Verbal and visual stimulation effects on rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles during isometric and concentric

Abstract Background: Coactivation may be both desirable (injury prevention) or undesirable (strength measurement). In this context, different styles of muscle strength stimulus have being investigated. In this study we evaluated the effects of verbal and visual stimulation on rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles contraction during isometric and concentric. Methods: We investigated 13 men (age =23.1 ± 3.8 years old; body mass =75.6 ± 9.1 kg; height =1.8 ± 0.07 m). We used the isokinetic dynamometer BIODEX device and an electromyographic (EMG) system. We evaluated the maximum isometric and isokinetic knee extension and flexion at 60°/s. The following conditions were evaluated: without visual nor verbal command (control); verbal command; visual command and; verbal and visual command. In relation to the concentric contraction, the volunteers performed five reciprocal and continuous contractions at 60°/s. With respect to isometric contractions it was made three contractions of five seconds for flexion and extension in a period of one minute. Results: We found that the peak torque during isometric flexion was higher in the subjects in the VVC condition (p > 0.05). In relation to muscle coactivation, the subjects presented higher values at the control condition (p > 0.05). Conclusion We suggest that this type of stimulus is effective for the lower limbs.

How low-level laser therapy can change mechanical properties of cells.

Low level laser therapy is used as a treatment of several conditions, including inflammatory processes and wound healing. Possible changes in mechanical properties of cells, caused by illumination, are investigated with optical magnetic twisting cytometry (OMTC), which is a technique used to evaluate mechanical properties in cell culture. Ferromagnetic micro beads are bound to cell cytoskeleton, the beads are magnetized vertically and a horizontal twisting magnetic field is applied causing a torque that moves the beads and deforms the cell, the beads rotate and displace. Based on the lateral displacement of the beads, elastic shear and loss moduli are obtained. Samples of human bronchial epithelial cell culture were divided in two groups: one was illuminated with a 660 nm red laser, 30 mW power, 0.75 W/cm2 irradiance, during different time intervals, and the other one, the control group, was not illuminated. The values of the mechanical constants of the cells of the control group showed a tendency of increasing with the time out of the incubator. On the other hand, the illuminated group showed constancy on the behavior of both moduli, keeping the normal conditions of the cell culture. Those results indicate that illumination can induce cells to homeostasis, and OMTC is sensitive to observe departures from the steady conditions. Hence, OMTC is an important technique which can be used to aggregate knowledge on the light effect in cell cytoskeleton and even on the low level laser therapy mechanisms in inflammatory processes and/or wound healing.

How low-level laser therapy can change mechanical properties of cells.

Low level laser therapy is used as a treatment of several conditions, including inflammatory processes and wound healing. Possible changes in mechanical properties of cells, caused by illumination, are investigated with optical magnetic twisting cytometry (OMTC), which is a technique used to evaluate mechanical properties in cell culture. Ferromagnetic micro beads are bound to cell cytoskeleton, the beads are magnetized vertically and a horizontal twisting magnetic field is applied causing a torque that moves the beads and deforms the cell, the beads rotate and displace. Based on the lateral displacement of the beads, elastic shear and loss moduli are obtained. Samples of human bronchial epithelial cell culture were divided in two groups: one was illuminated with a 660 nm red laser, 30 mW power, 0.75 W/cm2 irradiance, during different time intervals, and the other one, the control group, was not illuminated. The values of the mechanical constants of the cells of the control group showed a tendency of increasing with the time out of the incubator. On the other hand, the illuminated group showed constancy on the behavior of both moduli, keeping the normal conditions of the cell culture. Those results indicate that illumination can induce cells to homeostasis, and OMTC is sensitive to observe departures from the steady conditions. Hence, OMTC is an important technique which can be used to aggregate knowledge on the light effect in cell cytoskeleton and even on the low level laser therapy mechanisms in inflammatory processes and/or wound healing.

