to the highest average DSA. The temporal distribution of DSA was also assessed. While data showed a quantitative fluctuation in values in bedrooms, high peaks were detected in living rooms.

Household members and health care workers as supervisors of tuberculosis treatment

OBJECTIVE: To compare tuberculosis cure rates among patients supervised by household members or health care workers. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 171 patients treated by the program in Vitoria, Southeastern Brazil, from 2004 to 2007. Each patient was followed-up for six months until the end of the treatment. Of the patients studied, a household member supervised 59 patients and healthcare workers supervised 112 patients. Patients' sociodemographic and clinic data were analyzed. Differences between groups were assessed using chi-square test or Student's t-test. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Most patients had smear positive, culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. Two patients were HIV-positive. There were more illiterate patients in the healthcare-supervised group, in comparison to those supervised by their families (p=0.01). All patients supervised by a household member were cured compared to 90% of the patients supervised by health care workers (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Successful tuberculosis treatment was more frequent when supervised by household members.

Violência física entre parceiros íntimos na gestação como fator de risco para a má qualidade do pré-natal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a violência física entre parceiros íntimos durante a gestação como fator de risco independente para a má qualidade da assistência pré-natal. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em três maternidades públicas do município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. As 528 puérperas incluídas no estudo foram selecionadas em processo de amostragem aleatória simples dentre o conjunto de nascidos vivos a termo em 2000. As informações sobre a assistência pré-natal foram obtidas a partir do cartão da gestante e por meio de entrevistas face a face. Para a avaliação da qualidade da assistência pré-natal utilizou-se o índice de Kotelchuck. Para a identificação das situações de violência, foi utilizada a versão brasileira do instrumento Revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Utilizou-se a regressão logística não condicional para avaliar o efeito da exposição, após controle de variáveis de confusão. RESULTADOS: Mesmo após o ajuste por variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, reprodutivas e relativas aos hábitos de vida do casal, a violência física entre parceiros íntimos durante a gestação permaneceu associada à má qualidade da assistência pré-natal. Mulheres que relataram ter sido vítimas de abuso físico durante a gestação possuíam 2,2 vezes mais chance de apresentar uma assistência pré-natal inadequada do que as sem história de violência física. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam a necessidade do rastreamento de situações de conflito familiar desde o início do pré-natal visando o seu enfrentamento e uma maior adesão das gestantes vitimizadas ao acompanhamento.

Direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in health care services in the city of São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: To assess direct medical costs associated with schizophrenia relapses in mental health services. METHODS: The study was conducted in three health facilities in the city of São Paulo: a public state hospital; a Brazilian National Health System (SUS)-contracted hospital; and a community mental health center. Medical records of 90 patients with schizophrenia who received care in 2006 were reviewed. Information on inpatient expenditures was collected and used for cost estimates. RESULTS: Mean direct medical cost of schizophrenia relapses per patient was US$ 4,083.50 (R$ 8,167.58) in the public state hospital; US$ 2,302.76 (R$ 4,605.46) in the community mental health center; and US$ 1,198.50 (R$ 2,397.74) in the SUS-affiliated hospital. The main component was daily inpatient room rates (87% - 98%). Medication costs varied depending on the use of typical or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs were more often used in the community mental health center. CONCLUSIONS: Costs associated with schizophrenia relapses support investments in antipsychotic drugs and strategies to reduce disease relapse and the need for mental health inpatient services. Treating patients in a community mental health center was associated with medium costs and added the benefit of not depriving these patients from family life.

Do fatigue, physical activity, handgrip strength and quality of life change between pre and post liver transplant?

Analisar: níveis de fadiga, força de preensão, HRQoL, níveis de actividade física. Será que se alteram em doentes PAF após o transplante de fígado? Dado que os níveis de actividade física se encontram abaixo dos valores mínimos recomendados deveria ser encontrada uma estratégia de aumento do tempo dispendido na actividade física leve a moderada idealmente no PRÉ TRANSPLANTE.

DOTS in primary care units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implantation and the effects of directly-observed treatment short course (DOTS) in primary health care units. METHODS: Interviews were held with the staff of nine municipal health care units (MHU) that provided DOTS in Rio de Janeiro City, Southeastern Brazil, in 2004-2005. A dataset with records of all tuberculosis treatments beginning in 2004 in all municipal health care units was collected. Bivariate analyses and a multinomial model were applied to identify associations between treatment outcomes and demographic and treatment process variables, including being in DOTS or self-administered therapy (SAT). RESULTS: From 4,598 tuberculosis cases treated in public health units administrated by the municipality, 1,118 (24.3%) were with DOTS and 3,480 (75.7%) with SAT. The odds of DOTS were higher among patients with age under 50 years, tuberculosis relapse and prior history of default or treatment failure. The odds of death were 52.0% higher among patients on DOTS as compared to SAT. DOTS modality including community health workers (CHWs) showed the highest treatment success rate. A reduction of 21.0% was observed in the odds of default (vs. cure) among patients on DOTS as compared to patients on SAT, and a reduction of 64.0% among patients on DOTS with CHWs as compared to those without CHWs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a "low compliance profile" were more likely to be included in DOTS. This strategy improves the quality of care provided to tuberculosis patients, although the proposed goals were not achieved.

Como é que no movimento da escola moderna é promovida a autonomia das crianças?

