Kallet til livets embete : mødre i helse og lidelse

Mothers represent the natural caring. Natural caring is the object of caring science and of research interest because it establishes the central core of professional caring. In this study, we encounter patients who are mothers in need of care in a psychiatric context. Motherhood involves taking responsibility that extends beyond one's own life, because the child represents possibilities in a yet unknown future. Understanding and knowledge about the mothers' struggle in health and suffering are of crucial importance to enable clinical practice to make provisions for and adapt to the individual patient. The overall purpose of this dissertation is to illuminate how the innermost essence of caring emerges in health and suffering in patients who are mothers in psychiatric care. The purpose of the study in a clinical sense is to seek to understand and illuminate the patient's inner world in health and suffering in terms of contextual, existential, ontological and ethical dimensions. The dissertation is exploratory and descriptive in nature and encompasses induction, deduction and abduction as logics tools of reasoning. A theoretical model of natural caring and a universal theoretical model of the innermost essence of caring is developed as seen from the patient's world in a psychiatric context. The dissertation is anchored in human science's view of the human being and the world and in caring science's perspective. Caring science's view of the human being as a unity comprising body, soul and spirit is central in the study's concept of the patient. This multi-dimensional conception of the human being encompasses the dissertation's basic values and is decisive for choice of methodology. Hermeneutic epistemology guided the interpretation of the empirical data, the paradigmatic theses and assumptions. The dialectical movement in interpretation moves back and forth between empirical data, caring science theory and philosophical theory and reveals deeper insight into meaningful content in the clinical context. The interpretation process comprises four levels of abstraction: rational, contextual, existential and ontological. Hermeneutic philosophy guides the inductive and deductive approach to interpretation, as well as the movement between the clinical context and the caring science paradigm. In this encounter between the visible and invisible reality, the image of natural caring – motherliness emerged. The dissertation consists of four studies. The first study is a systematic review of nineteen research articles. The three other studies are hermeneutical interpretations based on text materials from open interviews. Fifteen participants were interviewed, all of whom are mothers of children between 0 and 18 years of age. All were outpatients in the psychiatric specialist health service. In the interpretation process, the mothers' struggle in health and suffering emerges as a struggle between the inner and outer world. Being a mother and patient in health and suffering in a psychiatric context means to struggle to be oneself, to create oneself, to live and realize one's good deeds as a mother and human being. To be oneself, to possess oneself as a mother is not only a question of tending, playing and learning in order to master a practical situation or to survive. It involves constituting a deep, inner desire to courageously create oneself so that the child is able to realize his or her potential in health and suffering. Motherliness manifests itself in caring as a call to ministering humanity and life. The voice of motherliness is understood as the voice of life—the eternal, inner call of love and freedom. The inner call craves fulfilment. Motherliness in natural caring does not retreat. Motherliness defines the Other as freedom and proceeds without regard for all other exterior requirements to realizing wellbeing. The inner essence of caring is attentive, aware and heeds the call of the heart. The innermost essence of caring is to be and to make oneself responsible for the Other. Responsibility cannot be relinquished; free choice consists in whether or not to follow the call. To renounce the inner call to responsibility is to deny oneself and one's dignity as a human being. The theoretical models provide clinical and systematic caring science with knowledge and understanding based on the natural caring spirit inherent in the human being. The study elucidates and strengthens the ontological basic assumptions about the human being as a unity of body, soul and spirit, the sanctity of the human being and the core of caring, ethos. The results of the dissertation will provide clinical practice with knowledge about the inner movements of the mothers' souls in relation to their responsibility as mothers and human beings. Being able to understand the basic conditions for responsibility is crucial for developing care that encompasses mother and child and the mutual relationship between them. This is basic knowledge for developing attitudes and actions that meet and provide for the needs of the patient as mother and as a whole, suffering human being.

Hyperfine interactions in the new Fe-based superconducting structures and related magnetic phases

This thesis is devoted to the study of the hyperfine properties in iron-based superconductors and the synthesis of these compounds and related phases. During this work polycrystalline chalcogenide samples with stoichiometry 1:1 (FeTe1-χSχ, FeSe1-x) and pnictide samples with stoichiometry 1:2:2 (BaFe2(As1-χPχ)2, EuFe2(As1-x Px)2) were synthesized by solid-state reaction methods in vacuum and in a protecting Ar atmosphere. In several cases post-annealing in oxygen atmosphere was employed. The purity and superconducting properties of the obtained samples were checked with X-ray diffraction, SQUID and resistivity measurements. For studies of the magnetic properties of the investigated samples Mössbauer spectroscopy was used. Using low-temperature measurements around Tc and various values of the source velocity the hyperfine interactions were obtained and the magnetic and structural properties in the normal and superconducting states could be studied. Mössbauer measurements together with XRD characterization were also used for the detection of impurity phases. DFT calculations were used for the theoretical study of Mössbauer parameters for pnictide-based ᴻsamples BaFe2(As1-xPx)2 and EuFe2(As1-xPx)2.