Primary stability in cementless total hip replacement: measurement techniques and aided-surgery

Primary stability of stems in cementless total hip replacements is recognized to play a critical role for long-term survival and thus for the success of the overall surgical procedure. In Literature, several studies addressed this important issue. Different approaches have been explored aiming to evaluate the extent of stability achieved during surgery. Some of these are in-vitro protocols while other tools are coinceived for the post-operative assessment of prosthesis migration relative to the host bone. In vitro protocols reported in the literature are not exportable to the operating room. Anyway most of them show a good overall accuracy. The RSA, EBRA and the radiographic analysis are currently used to check the healing process of the implanted femur at different follow-ups, evaluating implant migration, occurance of bone resorption or osteolysis at the interface. These methods are important for follow up and clinical study but do not assist the surgeon during implantation. At the time I started my Ph.D Study in Bioengineering, only one study had been undertaken to measure stability intra-operatively. No follow-up was presented to describe further results obtained with that device. In this scenario, it was believed that an instrument that could measure intra-operatively the stability achieved by an implanted stem would consistently improve the rate of success. This instrument should be accurate and should give to the surgeon during implantation a quick answer concerning the stability of the implanted stem. With this aim, an intra-operative device was designed, developed and validated. The device is meant to help the surgeon to decide how much to press-fit the implant. It is essentially made of a torsional load cell, able to measure the extent of torque applied by the surgeon to test primary stability, an angular sensor that measure the relative angular displacement between stem and femur, a rigid connector that enable connecting the device to the stem, and all the electronics for signals conditioning. The device was successfully validated in-vitro, showing a good overall accuracy in discriminating stable from unstable implants. Repeatability tests showed that the device was reliable. A calibration procedure was then performed in order to convert the angular readout into a linear displacement measurement, which is an information clinically relevant and simple to read in real-time by the surgeon. The second study reported in my thesis, concerns the evaluation of the possibility to have predictive information regarding the primary stability of a cementless stem, by measuring the micromotion of the last rasp used by the surgeon to prepare the femoral canal. This information would be really useful to the surgeon, who could check prior to the implantation process if the planned stem size can achieve a sufficient degree of primary stability, under optimal press fitting conditions. An intra-operative tool was developed to this aim. It was derived from a previously validated device, which was adapted for the specific purpose. The device is able to measure the relative micromotion between the femur and the rasp, when a torsional load is applied. An in-vitro protocol was developed and validated on both composite and cadaveric specimens. High correlation was observed between one of the parameters extracted form the acquisitions made on the rasp and the stability of the corresponding stem, when optimally press-fitted by the surgeon. After tuning in-vitro the protocol as in a closed loop, verification was made on two hip patients, confirming the results obtained in-vitro and highlighting the independence of the rasp indicator from the bone quality, anatomy and preserving conditions of the tested specimens, and from the sharpening of the rasp blades. The third study is related to an approach that have been recently explored in the orthopaedic community, but that was already in use in other scientific fields. It is based on the vibration analysis technique. This method has been successfully used to investigate the mechanical properties of the bone and its application to evaluate the extent of fixation of dental implants has been explored, even if its validity in this field is still under discussion. Several studies have been published recently on the stability assessment of hip implants by vibration