Comidas preparadas sin gluten : APPCC y planes de apoyo

La enfermedad celíaca es una intolerancia permanente al gluten, proteína que forma parte de algunos cereales como trigo,cebada, centeno, triticale, kamut, espelta y probablemente, avena. Esta proteína puede producir una lesión severa en la mucosa del intestino de los individuos celiacos que influye en la adecuada absorción de los nutrientes de los alimentos (proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono, sales minerales y vitaminas), provocando en ocasiones desequilibrios nutricionales. Los síntomas más habituales de la enfermedad son diarrea, malnutrición, distensión abdominal, rechazo alimentario, anemia, osteoporosis y en niños, retraso en el crecimiento. En España la prevalencia de la enfermedad celíaca es del 1% aunque hay que tener en cuenta que según estudios recientes el 75% de los celíacos están sin diagnosticar. En la actualidad el único tratamiento posible es mantener de por vida una alimentación libre de gluten. Cuando se sigue una dieta estricta sin gluten, las personas celíacas recuperan la estructura normal del intestino y desaparecen los síntomas descritos. El enfermo celíaco debe retirar de su dieta habitual los cereales que contienen gluten y todos los derivados de éstos. Algunos alimentos se identifican fácilmente, como por ejemplo, harinas, pastas alimenticias, productos de bollería y pastelería, panes, etc. Sin embargo, otros derivados forman parte de los alimentos como ingredientes y no se reconocen fácilmente. Dentro de este grupo se encuentran féculas, malta, sémolas, aditivos espesantes, etc.

Part I: Total yield measurements for the ^(21)Ne(α,n)^)(24)Mg reaction. Part II: A study of the ^(12)C(He,p)^(14)N reaction

PART I

The total cross-section for the reaction ²¹Ne(α, n)²⁴Mg has been measured in the energy range 1.49 Mev ≤ E_cm ≤ 2.6 Mev. The cross-section factor, S(O), for this reaction has been determined, by means of an optical model calculation, to be in the range 1.52 x 10¹² mb-Mev to 2.67 x 10¹² mb-Mev, for interaction radii in the range 5.0 fm to 6.6 fm. With S(O) ≈ 2 x 10¹² mb-Mev, the reaction ²¹Ne(α, n)²⁴Mg can produce a large enough neutron flux to be a significant astrophysical source of neutrons.

PART II

The reaction¹²C(³He, p)¹⁴N has been studied over the energy range 12 Mev ≤ E_lab ≤ 18 Mev. Angular distributions of the proton groups leading to the lowest seven levels in ¹⁴N were obtained.

Distorted wave calculations, based on two-nucleon transfer theory, were performed, and were found to be reliable for obtaining the value of the orbital angular momentum transferred. The present work shows that such calculations do not yield unambiguous values for the spectroscopic factors.

Estudio de los sueros ricos en factores de crecimiento y de su efecto sobre células de epitelio corneal

Objetivos: Estudiar cómo afecta a la concentración de determinados factores de crecimiento presentes en los sueros la filtración (utilizado como método de esterilización) y el tratamiento por calor (utilizado para la inactivación del complemento). Además de estudiar el efecto de un bioadhesivo (ácido hialurónico, HaNa), aplicado solo o conjuntamente con el suero rico en factores de crecimiento (s-PRGF), sobre la capacidad de las células de epitelio corneal (HCE) para proliferar y migrar. Materiales y métodos: Se midió mediante kits ELISA comerciales la concentración en las diferentes condiciones de filtración y calentamiento de las siguientes biomoléculas EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor), PDGF (Platelet-derived Growth Factor) y la Fibronectina. Teniendo en cuenta el papel de la proliferación y migración celular en los procesos de cicatrización se han realizado dos ensayos diferentes in vitro: un ensayo MTT para estudiar la viabilidad y la proliferación celular y el método de la herida (Scratch wound-healing assay) para determinar la capacidad migratoria de células bajo ciertos tratamientos: BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) al 1% como control, FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) al 10%, s-PRGF al 45%, s-PRGF al 45% con HaNa 0,1% y HaNa al 0,1% Resultados: En el caso de la filtración, se observa una mayor pérdida de factores utilizando un filtro con una membrana de PVDF (Durapore®) para todos los factores estudiados. El calentamiento produce una reducción de la concentración superior al 50% en el caso del HGF y EGF, manteniéndose constante en el caso del VEGF.La mezcla de diferentes muestras con el complemento inactivado para formar un pool no presenta cambios en la concentración al compararlo con la media de las muestras utilizadas. Por tanto, la utilización de un pool del hemoderivado no supone perdida de factores de crecimiento, haciendo de ello un procedimiento perfectamente aceptable para los ensayos celulares. El tratamiento con s-PRGF y el combinado con el bioadhesivo promueven la proliferación y migración de las células de epitelio corneal humano(HCE) in vitro de manera similar, no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos. Conclusiones: La adicción del bioadhesivo no produce efecto tóxico en las células, sin embargo, no se han encontrado efectos beneficiosos en cuanto a proliferación y migración se refiere. A este respecto, creemos que hay que dar un paso más haciendo comprobaciones in vivo, ya que, a diferencia de la experimentación in vitro los componentes de los hemoderivados no están indefinidamente en contacto con las células sino por un espacio de tiempo muy reducido. Por ello, la concentración de factores de crecimiento en la aplicación in vivo es especialmente importante, y no sería conveniente reducirla mediante procedimientos físicos como la filtración o el calentamiento.

