La desigualdad en el consumo familiar. Diferencias de género en la España contemporánea (1850-1930)

In the last few years, Economic Theory has revised two basic ideas around the economics of the household: that family income is the result of the individual income of each of its members (income pooling), and that all family members living in the household have equal access to its resources. Unequal access to family resources (among women and men, on the one hand, and among the elderly, adults and children, on the other), is now understood as an input (for instance, that women eat less food and of worst quality than men), and as an output (for instance that women have poorer health, higher epidemic mortality, or are less tall than men as a result, among other things, of having received less food and poorer medical care, and/or of a heavier workload). Despite the fact that inequality in intra‐family consumption has become the center of attention in academic and international agencies, it can still not be found in the agenda of Economic History. In this paper we look at some of the resources consumed by Spanish families in the 19th century: food, alcoholic beverages, clothes and shoes. Medical topographies, our main source, suggest that unequal access to family resources among household members had a strong impact on their health and wellbeing.

Análisis de una propuesta de trabajo desde la perspectiva del modelo de convergencia europea

The work presented here describes a part of the experience carried out during the last two academic years in a course called New Technologies Applied to Education within the Teacher Training Studies of the Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology of the University of Girona. It is a project that involves students working on a proposal closely related to their future professional lives. In it they simulate their intervention in a school staff meeting at which the introduction of ICT into the curriculum is being discussed. This proposal is presented in a WebQuest format. Various individual and group tasks allow the students to acquire knowledge about educational programmes and resources available on the web and to discuss their possible teaching applications in the context of a specific school situation, leading to an analysis of the curricular implications associated with the educational use of the ICT from the teacher’s perspective. During the last two academic years assessments by both the students and the teaching staff have been gathered in order to redesign the proposal and calculate the time necessary for the development of each task following the ECTS system. This proposal, although formulated within the context of current degree programmes, implies a way of working guided by the plans of European convergence (ECTS). In the future it is hoped to establish an interdisciplinary proposal focusing on various subjects of the degree leading to the development of some of the capabilities established in our university’s degree courses in Early Childhood and Primary Teacher Training following the plans of European convergence (ECTS)

La construcción de la identidad docente del profesorado de educación infantil y primaria en la formación inicial y los primeros años de trabajo (Identidoc). Síntesis y principales resultados y contribuciones

Los docentes de los distintos ciclos del sistema educativo que están comenzando su vida profesional,si permanecen en esta actividad, trabajarán durante los próximos treinta o cuarentaaños con personas que vivirán parte de su vida en el siglo XXII. Este hecho constituye un puntode reflexión para los educadores quienes recibimos nuestra formación básica en el sigloXX, estamos desarrollando nuestro trabajo en el XXI, y tenemos la responsabilidad de preparara individuos para que puedan construir un mañana que ya es hoy (Millán y Sancho, 1995).Aquí comienza el interés de nuestros grupos de investigación por explorar cómo los hombresy las mujeres que han salido en los últimos años de las facultades de formación del profesorado,con las especialidades de educación infantil y primaria, aprenden a ser docentes. Cómose han ido constituyendo y posicionando como maestros y maestras durante la formación inicial y los primeros años de su vida profesional...

La construcción de la identidad docente del profesorado de educación infantil y primaria en la formación inicial y los primeros años de trabajo (Identidoc). Síntesis y principales resultados y contribuciones

Los docentes de los distintos ciclos del sistema educativo que están comenzando su vida profesional,si permanecen en esta actividad, trabajarán durante los próximos treinta o cuarentaaños con personas que vivirán parte de su vida en el siglo XXII. Este hecho constituye un puntode reflexión para los educadores quienes recibimos nuestra formación básica en el sigloXX, estamos desarrollando nuestro trabajo en el XXI, y tenemos la responsabilidad de preparara individuos para que puedan construir un mañana que ya es hoy (Millán y Sancho, 1995).Aquí comienza el interés de nuestros grupos de investigación por explorar cómo los hombresy las mujeres que han salido en los últimos años de las facultades de formación del profesorado,con las especialidades de educación infantil y primaria, aprenden a ser docentes. Cómose han ido constituyendo y posicionando como maestros y maestras durante la formación inicial y los primeros años de su vida profesional...