analysis. The aim of the reported study was to develop and validate a prototype device based on the vibration analysis technique to measure intra-operatively the extent of implant stability. The expected advantages of a vibration-based device are easier clinical use, smaller dimensions and minor overall cost with respect to other devices based on direct micromotion measurement. The prototype developed consists of a piezoelectric exciter connected to the stem and an accelerometer attached to the femur. Preliminary tests were performed on four composite femurs implanted with a conventional stem. The results showed that the input signal was repeatable and the output could be recorded accurately. The fourth study concerns the application of the device based on the vibration analysis technique to several cases, considering both composite and cadaveric specimens. Different degrees of bone quality were tested, as well as different femur anatomies and several levels of press-fitting were considered. The aim of the study was to verify if it is possible to discriminate between stable and quasi-stable implants, because this is the most challenging detection for the surgeon in the operation room. Moreover, it was possible to validate the measurement protocol by comparing the results of the acquisitions made with the vibration-based tool to two reference measurements made by means of a validated technique, and a validated device. The results highlighted that the most sensitive parameter to stability is the shift in resonance frequency of the stem-bone system, showing high correlation with residual micromotion on all the tested specimens. Thus, it seems possible to discriminate between many levels of stability, from the grossly loosened implant, through the quasi-stable implants, to the definitely stable one. Finally, an additional study was performed on a different type of hip prosthesis, which has recently gained great interest thus becoming fairly popular in some countries in the last few years: the hip resurfacing prosthesis. The study was motivated by the following rationale: although bone-prosthesis micromotion is known to influence the stability of total hip replacement, its effect on the outcome of resurfacing implants has not been investigated in-vitro yet, but only clinically. Thus the work was aimed at verifying if it was possible to apply to the resurfacing prosthesis one of the intraoperative devices just validated for the measurement of the micromotion in the resurfacing implants. To do that, a preliminary study was performed in order to evaluate the extent of migration and the typical elastic movement for an epiphyseal prosthesis. An in-vitro procedure was developed to measure micromotions of resurfacing implants. This included a set of in-vitro loading scenarios that covers the range of directions covered by hip resultant forces in the most typical motor-tasks. The applicability of the protocol was assessed on two different commercial designs and on different head sizes. The repeatability and reproducibility were excellent (comparable to the best previously published protocols for standard cemented hip stems). Results showed that the procedure is accurate enough to detect micromotions of the order of few microns. The protocol proposed was thus completely validated. The results of the study demonstrated that the application of an intra-operative device to the resurfacing implants is not necessary, as the typical micromovement associated to this type of prosthesis could be considered negligible and thus not critical for the stabilization process. Concluding, four intra-operative tools have been developed and fully validated during these three years of research activity. The use in the clinical setting was tested for one of the devices, which could be used right now by the surgeon to evaluate the degree of stability achieved through the press-fitting procedure. The tool adapted to be used on the rasp was a good predictor of the stability of the stem. Thus it could be useful for the surgeon while checking if the pre-operative planning was correct. The device based on the vibration technique showed great accuracy, small dimensions, and thus has a great potential to become an instrument appreciated by the surgeon. It still need a clinical evaluation, and must be industrialized as well. The in-vitro tool worked very well, and can be applied for assessing resurfacing implants pre-clinically.

