Washington's growth and opportunity act or Beijing's 'Overarching Brilliance': will African governments choose neither?

Growing criticism of Chinese engagement in Africa centres on the risk to African development posed by China's aggressive export policies and the threat to the Washington Consensus and African governance posed by China's 'non-interference' approach to engagement. This article challenges both these assumptions. The growth of Chinese trade has a wide range of impacts, depending on the sector in question, and the current terms of trade Washington extends to Africa under the auspices of the AGOA do not result in uniformly beneficial effects. With regard to African governance, it is argued that the 'Washington Consensus' has been based on competing and often muddled perceptions of US national interest. This fact tempers the regret felt at Washington's loss of influence over the good governance agenda. Evidence is provided to show that China can work within properly regulated countries and industries, if the African governments in question can provide fair, efficient and transparent environments in which to operate.

Urban economic openness and IPO underpricing

We examine the empirical impact of trade openness on the short-run underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) using city-level real estate data. This paper represents a first attempt to employ a macroeconomic approach to explain IPO performance. We investigate an openness effect in which urban economic openness (UEO) has a significant impact on the productivity and on the prices of both direct and indirect real estate due to productivity gains of companies in more open areas. This in turn positively affects the firm’s profitability, enhancing the confidence in the local real estate market and the future company performance and decreasing the uncertainty of the IPO valuation. And as a result, we find that issuers have less incentive to underprice the IPO shares. China provides a suitable experimental ground to study the immense underpricing in developing markets, which cannot solely be accounted for by firm specific effects. First, Chinese real estate companies show strong geographic patterns focusing their businesses locally – usually at a city level. Second, we observe a degree of openness which is significantly heterogeneous across Chinese cities. Controlling for company-specific variables, location and state ownership, we find the evidence that companies whose businesses are in economically more open areas experience less IPO underpricing. Our results show high explanatory power and are robust to diverse specifications.

Europeisk familjelycka : Om användandet av familjemetaforen i EU

The re-unification of a family of nations: usages of the family metaphor in the EU This article analyses usages of the family metaphor in the EU. It starts up with a scrutiny of feminist theories of the nation-as-family metaphor. Introducing the concept of domopolitics, the author infers that the family, on the one hand, connotes to feelings of security and homelyness and, on the other hand, fears of the well-known, of immanent threats to in-group cohesion. The significance of the family metaphor in the EU rhetoric connects to a renewed emphasis on distinct values, principles and norms that balance the otherwise technocratic image of the EU. He further applies the nation-as-family metaphor to contemporary EU rhetoric. In the analysis, he infers that all three dimensions of the metaphor (ethnic, civil and hierarchic) are manifest in the EU political language making its use an enterprise that strives at moving beyond, but not completely away from the nation-state paradigm.

Where did all these books come from? The Publishing Industry and American Intellectual Life

The American book publishing industry shapes the character of American intellectual life. While the newspaper and television industries have been accused of and investigated for bias and lowering America’s intellectual standards, book publishing has gone largely unexamined by scholars. The existing studies of the publishing industry have focused on finance, procedure and history. “There are few ‘theories’ of publishing – efforts to understand the ‘whys’ as well as the ‘hows.’ Few scholarly scientists have devoted significant scholarly attention to publishing” (Altbach and Hoshino, xiii). There are many possible reasons for this lacuna. First, there is a perception that books have always been around, that they are an “old” technology and therefore they don’t appear to have had as much of an impact on our society as television and other media (which were developed quickly and suddenly) seem to have had (Altbach and Hoshino, xiv). Also, despite books’ present and past popularity, television, radio, and now the internet reach more people more easily, and are therefore more topical points of study and observation. In studying the effects of mass media on everyday American life, television and the internet may be the most logical points of study. Regarding public intellectual life however, books play a much more important role. Public intellectual life has always been associated with independent thinkers publishing their work for the masses. For this reason, this I focus on trade publishing. Trade publishing produces fiction and non-fiction works for the general reading public, as opposed to technical manuals, textbooks, and other fiction and nonfiction books targeted to small and specific audiences. Although, quantitatively speaking, “the largest part of book publishing business is embodied in that great complex of companies and activities producing educational, business, scientific, technical, and reference books and materials,” (Tebbel 1987, 439) the trade industry publishes most of the books that most people read. It is the most public segment of the industry, and the most likely place to find public intellectualism. Trade publishing is not only the most public segment of the industry, but it is also the most susceptible to corruption and lowered intellectual standards. Unlike specialty publishing, which caters to a specific, known segment of society, trade publishers must compete with countless other publications, as well as with other forms of media, for the patronage of the general public. As John Tebbel (author of a widely referenced history of the publishing industry) puts it, “The textbook, scientific, or technical book is subjected to much more rigorous scrutiny by buyers and users, and in an intensively competitive market inferior products are quickly lost" (Tebbel 1987, xiv). Since the standards for trade publishing are not nearly as specific – trade books simply need to catch the attention of a significant number of readers, they don’t have to measure up to a given level of quality – the quality of trade books is much more variable. And yet, a successful trade publication can have a much greater impact on society than the most rigorously researched and edited textbook or scholarly study.