Urvilja : när livet är människans hem

This caring science study explores ‘Will’ as an ontological concept. The aim is to deepen the understanding of the essence of Will, and to highlight the manifestations of Will and how Will becomes evident in clinical caring. Will is ontological and universal. Will is connected with the essence of the human being, and manifests in the human being as will. The approach is inspired by Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. The study’s horizon of understanding consists of Eriksson’s caritative theory and the caring science-tradition. The study’s research questions are as follows: What is the essence of Will? What are its manifestations? How does Will become evident in clinical caring? The hermeneutic interpretative movement is initiated by the material, which consists of the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s texts, letters from experts and dictionaries. Meaning-bearing substance fragments in the material are intertwined with the original horizon of understanding through hermeneutical reading, hermeneutical interpretation and concept analysis in an oscillating interpretive movement. An abstraction occurs when the new substance is illuminated by the caring science ontology. The oscillating interpretive movement results in a reinterpreted horizon of understanding, which in turn provides the findings of the study. The reinterpreted horizon of understanding is presented in the form of a theoretical model and abductive theses. The essence of Will is represented in the theoretical model as the lifeaffirming and the loving force. Life and love are Will’s origin and destination. Will’s manifestations (its diversity) hold conditions and chance occurrences that obstruct Will. Hence the will of the human being does not necessarily appear in a way that is in tune with ontological Will. Will represents the lifeblood of ethos, and in this lifeblood love flows. Will acts by virtue of itself, and gives ethos its force. Will manifests in a way that ethos can affirm. When Will is affected by caring its force is active in the service of life and love. Being a caregiver entails acting as a world-eye, which means recognizing Will in diversity. For caregivers, being a world-eye means observing fragments of Will as it manifests in its original form in the real reality, and acting as the mirror of life. The human being who is able to perceive the fundamental values of life and to live according to these has understood the laws of life and entered upon the human calling. The human being then lives according to the fundamental order and has found a home in life.

Customer´s perceptions of value during the lifecycle of concentrate filtration

The objective of this study was to examine how customers purchase complex industrial solutions in mining industry, and what kind of value they perceive during different phases of the solution life cycle. In addition, a systematic method for understanding customer value was developed, which can be applied for other company’s offerings as well. The method includes step-by-step instructions for 1) the collection of customer value data and 2) implementation of the findings. The theoretical part of the study focuses on solution and customer value literature in business-to-business markets. In this study qualitative embedded multiple-case study was used as a research method. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews in two market areas and by participating in customer meetings as an external observer. The results show that there are two ways of buying solutions that needs to be treated individually. Customers prefer to buy solutions from engineering companies as they think that suppliers still need to work on their solution capabilities. Therefore, Outotec should focus more on marketing itself as a solution provider. Customers buy solutions that create the most value with the lowest risk and they need to be supported throughout the solution lifecycle. References that demonstrate previous experience are the most effective way to reduce customers’ risk. However, the customer-perceived values and challenges differ between the market areas, and thus, suppliers should have divergent strategies for specific market areas.

Rekrytointimarkkinointi Y-sukupolvelle, miten tavoitamme parhaat osaajat? Case IBM Finland OY

Pro Gradu- tutkimuksen keskeisin tavoite oli selvittää tehokkaimmat rekrytointimarkkinointikanavat ja tyylit Y-sukupolveen kohdistuen. Y-sukupolvi on isoin ja uusin sukupolvi, joka on siirtymässä työelämään. Tällä hetkellä teoreettinen pohja on vielä ohut liittyen y-sukupolven rekrytointiin ja työnantajamielikuvaan ja tämän tutkimuksen oli tarkoitus selvittää tätä tutkimusaukkoa. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena case-tutkimuksena. Aineistonkeruutapana oli kysely. Kysely toteutettiin sähköpostilla lähetettävällä kyselyllä IBM Suomen nuorille harjoittelijoille ja työntekijöille. Kysely lähetettiin noin 150:lle työntekijälle. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että IBM Suomella ovat perusprosessit ja nykyisten harjoittelijoiden tyytyväisyys hyvällä tasolla. Kuitenkin tutkimuskyselyn kautta saatiin selville osa-alueita, joilla rekrytointimarkkinoinnin tehokkuutta voidaan lisätä ja hyväksikäyttää vieläkin paremmin. Tutkimustulosten perusteella Y-sukupolven arvot ja odotukset erosivat muista sukupolvista oletettua vähemmän.