Analisi di pushover 3D per strutture in c.a.

In the present study, a new pushover procedure for 3D frame structures is proposed, based on the application of a set of horizontal force and torque distributions at each floor level; in order to predict the most severe configurations of an irregular structure subjected to an earthquake, more than one pushover analysis has to be performed. The proposed method is validated by a consistent comparison of results from static pushover and dynamic simulations in terms of different response parameters, such as displacements, rotations, floor shears and floor torques. Starting from the linear analysis, the procedure is subsequently extended to the nonlinear case. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed procedure to predict the structural behaviour in the most severe configurations.

Sulla ricerca del minimo dei consumi per vetture sportive

La ricerca oggetto di questa tesi, come si evince dal titolo stesso, è volta alla riduzione dei consumi per vetture a forte carattere sportivo ed elevate prestazioni specifiche. In particolare, tutte le attività descritte fanno riferimento ad un ben definito modello di vettura, ovvero la Maserati Quattroporte. Lo scenario all’interno del quale questo lavoro si inquadra, è quello di una forte spinta alla riduzione dei cosiddetti gas serra, ossia dell’anidride carbonica, in linea con quelle che sono le disposizioni dettate dal protocollo di Kyoto. La necessità di ridurre l’immissione in atmosfera di CO2 sta condizionando tutti i settori della società: dal riscaldamento degli edifici privati a quello degli stabilimenti industriali, dalla generazione di energia ai processi produttivi in senso lato. Nell’ambito di questo panorama, chiaramente, sono chiamati ad uno sforzo considerevole i costruttori di automobili, alle quali è imputata una percentuale considerevole dell’anidride carbonica prodotta ogni giorno e riversata nell’atmosfera. Al delicato problema inquinamento ne va aggiunto uno forse ancor più contingente e diretto, legato a ragioni di carattere economico. I combustibili fossili, come tutti sanno, sono una fonte di energia non rinnovabile, la cui disponibilità è legata a giacimenti situati in opportune zone del pianeta e non inesauribili. Per di più, la situazione socio politica che il medio oriente sta affrontando, unita alla crescente domanda da parte di quei paesi in cui il processo di industrializzazione è partito da poco a ritmi vertiginosi, hanno letteralmente fatto lievitare il prezzo del petrolio. A causa di ciò, avere una vettura efficiente in senso lato e, quindi, a ridotti consumi, è a tutti gli effetti un contenuto di prodotto apprezzato dal punto di vista del marketing, anche per i segmenti vettura più alti. Nell’ambito di questa ricerca il problema dei consumi è stato affrontato come una conseguenza del comportamento globale della vettura in termini di efficienza, valutando il miglior compromesso fra le diverse aree funzionali costituenti il veicolo. Una parte consistente del lavoro è stata dedicata alla messa a punto di un modello di calcolo, attraverso il quale eseguire una serie di analisi di sensibilità sull’influenza dei diversi parametri vettura sul consumo complessivo di carburante. Sulla base di tali indicazioni, è stata proposta una modifica dei rapporti del cambio elettro-attuato con lo scopo di ottimizzare il compromesso tra consumi e prestazioni, senza inficiare considerevolmente queste ultime. La soluzione proposta è stata effettivamente realizzata e provata su vettura, dando la possibilità di verificare i risultati ed operare un’approfondita attività di correlazione del modello di calcolo per i consumi. Il beneficio ottenuto in termini di autonomia è stato decisamente significativo con riferimento sia ai cicli di omologazione europei, che a quelli statunitensi. Sono state inoltre analizzate le ripercussioni dal punto di vista delle prestazioni ed anche in questo caso i numerosi dati rilevati hanno permesso di migliorare il livello di correlazione del modello di simulazione per le prestazioni. La vettura con la nuova rapportatura proposta è stata poi confrontata con un prototipo di Maserati Quattroporte avente cambio automatico e convertitore di coppia. Questa ulteriore attività ha permesso di valutare il differente comportamento tra le due soluzioni, sia in termini di consumo istantaneo, che di consumo complessivo rilevato durante le principali missioni su banco a rulli previste dalle normative. L’ultima sezione del lavoro è stata dedicata alla valutazione dell’efficienza energetica del sistema vettura, intesa come resistenza all’avanzamento incontrata durante il moto ad una determinata velocità. Sono state indagate sperimentalmente le curve di “coast down” della Quattroporte e di alcune concorrenti e sono stati proposti degli interventi volti alla riduzione del coefficiente di penetrazione aerodinamica, pur con il vincolo di non alterare lo stile vettura.

Modulation Techniques for Multi-Phase Converters and Control Strategies for Multi-Phase Electric Drives