Efeitos de abertura comercial sobre a evolução da produtividade industrial no Brasil

Este trabalho avalia a evolução da produtividade industrial brasileira — utilizando um painel de 16 setores da indústria de transformação no período 1985/97 — e o papel da abertura econômica neste processo. Os resultados mostram que a produtividade da indústria brasileira, seja ela medida pelo conceito de produtividade total dos fatores (PTF) ou de produtividade do trabalho, passou por duas fases distintas: de 1985 a 1990, há um processo de estagnação e de 1990 a 1997, a indústria passa a apresentar significativas taxas de crescimento. A abertura comercial, caracterizada por menores tarifas nominais e menores taxas de proteção efetiva, exerce um efeito positivo sobre o aumento da produtividade. Em todas as regressões do modelo — em que se utilizam técnicas de estimação em painéis — não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de que aumentos nas barreiras comerciais implicam menores taxas de crescimento da produtividade do trabalho e da PTF. Este resultado confirma a evidência internacional de que países mais abertos crescem mais rápido e desestimularia a adoção de políticas de restrição comercial como estratégia de desenvolvimento e de proteção à indústria nacional.

Some losses brought out by the WTO agreement for TRIPs

The WTO established two rules concerning the international protection of the TRIPs - trade related intellectual property rights, which includes patents and copyrights. One of these rules is the non-discrimination, which has shown to be efficiency-enhancing in the context of trade tariff reductions. The other is the national-treatment commitment rule. We develop in this paper a simple framework to show that the extended version of this rule - which is nowadays being imposed to members - brings out a loss of economic efficiency and a reduction in the levels of protection of intellectual property rights worldwide. As a consequence, it tends to reduce the investments on Research and Development throughout the world. This exactly contradicts the objectives of the Agreement.

City sizes and industry concentration

In a general equilibrium model of trade under transportation costs between two cities we show how the relative population sizes are simultaneously detemined with the degree of geographic concentration of industries characterized by different elasticities of scale of production. The effect on city size of the presence of nontraded goods is also analyzed.

Ensaios em economia internacional

Using data for 53 developed and emerging economies from 1970 to 2006, this article investigates empirically the impact of trade openness on the real exchange rate devaluations that result from a large and unexpected fall in capital in ows.