Kartongin fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien vaikutus muovautuvuuteen

Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää menetelmä, jolla voitaisiin arvioida veto-ominaisuuksien avulla konvertointikoneen prässäysnopeuden ja muottien lämpötilan vaikutuksia kartongin muovautuvuuteen. Kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin kartongin muovautuvuuteen vaikuttavia ominaisuuksia sekä vetolujuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Lisäksi käsiteltiin kosteuden vaikutusta muovautuvuuteen sekä esiteltiin vuokakonvertointiprosessin periaate ja muovin sekä kartongin käyttäytymisen erot konvertointiprosessissa. Kokeellinen osa jakaantui kolmeen osaan. Esikokeissa tutkittiin laboratoriomittauksilla vetonopeuden ja kosteuden muutosten vaikutusta erilaisten kaupallisten kartonkimateriaalien vetolujuuteen ja murtovenymään. Tulosten perusteella valittiin prässäysnopeudet ja kosteustaso 2D- testauslaitteella suoritettuihin esi-pilot-mittakaavan kokeisiin sekä varsinaiseen pilot-koeajoon. Pilot-koeajossa pyrittiin arvioimaan prässäysnopeuden ja muottien lämpötilan vaikutuksia muovautuvuuteen vetolujuusarvojen avulla. Prässäysnopeudella ja vetolujuuslaitteen nopeudella ei havaittu yhteneväisyyksiä, jotta voitaisiin arvioida kartongin muovautuvuutta. Muovautuvuutta voidaan kuitenkin arvioida epäonnistuneisuusluvulla, jonka laskentapa kehitettiin työn aikana. Epäonnistuneisuusluku kuvaa hyvin kartongin muovautuvuutta ja on menetelmänä helppo, mutta sen heikkoutena on repeämien mittaamisen aiheuttama epätarkkuus. Esikokeissa havaittiin myös muovipäällysteiden veto-ominaisuuksien vastaavan kartongin ominaisuuksia 65 %:n suhteellisessa kosteudessa, jonka valittiin siten olevan optimaalinen olosuhde pilot-mittakaavan koeajoihin.

First-principles study on electronic and structural properties of Cu(In/Ga)Se alloys for solar cells

Thin-film photovoltaic solar cells based on the Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGS) alloys have attracted more and more attention due to their large optical absorption coefficient, long term stability, low cost, and high efficiency. Modern theoretical studies of this material with first-principles calculations can provide accurate description of the electronic structure and yield results in close agreement with experimental values, but takes a large amount of calculation time. In this work, we use first-principles calculations based on the computationally affordable meta- generalized gradient approximation of the density-functional theory to investigate electronic and structural properties of the CIGS alloys. We report on the simulation of the lattice parameters and band gaps, as a function of chemical composition. The obtained results were found to be in a good agreement with the available experimental data.

Normal range values for thromboelastography in healthy adult volunteers

Thromboelastography (TEG®) provides a functional evaluation of coagulation. It has characteristics of an ideal coagulation test for trauma, but is not frequently used, partially due to lack of both standardized techniques and normal values. We determined normal values for our population, compared them to those of the manufacturer and evaluated the effect of gender, age, blood type, and ethnicity. The technique was standardized using citrated blood, kaolin and was performed on a Haemoscope 5000 device. Volunteers were interviewed and excluded if pregnant, on anticoagulants or having a bleeding disorder. The TEG® parameters analyzed were R, K, α, MA, LY30, and coagulation index. All volunteers outside the manufacturer’s normal range underwent extensive coagulation investigations. Reference ranges for 95% for 118 healthy volunteers were R: 3.8-9.8 min, K: 0.7-3.4 min, α: 47.8-77.7 degrees, MA: 49.7-72.7 mm, LY30: -2.3-5.77%, coagulation index: -5.1-3.6. Most values were significantly different from those of the manufacturer, which would have diagnosed coagulopathy in 10 volunteers, for whom additional investigation revealed no disease (81% specificity). Healthy women were significantly more hypercoagulable than men. Aging was not associated with hypercoagulability and East Asian ethnicity was not with hypocoagulability. In our population, the manufacturer’s normal values for citrated blood-kaolin had a specificity of 81% and would incorrectly identify 8.5% of the healthy volunteers as coagulopathic. This study supports the manufacturer’s recommendation that each institution should determine its own normal values before adopting TEG®, a procedure which may be impractical. Consideration should be given to a multi-institutional study to establish wide standard values for TEG®.