The ever-increasing spread of automation in industry puts the electrical engineer in a central role as a promoter of technological development in a sector such as the use of electricity, which is the basis of all the machinery and productive processes. Moreover the spread of drives for motor control and static converters with structures ever more complex, places the electrical engineer to face new challenges whose solution has as critical elements in the implementation of digital control techniques with the requirements of inexpensiveness and efficiency of the final product. The successfully application of solutions using non-conventional static converters awake an increasing interest in science and industry due to the promising opportunities. However, in the same time, new problems emerge whose solution is still under study and debate in the scientific community During the Ph.D. course several themes have been developed that, while obtaining the recent and growing interest of scientific community, have much space for the development of research activity and for industrial applications. The first area of research is related to the control of three phase induction motors with high dynamic performance and the sensorless control in the high speed range. The management of the operation of induction machine without position or speed sensors awakes interest in the industrial world due to the increased reliability and robustness of this solution combined with a lower cost of production and purchase of this technology compared to the others available in the market. During this dissertation control techniques will be proposed which are able to exploit the total dc link voltage and at the same time capable to exploit the maximum torque capability in whole speed range with good dynamic performance. The proposed solution preserves the simplicity of tuning of the regulators. Furthermore, in order to validate the effectiveness of presented solution, it is assessed in terms of performance and complexity and compared to two other algorithm presented in literature. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is also tested on induction motor drive fed by a matrix converter. Another important research area is connected to the development of technology for vehicular applications. In this field the dynamic performances and the low power consumption is one of most important goals for an effective algorithm. Towards this direction, a control scheme for induction motor that integrates within a coherent solution some of the features that are commonly required to an electric vehicle drive is presented. The main features of the proposed control scheme are the capability to exploit the maximum torque in the whole speed range, a weak dependence on the motor parameters, a good robustness against the variations of the dc-link voltage and, whenever possible, the maximum efficiency. The second part of this dissertation is dedicated to the multi-phase systems. This technology, in fact, is characterized by a number of issues worthy of investigation that make it competitive with other technologies already on the market. Multiphase systems, allow to redistribute power at a higher number of phases, thus making possible the construction of electronic converters which otherwise would be very difficult to achieve due to the limits of present power electronics. Multiphase drives have an intrinsic reliability given by the possibility that a fault of a phase, caused by the possible failure of a component of the converter, can be solved without inefficiency of the machine or application of a pulsating torque. The control of the magnetic field spatial harmonics in the air-gap with order higher than one allows to reduce torque noise and to obtain high torque density motor and multi-motor applications. In one of the next chapters a control scheme able to increase the motor torque by adding a third harmonic component to the air-gap magnetic field will be presented. Above the base speed the control system reduces the motor flux in such a way to ensure the maximum torque capability. The presented analysis considers the drive constrains and shows how these limits modify the motor performance. The multi-motor applications are described by a well-defined number of multiphase machines, having series connected stator windings, with an opportune permutation of the phases these machines can be independently controlled with a single multi-phase inverter. In this dissertation this solution will be presented and an electric drive consisting of two five-phase PM tubular actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter will be presented. Finally the modulation strategies for a multi-phase inverter will be illustrated. The problem of the space vector modulation of multiphase inverters with an odd number of phases is solved in different way. An algorithmic approach and a look-up table solution will be proposed. The inverter output voltage capability will be investigated, showing that the proposed modulation strategy is able to fully exploit the dc input voltage either in sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal operating conditions. All this aspects are considered in the next chapters. In particular, Chapter 1 summarizes the mathematical model of induction motor. The Chapter 2 is a brief state of art on three-phase inverter. Chapter 3 proposes a stator flux vector control for a three- phase induction machine and compares this solution with two other algorithms presented in literature. Furthermore, in the same chapter, a complete electric drive based on matrix converter is presented. In Chapter 4 a control strategy suitable for electric vehicles is illustrated. Chapter 5 describes the mathematical model of multi-phase induction machines whereas chapter 6 analyzes the multi-phase inverter and its modulation strategies. Chapter 7 discusses the minimization of the power losses in IGBT multi-phase inverters with carrier-based pulse width modulation. In Chapter 8 an extended stator flux vector control for a seven-phase induction motor is presented. Chapter 9 concerns the high torque density applications and in Chapter 10 different fault tolerant control strategies are analyzed. Finally, the last chapter presents a positioning multi-motor drive consisting of two PM tubular five-phase actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter.

Sviluppo di algoritmi di RCP per la stima della coppia indicata erogata da un motore a combustione interna.