Reuse-based test planning for core-based systems-on-chip

Electronic applications are currently developed under the reuse-based paradigm. This design methodology presents several advantages for the reduction of the design complexity, but brings new challenges for the test of the final circuit. The access to embedded cores, the integration of several test methods, and the optimization of the several cost factors are just a few of the several problems that need to be tackled during test planning. Within this context, this thesis proposes two test planning approaches that aim at reducing the test costs of a core-based system by means of hardware reuse and integration of the test planning into the design flow. The first approach considers systems whose cores are connected directly or through a functional bus. The test planning method consists of a comprehensive model that includes the definition of a multi-mode access mechanism inside the chip and a search algorithm for the exploration of the design space. The access mechanism model considers the reuse of functional connections as well as partial test buses, cores transparency, and other bypass modes. The test schedule is defined in conjunction with the access mechanism so that good trade-offs among the costs of pins, area, and test time can be sought. Furthermore, system power constraints are also considered. This expansion of concerns makes it possible an efficient, yet fine-grained search, in the huge design space of a reuse-based environment. Experimental results clearly show the variety of trade-offs that can be explored using the proposed model, and its effectiveness on optimizing the system test plan. Networks-on-chip are likely to become the main communication platform of systemson- chip. Thus, the second approach presented in this work proposes the reuse of the on-chip network for the test of the cores embedded into the systems that use this communication platform. A power-aware test scheduling algorithm aiming at exploiting the network characteristics to minimize the system test time is presented. The reuse strategy is evaluated considering a number of system configurations, such as different positions of the cores in the network, power consumption constraints and number of interfaces with the tester. Experimental results show that the parallelization capability of the network can be exploited to reduce the system test time, whereas area and pin overhead are strongly minimized. In this manuscript, the main problems of the test of core-based systems are firstly identified and the current solutions are discussed. The problems being tackled by this thesis are then listed and the test planning approaches are detailed. Both test planning techniques are validated for the recently released ITC’02 SoC Test Benchmarks, and further compared to other test planning methods of the literature. This comparison confirms the efficiency of the proposed methods.

From old to new developmentalism in Latin America

O fracasso do consenso de Washington e das políticas macroeconômicas, baseadas em altas taxas de juros e taxas de câmbio não-competitivas para promover o crescimento da economia, levou os países da América Latina a formularem estratégias nacionais de desenvolvimento. O novo desenvolvimentismo é uma estratégia alternativa não apenas à ortodoxia convencional, mas também ao antigo nacional-desenvolvimentismo latino-americano. Enquanto o antigo nacional desenvolvimentismo era baseado na tendência à deterioração dos termos de troca e, adotando uma abordagem microeconômica, propunha planejamento econômico e industrialização, o novo nacional-desenvolvimentismo pressupõe que a industrialização foi alcançada, apesar de em diferentes estágios em cada país, e argumenta que, para assegurar rápidas taxas de crescimento e o catch up, a tendência que deve ser neutralizada é a da sobrevalorização da taxa de câmbio. Contrariamente à economia convencional, um estado capaz continua sendo o instrumento chave para assegurar o desenvolvimento econômico, a política industrial continua sendo necessária; mas o que distingue a nova abordagem é principalmente o crescimento com poupança interna, ao invés de com poupança externa. Uma política macroeconômica baseada em taxas de juros moderadas e uma taxa de câmbio competitiva, e não altas taxas de juros e moeda sobreapreciada conforme recomenda a ortodoxia convencional.

A Reestruturação produtiva e o surgimento de um novo padrão de ação sindical no Brasil

This work is focused on understanding the most important issues originated from the current Brazilian productive restructuring and its impacts on the formation of a new unionism style, especially the pattern followed by the Workers Union's Congress (CUT). From the processes that have been developing in the automotive factories of the ABC region, as well as inside the unions, we can say that: (i) the participation of the unions in the elaboration and modificaton of the productive processes and the labor organization has been increasing; (ii) this trend has been spreading very quickly inside the workers union movement linked to the CUT, strenghtening the inflexion taken by this Congress since the beginning of the nineties; (iii) the negotiations and its outcomes are drawing away from an approach that seeks to establish a mechanical correspondance between production flexibilization measures and the implementation of certain industrial relations.

A estrutura de regulação dos mercados futuros no Brasil e o uso de modelos estatísticos de precificação na atividade de supervisão dos órgãos reguladores