La diversidad de los modelos de participación laboral de las mujeres en la UE-27

[ESP] El objetivo de este artículo es relacionar las características de la inserción laboral femenina con su grado de participación en el mercado laboral en los países de la Unión Europea a través de los datos proporcionados por Eurostat. Nos interesa conocer si una mayor participación laboral entre las mujeres va aparejada con un modelo laboral “femenino”, esto es, con empleos a tiempo parcial, temporales, de baja remuneración y en determinados sectores y ocupaciones. O si por el contrario, en los países en los cuales la tasa de empleo femenina es elevada y hay menor brecha con respecto a la de los hombres, el modelo de inserción laboral de mujeres y hombres es similar. La diversidad de los mercados de trabajo y también de las políticas públicas y de las estructuras productivas en un área tan amplia como al UE27, nos impide establecer modelos de inserción laboral femenina claros, aunque sí hemos podido apuntar rasgos comunes con respecto a las desigualdades de género entre países.

Proyectos Arquitectónicos IX

Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horas Destinatario: Estudiante y Docente

Measuring the influence of customer-based store brand equity in the purchase intention

[EN] Store brands account for and important market share in the Spain and a further increase in expected in the next years due to the downturn. However, there is lack of research on store brand customer-based Brand Equity. This study attempts to propose an integrated model of Brand Equity in store or retailer brands, based on Aaker s well-known conceptual model. We propose a consumer-based model, including the main sources or dimensions of Brand Equity and considering the intention to purchase as a consequence. Based on a sample of 362 consumers and 5 store brands, structural equation modeling is used to test research hypotheses. The results obtained reveal that store brand awareness, loyalty along with store brand perceived quality have a significant influence on consumers intention to purchase store brands. Our study suggests that marketers and marketing managers from retailing companies should carefully consider the Brand Equity components when designing their brand strategies, and develop marketing activities in order to enhance their brands awareness.

Matemáticas y su didáctica I. Grado de maestro en Educación Primaria

El presente trabajo trata de proporcionar, a los alumnos del Título de Grado de Maestro de Educación Primaria, un instrumento con el que poder completar los contenidos que se exigen en la asignatura de Matemáticas y su Didáctica I. Es ésta una asignatura cuatrimestral, de 6 créditos ECTS, situada en el primer año de los estudios de Grado, que tendrá su continuidad en la asignatura de Matemáticas y su Didáctica II, del tercer año y asignada al Área de Conocimiento de Didáctica de la Matemática. Comprende tres grandes apartados. En el primero, “aspectos generales de las matemáticas”, se hará un recorrido histórico por algunos de los tópicos más usuales de las matemáticas escolares, así como una introducción al razonamiento matemático y a la teoría de conjuntos, que aunque ha perdido la importancia que tuvo en el tercer cuarto del siglo XX en la enseñanza de las matemáticas en los niveles elementales, sigue siendo un poderoso y útil instrumento pedagógico de representación de problemas. Se hace, además, un recorrido histórico por lo que ha sido la enseñanza de las Matemáticas y se termina con una recopilación de la legislación educativa en vigor. El segundo apartado lleva el título general de “resolución de problemas”, algo que, aunque desde su nacimiento ha sido inherente al hacer matemático, sólo en los últimos tiempos ha aparecido explícitamente, en las disposiciones oficiales para la enseñanza elemental, siendo incluso uno de los bloques de contenido, para la educación primaria, en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca. El último y tercer bloque trata de dar una visión general de lo que hay, actualmente, en ese mundo de las nuevas tecnologías en lo que toca a la enseñanza de las Matemáticas. Esperamos que este texto, experimentado, modificado y mejorado durante los cursos 2010-2011 y 2011-2012, sirva de ayuda a los alumnos de Magisterio y despierten en ellos el interés por esta ciencia tan antigua y, al mismo tiempo, tan actual y necesaria.