Combustion control is one of the key factors to obtain better performances and lower pollutant emissions for diesel, spark ignition and HCCI engines. An algorithm that allows estimating, as an example, the mean indicated torque for each cylinder, could be easily used in control strategies, in order to carry out cylinders trade-off, control the cycle to cycle variation, or detect misfires. A tool that allows evaluating the 50% of Mass Fraction Burned (MFB50), or the net Cumulative Heat Release (CHRNET), or the ROHR peak value (Rate of Heat Release), could be used to optimize spark advance or to detect knock in gasoline engines and to optimize injection pattern in diesel engines. Modern management systems are based on the control of the mean indicated torque produced by the engine: they need a real or virtual sensor in order to compare the measured value with the target one. Many studies have been performed in order to obtain an accurate and reliable over time torque estimation. The aim of this PhD activity was to develop two different algorithms: the first one is based on the instantaneous engine speed fluctuations measurement. The speed signal is picked up directly from the sensor facing the toothed wheel mounted on the engine for other control purposes. The engine speed fluctuation amplitudes depend on the combustion and on the amount of torque delivered by each cylinder. The second algorithm processes in-cylinder pressure signals in the angular domain. In this case a crankshaft encoder is not necessary, because the angular reference can be obtained using a standard sensor wheel. The results obtained with these two methodologies are compared in order to evaluate which one is suitable for on board applications, depending on the accuracy required.

Fourier-transform rheology on anionically synthesised polymer melts and solutions of various topology

Aim of this thesis was to further extend the applicability of the Fourier-transform (FT) rheology technique especially for non-linear mechanical characterisation of polymeric materials on the one hand and to investigated the influence of the degree of branching on the linear and non-linear relaxation behaviour of polymeric materials on the other hand. The latter was achieved by employing in particular FT-rheology and other rheological techniques to variously branched polymer melts and solutions. For these purposes, narrowly distributed linear and star-shaped polystyrene and polybutadiene homo-polymers with varying molecular weights were anionically synthesised using both high-vacuum and inert atmosphere techniques. Furthermore, differently entangled solutions of linear and star-shaped polystyrenes in di-sec-octyl phthalate (DOP) were prepared. The several linear polystyrene solutions were measured under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) conditions and the non-linear torque response was analysed in the Fourier space. Experimental results were compared with numerical predictions performed by Dr. B. Debbaut using a multi-mode differential viscoelastic fluid model obeying the Giesekus constitutive equation. Apart from the analysis of the relative intensities of the harmonics, a detailed examination of the phase information content was developed. Further on, FT-rheology allowed to distinguish polystyrene melts and solutions due to their different topologies where other rheological measurements failed. Significant differences occurred under LAOS conditions as particularly reflected in the phase difference of the third harmonic, Ħ3, which could be related to shear thinning and shear thickening behaviour.

Controllo Vettoriale generalizzato per Macchine Elettriche Trifase

Nell’ambito della presente tesi verrà descritto un approccio generalizzato per il controllo delle macchine elettriche trifasi; la prima parte è incentrata nello sviluppo di una metodologia di modellizzazione generale, ossia in grado di descrivere, da un punto di vista matematico, il comportamento di una generica macchina elettrica, che possa quindi includere in sé stessa tutte le caratteristiche salienti che possano caratterizzare ogni specifica tipologia di macchina elettrica. Il passo successivo è quello di realizzare un algoritmo di controllo per macchine elettriche che si poggi sulla teoria generalizzata e che utilizzi per il proprio funzionamento quelle grandezze offerte dal modello unico delle macchine elettriche. La tipologia di controllo che è stata utilizzata è quella che comunemente viene definita come controllo ad orientamento di campo (FOC), per la quale sono stati individuati degli accorgimenti atti a migliorarne le prestazioni dinamiche e di controllo della coppia erogata. Per concludere verrà presentata una serie di prove sperimentali con lo scopo di mettere in risalto alcuni aspetti cruciali nel controllo delle macchine elettriche mediante un algoritmo ad orientamento di campo e soprattutto di verificare l’attendibilità dell’approccio generalizzato alle macchine elettriche trifasi. I risultati sperimentali confermano quindi l’applicabilità del metodo a diverse tipologie di macchine (asincrone e sincrone) e sono stati verificate nelle condizioni operative più critiche: bassa velocità, alta velocità bassi carichi, dinamica lenta e dinamica veloce.