Correlations between forced oscillation technique parameters and pulmonary densitovolumetry values in patients with acromegaly

The aims of this study were to evaluate the forced oscillation technique (FOT) and pulmonary densitovolumetry in acromegalic patients and to examine the correlations between these findings. In this cross-sectional study, 29 non-smoking acromegalic patients and 17 paired controls were subjected to the FOT and quantification of lung volume using multidetector computed tomography (Q-MDCT). Compared with the controls, the acromegalic patients had a higher value for resonance frequency [15.3 (10.9-19.7) vs 11.4 (9.05-17.6) Hz, P=0.023] and a lower value for mean reactance [0.32 (0.21-0.64) vs 0.49 (0.34-0.96) cm H2O/L/s2, P=0.005]. In inspiratory Q-MDCT, the acromegalic patients had higher percentages of total lung volume (TLV) for nonaerated and poorly aerated areas [0.42% (0.30-0.51%) vs 0.25% (0.20-0.32%), P=0.039 and 3.25% (2.48-3.46%) vs 1.70% (1.45-2.15%), P=0.001, respectively]. Furthermore, the acromegalic patients had higher values for total lung mass in both inspiratory and expiratory Q-MDCT [821 (635-923) vs 696 (599-769) g, P=0.021 and 844 (650-945) vs 637 (536-736) g, P=0.009, respectively]. In inspiratory Q-MDCT, TLV showed significant correlations with all FOT parameters. The TLV of hyperaerated areas showed significant correlations with intercept resistance (rs=−0.602, P<0.001) and mean resistance (rs=−0.580, P<0.001). These data showed that acromegalic patients have increased amounts of lung tissue as well as nonaerated and poorly aerated areas. Functionally, there was a loss of homogeneity of the respiratory system. Moreover, there were correlations between the structural and functional findings of the respiratory system, consistent with the pathophysiology of the disease.

Influence of multi-phase phenomena on semibatch crystallization processes of aqueous solutions

Crystal properties, product quality and particle size are determined by the operating conditions in the crystallization process. Thus, in order to obtain desired end-products, the crystallization process should be effectively controlled based on reliable kinetic information, which can be provided by powerful analytical tools such as Raman spectrometry and thermal analysis. The present research work studied various crystallization processes such as reactive crystallization, precipitation with anti-solvent and evaporation crystallization. The goal of the work was to understand more comprehensively the fundamentals, phenomena and utilizations of crystallization, and establish proper methods to control particle size distribution, especially for three phase gas-liquid-solid crystallization systems. As a part of the solid-liquid equilibrium studies in this work, prediction of KCl solubility in a MgCl2-KCl-H2O system was studied theoretically. Additionally, a solubility prediction model by Pitzer thermodynamic model was investigated based on solubility measurements of potassium dihydrogen phosphate with the presence of non-electronic organic substances in aqueous solutions. The prediction model helps to extend literature data and offers an easy and economical way to choose solvent for anti-solvent precipitation. Using experimental and modern analytical methods, precipitation kinetics and mass transfer in reactive crystallization of magnesium carbonate hydrates with magnesium hydroxide slurry and CO2 gas were systematically investigated. The obtained results gave deeper insight into gas-liquid-solid interactions and the mechanisms of this heterogeneous crystallization process. The research approach developed can provide theoretical guidance and act as a useful reference to promote development of gas-liquid reactive crystallization. Gas-liquid mass transfer of absorption in the presence of solid particles in a stirred tank was investigated in order to gain understanding of how different-sized particles interact with gas bubbles. Based on obtained volumetric mass transfer coefficient values, it was found that the influence of the presence of small particles on gas-liquid mass transfer cannot be ignored since there are interactions between bubbles and particles. Raman spectrometry was successfully applied for liquid and solids analysis in semi-batch anti-solvent precipitation and evaporation crystallization. Real-time information such as supersaturation, formation of precipitates and identification of crystal polymorphs could be obtained by Raman spectrometry. The solubility prediction models, monitoring methods for precipitation and empirical model for absorption developed in this study together with the methodologies used gives valuable information for aspects of industrial crystallization. Furthermore, Raman analysis was seen to be a potential controlling method for various crystallization processes.