La construcción de la identidad docente del profesorado de educación infantil y primaria en la formación inicial y los primeros años de trabajo (Identidoc). Síntesis y principales resultados y contribuciones

Los docentes de los distintos ciclos del sistema educativo que están comenzando su vida profesional,si permanecen en esta actividad, trabajarán durante los próximos treinta o cuarentaaños con personas que vivirán parte de su vida en el siglo XXII. Este hecho constituye un puntode reflexión para los educadores quienes recibimos nuestra formación básica en el sigloXX, estamos desarrollando nuestro trabajo en el XXI, y tenemos la responsabilidad de preparara individuos para que puedan construir un mañana que ya es hoy (Millán y Sancho, 1995).Aquí comienza el interés de nuestros grupos de investigación por explorar cómo los hombresy las mujeres que han salido en los últimos años de las facultades de formación del profesorado,con las especialidades de educación infantil y primaria, aprenden a ser docentes. Cómose han ido constituyendo y posicionando como maestros y maestras durante la formación inicial y los primeros años de su vida profesional...

La construcción de la identidad docente del profesorado de educación infantil y primaria en la formación inicial y los primeros años de trabajo (Identidoc). Síntesis y principales resultados y contribuciones

Los docentes de los distintos ciclos del sistema educativo que están comenzando su vida profesional,si permanecen en esta actividad, trabajarán durante los próximos treinta o cuarentaaños con personas que vivirán parte de su vida en el siglo XXII. Este hecho constituye un puntode reflexión para los educadores quienes recibimos nuestra formación básica en el sigloXX, estamos desarrollando nuestro trabajo en el XXI, y tenemos la responsabilidad de preparara individuos para que puedan construir un mañana que ya es hoy (Millán y Sancho, 1995).Aquí comienza el interés de nuestros grupos de investigación por explorar cómo los hombresy las mujeres que han salido en los últimos años de las facultades de formación del profesorado,con las especialidades de educación infantil y primaria, aprenden a ser docentes. Cómose han ido constituyendo y posicionando como maestros y maestras durante la formación inicial y los primeros años de su vida profesional...

¿Qué entienden los jóvenes universitarios por monogamia y sexo sin penetración, como estrategias preventivas de la transmisión sexual del virus del SIDA? = What university students understand by monogamy and sex without penetration as preventive strategies of sexual transmission of AIDS virus?

Monogamy and sex without penetration are behaviors recommended by the WHO to avoid AIDS virus sexual transmission. Seven hundred and fifty university students from 18 to 25 years (67.7% women) were surveyed and they were asked to give a maximum of three free definitions of the words monogamy and sex without penetration to prevent AIDS virus sexual transmission. Their participation was voluntary and anonymous. Although the majority of the answers was correct, there was a considerable percentage of wrong answers, either for monogamy (3.7% masturbation; 2.1% to have many partners; 0.9% homosexual relations), or for sex without penetration (20.5% oral sex; 1.1% anal coitus; 0.8% coitus without orgasm; 0.4% coitus interruptus). Some definitions or examples differ by gender. The amount of wrongs or incomplete answers put researchers on the alert about insufficient preventive knowledge in a population with a high educational level

Condiciones de trabajo psicosociales y desgaste psíquico en trabajadores de diversos sectores empresariales de centro-oriente, suroccidente y región Caribe en Colombia

Objetivo: Determinar la percepción de trabajadores de distintos sectores empresariales de Colombia sobre los factores psicosociales presentes en su entorno laboral y la relación entre los factores psicosociales nocivos y los síntomas subjetivos y alteraciones de la salud. Materiales y métodos: Estudio no experimental, transversal y cuantitativo. Participaron 370 trabajadores, de diferentes sectores empresariales de Colombia (Centro-Oriente, Suroccidente y región Caribe). Instrumento: batería para el estudio de las condiciones de trabajo de carácter psicosocial (CTCPS-MAC), validada para población iberoamericana, permite evaluar cuatro dimensiones: Contexto de trabajo, Contenido de trabajo, Factores individuales y Desgaste psíquico e incluye catorce factores psicosociales. Los datos se analizaron con IBM SPSS statistics 21. Se realizó análisis bivariado y regresión logística multivariante de factores psicosociales nocivos y desgaste psíquico. Resultados: Los factores formación, baja médica, contexto de trabajo, contenido de trabajo y factores individuales están asociados en este estudio con desgaste psíquico. El contexto de trabajo es la variable que infiere mayor riesgo (p=0.000; Exp (B)= 5.355) para provocar desgaste psíquico, seguida de la formación técnica o superior y del contenido del trabajo. Conclusiones: Si bien aquellos trabajadores cuya percepción nociva del contexto de trabajo (interrelación trabajo-vida familiar/personal, cultura de la organización, gestión de la empresa, etc.), del contenido de trabajo (concepción tareas, carga y ritmo de trabajo, etc.) y los que tienen formación técnica o superior tienen mayor probabilidad de padecer desgaste psíquico, se observan aspectos positivos de las condiciones de trabajo psicosocial y su influencia en los trabajadores y en las organizaciones.