Theoretical studies of fluid membrane mechanics

Biologische Membranen sind Fettmolekül-Doppelschichten, die sich wie zweidimensionale Flüssigkeiten verhalten. Die Energie einer solchen fluiden Oberfläche kann häufig mit Hilfe eines Hamiltonians beschrieben werden, der invariant unter Reparametrisierungen der Oberfläche ist und nur von ihrer Geometrie abhängt. Beiträge innerer Freiheitsgrade und der Umgebung können in den Formalismus mit einbezogen werden. Dieser Ansatz wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit dazu verwendet, die Mechanik fluider Membranen und ähnlicher Oberflächen zu untersuchen. Spannungen und Drehmomente in der Oberfläche lassen sich durch kovariante Tensoren ausdrücken. Diese können dann z. B. dazu verwendet werden, die Gleichgewichtsposition der Kontaktlinie zu bestimmen, an der sich zwei aneinander haftende Oberflächen voneinander trennen. Mit Ausnahme von Kapillarphänomenen ist die Oberflächenenergie nicht nur abhängig von Translationen der Kontaktlinie, sondern auch von Änderungen in der Steigung oder sogar Krümmung. Die sich ergebenden Randbedingungen entsprechen den Gleichgewichtsbedingungen an Kräfte und Drehmomente, falls sich die Kontaktlinie frei bewegen kann. Wenn eine der Oberflächen starr ist, muss die Variation lokal dieser Fläche folgen. Spannungen und Drehmomente tragen dann zu einer einzigen Gleichgewichtsbedingung bei; ihre Beiträge können nicht mehr einzeln identifiziert werden. Um quantitative Aussagen über das Verhalten einer fluiden Oberfläche zu machen, müssen ihre elastischen Eigenschaften bekannt sein. Der "Nanotrommel"-Versuchsaufbau ermöglicht es, Membraneigenschaften lokal zu untersuchen: Er besteht aus einer porenüberspannenden Membran, die während des Experiments durch die Spitze eines Rasterkraftmikroskops in die Pore gedrückt wird. Der lineare Verlauf der resultierenden Kraft-Abstands-Kurven kann mit Hilfe der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Theorie reproduziert werden, wenn der Einfluss von Adhäsion zwischen Spitze und Membran vernachlässigt wird. Bezieht man diesen Effekt in die Rechnungen mit ein, ändert sich das Resultat erheblich: Kraft-Abstands-Kurven sind nicht länger linear, Hysterese und nichtverschwindende Trennkräfte treten auf. Die Voraussagen der Rechnungen könnten in zukünftigen Experimenten dazu verwendet werden, Parameter wie die Biegesteifigkeit der Membran mit einer Auflösung im Nanometerbereich zu bestimmen. Wenn die Materialeigenschaften bekannt sind, können Probleme der Membranmechanik genauer betrachtet werden. Oberflächenvermittelte Wechselwirkungen sind in diesem Zusammenhang ein interessantes Beispiel. Mit Hilfe des oben erwähnten Spannungstensors können analytische Ausdrücke für die krümmungsvermittelte Kraft zwischen zwei Teilchen, die z. B. Proteine repräsentieren, hergeleitet werden. Zusätzlich wird das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte und Drehmomente genutzt, um mehrere Bedingungen an die Geometrie der Membran abzuleiten. Für den Fall zweier unendlich langer Zylinder auf der Membran werden diese Bedingungen zusammen mit Profilberechnungen kombiniert, um quantitative Aussagen über die Wechselwirkung zu treffen. Theorie und Experiment stoßen an ihre Grenzen, wenn es darum geht, die Relevanz von krümmungsvermittelten Wechselwirkungen in der biologischen Zelle korrekt zu beurteilen. In einem solchen Fall bieten Computersimulationen einen alternativen Ansatz: Die hier präsentierten Simulationen sagen voraus, dass Proteine zusammenfinden und Membranbläschen (Vesikel) bilden können, sobald jedes der Proteine eine Mindestkrümmung in der Membran induziert. Der Radius der Vesikel hängt dabei stark von der lokal aufgeprägten Krümmung ab. Das Resultat der Simulationen wird in dieser Arbeit durch ein approximatives theoretisches Modell qualitativ bestätigt.