Why to invest more in women's football for your brand and your business?

The aim of this master’s thesis is to study the role of sponsorship in the business value of companies and clubs. In order to achieve this goal, the French women’s football context is studied. The main research question is formulated as follows: What is the business value in sport sponsorship? The literature and theory part consists of three chapters that clearly follow the theoretical framework: from the sport sponsorship to the sponsor brand, from the sponsor brand to the brand equity, from the brand equity to the business value. The empirical part of the master’s thesis is based on qualitative research method. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 4 participants who are Sponsorship Manager or General Manager of French women’s football clubs or sponsors and thus considered as specialists of the study context. The results of the study show that the planning process, the objectives, the sponsor brand, the brand equity components such as the customer behaviour, the economic, financial and immaterial values have positive impacts on the business value in sport sponsorship in the French women’s football context.

Yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden sosiaalinen rakentuminen: case Aalto-yliopisto

Keskustelu yrittäjyyden sijoittumisesta yliopistojen tehtäväkenttään on muodostunut 2000-luvun aikana osaksi yhteiskunnallista ja maailmanlaajuista korkeakoulutuksen muutosta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on lisätä ymmärrystä yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden sosiaalisesta rakentumisesta. Lähestyn yliopiston sisällä tuotettua moniäänistä yrittäjyyspuhetta yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden todellisuuden representaationa, ja pyrin tekemään siitä selkoa kommunikaatioon kohdistuvan analyysin avulla. Ilmiön empiirinen tarkastelu pohjautuu Aalto-yliopistossa ja sitä edeltäneessä Teknillisessä korkeakoulussa vuosina 2006–2013 kerättyihin tekstiaineistoihin. Aineistojen tulkinta tuottaa monikerroksellista tietoa ilmiöstä niin yksilö- kuin organisaatiotasolla. Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani millaisia merkityksenantoja yrittäjyydelle ja yrittäjämäisyydelle annetaan yliopiston sisällä eri näkökulmista katsottuna, kun yliopisto käy läpi merkittävää organisaatiorakenteellista ja institutionaalista muutosta. Tutkimusasetelman neljä näkökulmaa perustuvat tekniikan alan jatko-opiskelijoiden puheeseen, TKK:n opetussuunnitelmatekstiin, Aalto-yliopiston opettajien puheeseen ja johdon tuottamaan strategiatekstiaineistoon. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan käynnissä on ollut akateemisten arvojen ja arvojärjestelmien laajentumisen aika ja tila, jossa yrittäjämäisyys astuu areenalle, mutta sen suppeat tulkinnat eivät tarjoa mahdollisuuksia ruohonjuuritason kiinnittymiseen akateemisesta kulttuurista käsin. Yrittäjyyden ja yrittäjämäisyyden saamat taloudelliskaupalliset merkitykset koetaan uhkaksi, eikä tilannetta helpota yleisesti uuvuttavaksi koettu rakenteellinen ja yhteiskunnallinen yliopiston muutosvaihe. Hallitsevat tarinalinjat kuten puhe kilpailukyvystä ja kilpailutilanteen kovenemisesta tuottavat odotusten viitekehyksen, joilla yliopiston toimintaa raamitetaan ulkoapäin. Yrittäjyyteen laajassa merkityksessä sisältyvät mahdollisuudet jäävät niin ikään hyödyntämättä, ja lukuisat edistämistoiminnot kilpistyvät sosiaalisesti rakentuviin esteisiin. Tässä tutkimuksessa rakentuva laajennettu yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden viitekehys pyrkii palvelemaan moniäänistymisen tarkoitusta käsitteellisellä tasolla ja avaamaan uusia mahdollisuuksia yliopiston yrittäjämäisyyden edistämiselle.

Theoretical modelling of Staphylococcus aureus growth in a cooked meat product kept at ambient temperature using temperature profiles of selected Mexican cities

A theoretical model is used to predict the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in a pasteurized meat product kept at ambient temperatures for several hours. For this purpose, the temperature profiles of some cities of Mexico were combined with literature data on the kinetics of S. aureus growth. As shown by theoretical predictions, if the food is kept at ambient temperature, the average daily temperature may not give accurate predictions.