Mujeres y Derecho: pasado y presente. I Congreso Multidisciplinar de Centro - Sección de Bizkaia de la Facultad de Derecho

Cuando se aborda el estudio de la teoría del estado o del derecho se investiga desde una perspectiva androcéntrica, fruto del sistema patriarcal en el que estamos inmersas e inmersos investigadoras e investigadores, de manera que se obvia la presencia o ausencia de las mujeres en el ámbito de estudio del que se trate. Y el estudio de la historia de las mujeres es necesario para cualquier investigación que pretenda referirse a la humanidad entera. Hay muchos trabajos que abordan el estudio de las materias que aquí se tratan, pero ninguno de ellos se ocupa de manera sistemática o detallada de la participación de las mujeres en ese momento histórico o en la elaboración de los conceptos que sirven de base a nuestros actuales estados constitucionales.

The radio is dead. Long live the radio : Leioan, 2011ko azaroaren 24 eta 25ean egindako Ikus-Entzunezko Komunikazioa eta Publizitateko Nazioarteko I. Kongresuaren aktak

A menudo, el deslumbramiento de los nuevos medios impide el reconocimiento debido a otras alternativas de comunicación social que, de manera persistente y discreta, han llegado a confundirse con nuestra propia vida. Es el caso de este medio invisible, que bien se merecía un congreso dedicado a la mejor radio y a uno de sus mayores inspiradores, Bertolt Brecht, quien ochenta años atrás imaginó una radio interactiva cuando no existía la tecnología necesaria para hacer realidad su sueño. Hoy como ayer, las voces comunicantes de la radio cuentan mil y una historias que los oyentes siguen como si les fuera la vida en ello. Quizá la radio no esté a la cabeza de las industrias creativas, pero su magia sigue desatando la imaginación y la creatividad de las audiencias. Es por eso, y por su cercanía, que da tanta confianza y es tan querida. Nada más lejos de nuestra intención que la autocomplacencia, un virus tanto o más peligroso que el ruido y la cacofonía radiofónica, que de todo hay en el dial. Los participantes en este encuentro nos hemos conjurado a favor de una radio abierta; hecha con cabeza y corazón, como la vida misma; y más acogedora con los jóvenes creadores, que no lo saben todo de la radio, pero, por eso mismo, están mejor preparados para llevar el ritmo que bailan las neuronas de las nuevas audiencias. Una radio que da la palabra a la gente, sabe escuchar, y no se agota en el ejercicio inútil de escucharse a sí misma.

Evolución geológica cuaternaria del valle del río Deba (Gipuzkoa)

196 p.

Aplicación de diferentes métodos de evaluación de riesgo de incendio en la acomodación de un buque

Se presentan métodos para evaluar el riesgo de incendio de un establecimiento industrial, explicando sus características principales y su base del cálculo, aplicandolos a una parte de un buque real. Se realiza un cálculo aproximado del riesgo de incendio que hay en una zona determinada, la acomodación de buque "Sestao Knutsen".

Crítica del pensamiento simbólico. La destrucción necesaria del mito

354 p.

Género y consumo

Curso on-line "Consumo responsable, consciente y transformador". Setem Hego Haizea

Generoa eta kontsumo

On-line ikastaroa "Kontsumo arduratsua, kontziente eta eraldatzailea". Setem Hego Haizea Traducción: Regina Laurrucea Aransolo

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.