El juego y su estructura interna en relación con el trabajo de la condición física en primaria = Games and their internal structure in relation to the work of physical condition in Primary Education

One of the methodological resources that teachers use in a generalised way in Physical Education classes is the game. Inthis article we define the concept of game and analyse the characteristics of their internal structure. On the other hand welook at the concepts of physical condition and conditional skills and describe the objectives of its work in Primary Education.Finally, we relate these concepts and propose two practical examples of modifying the internal structure of the game so asto produce variations in the implied conditional skills

Transdermal formulations containing human sexual steroids: development and validation of methods and in vitro drug release

In vitro release of bioidentical hormones in four different liposomal transdermal emulsions (containing testosterone, progesterone, estradiol, or estradiol and estriol) was assessed. For this purpose, novel high-performance liquid chromatography methods were developed and validated in an eco-friendly manner and used to determine the in vitro release of such products. The methods were suitable for our intended goal, and the emulsions employed were found to be effective as transporting candidates for the efficient release of hormones in the transdermal delivery of human sexual steroids.

Inter-relação sexual de Magnaporthe grisea do trigo e de outros hospedeiros

Foram identificados isolados de Magnaporthe grisea do Brasil a serem utilizados como parentais em estudos de determinação do tipo compatível ("mating type") do fungo. A escolha dos melhores parentais baseou-se naqueles isolados que determinaram o tipo compatível de maior número de isolados de M. grisea do trigo (Triticum aestivum). A inter-relação sexual da brusone do trigo com a brusone de diversos hospedeiros foi avaliada de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros: determinação de tipo compatível (MAT1-1 e MAT1-2), sexualidade (hermafrodita, fêmea e macho), fertilidade (número de peritécios) e produção de órgãos sexuais (peritécio, ascas e ascósporos). Os parentais Bp3a e Br118.2D possibilitaram a identificação do tipo compatível de maior porcentagem dos isolados da brusone do trigo. Entre as diversas gramíneas estudadas, os isolados de brusone provenientes de Brachiaria plantaginea e T. aestivum podem influenciar na alta variabilidade de M. grisea do trigo. Verificou-se variabilidade genética dentro de isolados de Setaria geniculata, sugerindo que a brusone desse hospedeiro pode influir na variabilidade da brusone do trigo. Isolados de brusone do arroz (Oryza sativa) apresentaram baixa fertilidade sexual.

Compatibilidade sexual e vegetativa do complexo Glomerella-Colletotrichum associado a sementes de algodão

Colletotrichum gossypii (Cg) (Glomerella gossipii) e Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides (Cgc) são agentes etiológicos da antracnose e da ramulose no algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum). Ambos os patógenos são encontrados na forma mitospórica na natureza e a diferenciação entre eles é feita principalmente a partir dos sintomas das doenças causadas. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de reações de compatibilidade sexual e incompatibilidade vegetativa entre e dentro de isolados de Cg e Cgc e avaliar alguns aspectos citológicos das formas de esporulação. Pelos resultados, observou-se existência de grande variabilidade dentro dessa espécie. Os conídios diferiram em tamanho em todos os isolados, sendo encontrados conídios bi- e trinucleados. Em cultura, nas áreas de contato (entre as hifas), foram observadas reações de incompatibilidade vegetativa tanto entre quanto dentro dos isolados. Em apenas um dos isolados avaliados ocorreu reprodução sexuada de forma espontânea, sugerindo comportamento homotálico.

Caracterização, compatibilidade e ocorrência de reprodução sexual entre isolados de Pyricularia grisea de diferentes hospedeiros