Relatório Final da Prática Profissional Supervisionada Mestrado em educação pré-escolar

(Des)construindo conceções sobre as histórias para a infância: promoção de hábitos de leitura em casa entre adulto-criança

Relatório da Prática Profissional Supervisionada Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar

Estudo exploratório de custos e conseqüências do pré-natal no Programa Saúde da Família

OBJETIVO: Avaliar custos e conseqüências da assistência pré-natal na morbimortalidade perinatal. MÉTODOS: Estudo avaliativo com dois tipos de análise - de implantação e de eficiência, realizado em 11 Unidades de Saúde da Família do Recife, PE, em 2006. Os custos foram apurados pela técnica activity-based costing e a razão de custo-efetividade foi calculada para cada conseqüência. As fontes de dados foram sistemas de informação do Ministério da Saúde e planilhas de custos da Secretaria de Saúde do Recife e do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira. As unidades de saúde com pré-natal implantado ou parcial foram comparadas quanto ao seu custo-efetividade e resultados perinatais. RESULTADOS: Em 64% das unidades, o pré-natal estava implantado com custo médio total de R$ 39.226,88 e variação de R$ 3.841,87 a R$ 8.765,02 por Unidade de Saúde. Nas unidades parcialmente implantadas (36%), o custo médio total foi de R$ 30.092,61 (R$ 4.272,12 a R$ 11.774,68). O custo médio por gestante foi de R$ 196,13 com pré-natal implantado e R$ 150,46 no parcial. Encontrou-se maior proporção de baixo peso ao nascer, sífilis congênita, óbitos perinatais e fetais no grupo parcialmente implantado. CONCLUSÕES: Pré-natal é custo-efetivo para várias conseqüências estudadas. Os efeitos adversos medidos pelos indicadores de saúde foram menores nas unidades com pré-natal implantado. O custo médio no grupo parcialmente implantado foi mais elevado, sugerindo possível desperdício de recursos, uma vez que a produtividade das equipes é insuficiente para a capacidade instalada.

A importância da afetividade na relação pedagógica

Relatório da Prática Profissional Supervisionada Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar

Débora, qual foi o livro que trouxeste hoje? A potencialidade dos livros na educação pré-escolar

Relatório da UC Seminário de Apoio à Prática Profissional Supervisionada Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar

Effects of home environment and center-based child care quality on children’s

This study examined the joint effects of home environment and center-based child care quality on children’s language, communication, and early literacy development, while also considering prior developmental level. Participants were 95 children (46 boys), assessed as toddlers (mean age = 26.33 months;Time 1) and preschoolers (mean age = 68.71 months; Time 2) and their families. At both times, children attended center-based child care classrooms in the metropolitan area of Porto, Portugal. Results from hierarchical linear models indicated that home environment and preschool quality, but not center-based toddler child care quality, were associated with children’s language and literacy outcomes at Time 2. Moreover, the quality of preschool classrooms moderated the association between home environment quality and children’s language and early literacy skills – but not communication skills – at Time 2, suggesting the positive cumulative effects of home environment and preschool quality. Findings further support the existence of a detrimental effect of low preschool quality on children’s language and early literacy outcomes: positive associations among home environment quality and children’s developmental outcomes were found to reduce substantially when children attended low-quality preschool classrooms.

Care cost for pregnant and parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia

OBJECTIVE: To compare inpatient and outpatient care costs for pregnant/parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. METHODS: A prospective observational quantitative study was conducted in the Perinatal Diabetes Center in the city of Botucatu, Southeastern Brazil, between 2007 and 2008. Direct and indirect costs and disease-specific costs (medications and tests) were estimated. Thirty diet-treated pregnant women with diabetes were followed up on an outpatient basis, and 20 who required insulin therapy were hospitalized. RESULTS: The cost of diabetes disease (prenatal and delivery care) was US$ 3,311.84 for inpatients and US$ 1,366.04 for outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Direct and indirect costs as well as total prenatal care cost were higher for diabetic inpatients while delivery care costs and delivery-postpartum hospitalization were similar. Prenatal and delivery-postpartum care costs were higher for these patients compared to those paid by Brazilian National Health System.

A checklist for patient safety rounds at the care pathway level

Objective - To define a checklist that can be used to assess the performance of a department and evaluate the implementation of quality management (QM) activities across departments or pathways in acute care hospitals. Design - We developed and tested a checklist for the assessment of QM activities at department level in a cross-sectional study using on-site visits by trained external auditors. Setting and Participants - A sample of 292 hospital departments of 74 acute care hospitals across seven European countries. In every hospital, four departments for the conditions: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, hip fracture and deliveries participated. Main outcome measures - Four measures of QM activities were evaluated at care pathway level focusing on specialized expertise and responsibility (SER), evidence-based organization of pathways (EBOP), patient safety strategies and clinical review (CR). Results - Participating departments attained mean values on the various scales between 1.2 and 3.7. The theoretical range was 0-4. Three of the four QM measures are identical for the four conditions, whereas one scale (EBOP) has condition-specific items. Correlations showed that every factor was related, but also distinct, and added to the overall picture of QM at pathway level. Conclusion - The newly developed checklist can be used across various types of departments and pathways in acute care hospitals like AMI, deliveries, stroke and hip fracture. The anticipated users of the checklist are internal (e.g. peers within the hospital and hospital executive board) and external auditors (e.g. healthcare inspectorate, professional or patient organizations).