Esta dissertação procurou identificar as diretrizes de supervisão dos mercados futuros no Brasil frente às práticas de regulação utilizadas em outros países do mundo, basicamente aqueles cujas economias e mercados são maiores do que o brasileiro, em volume de contratos negociados. O desenvolvimento do tema se deu de maneira a estimular o uso de tais práticas na estrutura local de supervisão, com vistas a uma melhoria da atividade dos órgãos reguladores e ao crescimento do mercado de capitais brasileiro. Dentre as referidas práticas, destacou-se a utilização de modelos estatísticos de precificação dos contratos negociados no sentido de balizar a atuação dos departamentos de fiscalização na investigação de condições artificiais de mercado. A abordagem desses modelos abrangeu desde a definição de conceitos fundamentais até a apresentação de um estudo de caso com opções sobre ações, passando pela caracterização dos principais modelos e formas de calcular a volatilidade no preço desses títulos. Os resultados de pesquisa foram relacionados às origens legais e ao desenvolvimento econômico recente do Brasil, que levaram à sofisticação dos mecanismos de financiamento do mercado de capitais nacional, não se limitando ao simples apontamento dos pontos fracos da estrutura local de supervisão. Finalmente, a pesquisa evoluiu para as necessidades práticas da atividade de supervisão a serem atendidas pelo regulador, segundo as características operacionais dos principais mercados, a fim de que a bolsa de futuros brasileira reforce sua posição competitiva no cenário mundial.

A estrutura de regulação dos mercados futuros no Brasil e o uso de modelos estatísticos de precificação, na atividade de supervisão dos órgãos reguladores.

Esta dissertação procurou identificar as diretrizes de supervisão dos mercados futuros no Brasil frente às práticas de regulação utilizadas em outros países do mundo, basicamente aqueles cujas economias e mercados são maiores do que o brasileiro, em volume de contratos negociados. O desenvolvimento do tema se deu de maneira a estimular o uso de tais práticas na estrutura local de supervisão, com vistas a uma melhoria da atividade dos órgãos reguladores e ao crescimento do mercado de capitais brasileiro. Dentre as referidas práticas, destacou-se a utilização de modelos estatísticos de precificação dos contratos negociados no sentido de balizar a atuação dos departamentos de fiscalização na investigação de condições artificiais de mercado. A abordagem desses modelos abrangeu desde a definição de conceitos fundamentais até a apresentação de um estudo de caso com opções sobre ações, passando pela caracterização dos principais modelos e formas de calcular a volatilidade no preço desses títulos. Os resultados de pesquisa foram relacionados às origens legais e ao desenvolvimento econômico recente do Brasil, que levaram à sofisticação dos mecanismos de financiamento do mercado de capitais nacional, não se limitando ao simples apontamento dos pontos fracos da estrutura local de supervisão. Finalmente, a pesquisa evoluiu para as necessidades práticas da atividade de supervisão a serem atendidas pelo regulador, segundo as características operacionais dos principais mercados, a fim de que a bolsa de futuros brasileira reforce sua posição competitiva no cenário mundial.

Crescimento econômico secular no Brasil, modelo de thirlwall e termos de troca

Explaining the Brazilian economic growth performance during the 20th is a challenging task to academics. As shown, Brazil had already experienced faster growth and recently it is far from such belle époque. Most explanation lies on conventional frameworks. This paper assesses the Thirlwall’s balance-of-payments constraint model to Brazilian economic growth in the period 1900-2005, highlighting the importance of the terms of trade. The results show, first, that the terms of trade are significant in the estimation of import demand function and change the income elasticity, especially in the first period of the sample (1900-1970), and, second, when the simplest Thirlwall’s model is controlled by terms of trade, it seems that such variable is important through export growth, which cause changes in economic performance.

Essays on international prices and the subjacent market structure

Esta tese utiliza a informação contida em preços internacionais para identificar parâmetros de modelos de comércio sob competição imperfeita, desta forma permitindo inferência sobre o comportamento das exportações, sobre os ganhos de troca da abertura comercial e sobre a variedade de bens produzidos domesticamente. Em primeiro lugar, investigamos o repasse cambial, no longo prazo, para os preços praticados por exportadores brasileiros. O foco no longo prazo permite controlar os efeitos da rigidez de preço no curto prazo, de maneira que o repasse incompleto evidencie competição imperfeita com preços flexíveis. Em segundo lugar, calculamos os ganhos de troca de novas variedades de bens importados baseando-nos em estimativas para as elasticidades de substituição desagregadas. Finalmente, qualificamos a ênfase da literatura de comércio em ganhos de eficiência no lugar de ganhos de variedade, demonstrando que a variedade de bens produzidos domesticamente se amplia após aberturas comerciais desde que as firmas tenham uma margem de decisão em bens intermediários ou na qualificação da mão de obra.