A brusone, causada por Pyricularia grisea (teleomorfa Magnaphorthe grisea), possui uma ampla gama de hospedeiros. No Brasil, arroz, trigo, triticale e cevada são as culturas que sofrem quedas significativas de produtividade devido ao ataque desse patógeno. Além desses cereais, outras gramíneas também têm apresentado sintomas dessa doença. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram: a) caracterizar sexualmente isolados de P. grisea desses hospedeiros baseado na determinação do "mating type", fertilidade, sexualidade, compatibilidade sexual, b) analisar o grau de compatibilidade sexual entre isolados de brusone de trigo e de outras gramíneas, c) estudar a ocorrência da reprodução sexual em isolados de trigo. Os resultados obtidos através de ensaios "in vitro" constataram: 1) compatibilidade sexual de P. grisea do trigo com Bromus catharticus, Phalaris canariensis e X. triticosecal; 2) desbalanço entre porcentagem de MAT1-1 e MAT1-2, com predominância de MAT1-1 na população de P. grisea do trigo; 3) existência de um campo de isolados de trigo com baixa habilidade de cruzamento; 4) baixa possibilidade de ocorrência de reprodução sexual de P. grisea em campos de trigo, mesmo com existência de ambos "mating type" num mesmo campo.

Classification, comorbidity, heredity, and risk factors of female sexual dysfunctions

Female sexual dysfunctions, including desire, arousal, orgasm and pain problems, have been shown to be highly prevalent among women around the world. The etiology of these dysfunctions is unclear but associations with health, age, psychological problems, and relationship factors have been identified. Genetic effects explain individual variation in orgasm function to some extent but until now quantitative behavior genetic analyses have not been applied to other sexual functions. In addition, behavior genetics can be applied to exploring the cause of any observed comorbidity between the dysfunctions. Discovering more about the etiology of the dysfunctions may further improve the classification systems which are currently under intense debate. The aims of the present thesis were to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Finnish-language version of a commonly used questionnaire for measuring female sexual function, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), in order to investigate prevalence, comorbidity, and classification, and to explore the balance of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology as well as the associations of a number of biopsychosocial factors with female sexual functions. Female sexual functions were studied through survey methods in a population based sample of Finnish twins and their female siblings. There were two waves of data collection. The first data collection targeted 5,000 female twins aged 33–43 years and the second 7,680 female twins aged 18–33 and their over 18–year-old female siblings (n = 3,983). There was no overlap between the data collections. The combined overall response rate for both data collections was 53% (n = 8,868), with a better response rate in the second (57%) compared to the first (45%). In order to measure female sexual function, the FSFI was used. It includes 19 items which measure female sexual function during the previous four weeks in six subdomains; desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain. In line with earlier research in clinical populations, a six factor solution of the Finnish-language version of the FSFI received supported. The internal consistencies of the scales were good to excellent. Some questions about how to avoid overestimating the prevalence of extreme dysfunctions due to women being allocated the score of zero if they had had no sexual activity during the preceding four weeks were raised. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions per se ranged from 11% for lubrication dysfunction to 55% for desire dysfunction. The prevalence rates for sexual dysfunction with concomitant sexual distress, in other words, sexual disorders were notably lower ranging from 7% for lubrication disorder to 23% for desire disorder. The comorbidity between the dysfunctions was substantial most notably between arousal and lubrication dysfunction even if these two dysfunctions showed distinct patterns of associations with the other dysfunctions. Genetic influences on individual variation in the six subdomains of FSFI were modest but significant ranging from 3–11% for additive genetic effects and 5–18% for nonadditive genetic effects. The rest of the variation in sexual functions was explained by nonshared environmental influences. A correlated factor model, including additive and nonadditive genetic effects and nonshared environmental effects had the best fit. All in all, every correlation between the genetic factors was significant except between lubrication and pain. All correlations between the nonshared environment factors were significant showing that there is a substantial overlap in genetic and nonshared environmental influences between the dysfunctions. In general, psychological problems, poor satisfaction with the relationship, sexual distress, and poor partner compatibility were associated with more sexual dysfunctions. Age was confounded with relationship length but had over and above relationship length a negative effect on desire and sexual satisfaction and a positive effect on orgasm and pain functions. Alcohol consumption in general was associated with better desire, arousal, lubrication, and orgasm function. Women pregnant with their first child had fewer pain problems than nulliparous nonpregnant women. Multiparous pregnant women had more orgasm problems compared to multiparous nonpregnant women. Having children was associated with less orgasm and pain problems. The conclusions were that desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain are separate entities that have distinct associations with a number of different biopsychosocial factors. However, there is also considerable comorbidity between the dysfunctions which are explained by overlap in additive genetic, nonadditive genetic and nonshared environmental influences. Sexual dysfunctions are highly prevalent and are not always associated with sexual distress and this relationship might be moderated by a good relationship and compatibility with partner. Regarding classification, the results supports separate diagnoses for subjective arousal and genital arousal as well as the inclusion of pain under sexual dysfunctions.