Sviluppo di metodologie per la Stima in Tempo Reale delle Grandezze Indicate in Motori a Combustione Interna

Modern Internal Combustion Engines are becoming increasingly complex in terms of their control systems and strategies. The growth of the algorithms’ complexity results in a rise of the number of on-board quantities for control purposes. In order to improve combustion efficiency and, simultaneously, limit the amount of pollutant emissions, the on-board evaluation of two quantities in particular has become essential; namely indicated torque produced by the engine and the angular position where 50% of fuel mass injected over an engine cycle is burned (MFB50). The above mentioned quantities can be evaluated through the measurement of in-cylinder pressure. Nonetheless, at the time being, the installation of in-cylinder pressure sensors on vehicles is extremely uncommon mainly because of measurement reliability and costs. This work illustrates a methodological approach for the estimation of indicated torque and MFB50 that is based on the engine speed fluctuation measurement. This methodology is compatible with the typical on-board application restraints. Moreover, it requires no additional costs since speed can be measured using the system already mounted on the vehicle, which is made of a magnetic pick-up faced to a toothed wheel. The estimation algorithm consists of two main parts: first, the evaluation of indicated torque fluctuation based on speed measurement and secondly, the evaluation of the mean value of the indicated torque (over an engine cycle) and MFB50 by using the relationship with the indicated torque harmonic and other engine quantities. The procedure has been successfully applied to an L4 turbocharged Diesel engine mounted on-board a vehicle.

Special Heusler compounds for spintronic applications

This work emphasizes the potential of Heusler compounds in a wide range of spintronic applications. Using electronic structure calculations it is possible to design compounds for specific applications. Examples for GMR and TMR applications, for spin injection into semiconductors, and for spin torque transfer applications will be shown. After a detailed introduction about spintronics and related materials chapter 5 reports about the investigation of new half-metallic compounds where the Fermi energy is tuned in the middle of the gap to result in more stable compounds for GMR and TMR applications. The bulk properties of the quaternary Heusler alloy Co2Mn(1-x)Fe(x)Si with the Fe concentration ranging from x=0 to 1 will be reported and the results suggest that the best candidate for applications may be found at an iron concentration of about 50%. Due to the effect that in the Co2Mn(1-x)Fe(x)Si series the transition metal carrying the localized moment is exchanged and this might lead to unexpected effects on the magnetic properties if the samples are not completely homogeneous chapter 6 reports about the optimization of the Heusler compounds for GMR and TMR applications. The structural and magnetic properties of the quaternary Heusler alloy Co2FeAl(1-x)Si(x) with varying Si concentration will be reported. From the combination of experimental (better order for high Si content) and theoretical findings (robust gap at x = 0.5) it is concluded that a compound with an intermediate Si concentration close to x=0.5-0.7 would be best suited for spintronic applications, especially for GMR and TMR applications. In chapter 7 the detailed investigation of compounds for spin injection into semiconductors will be reported. It will be shown that the diluted magnetic semiconductors based on CoTiSb with a very low lattice mismatch among each other are interesting materials for spintronics applications like Spin-LEDs or other spin injection devices. Chapter 8 refers about the investigation of the theoretically predicted half-metallic completely compensated-ferrimagnet Mn$_3$Ga as a suitable material for spin torque transfer applications. The Curie temperature is above 730~K and the electronic structure calculations indicate a nearly half-metallic ferrimagnetic order with 88% spin polarization at the Fermi energy.}

Valutazione economica e funzionale dell'applicazione di un motore asincrono e di un motore coppia ad un estrusore di materie plastiche

Il concetto di “direct drive”, cioè l’applicazione diretta del motore all’utilizzatore, in modo da eliminare elementi di connessione intermedi (riduttori, pulegge, ecc…) con il vantaggio di migliorare il rendimento, ridurre gli ingombri, semplificare l’intera struttura, ridurre la manutenzione, è applicato con sempre maggior frequenza. L’azienda Graham Packaging Company Italia s.r.l. produce macchinari industriali per la produzione di packaging plastico, i quali montano un gruppo di estrusione a monte della macchina che alimenta il gruppo di soffiaggio: si possono, quindi, intuire alcuni vantaggi derivanti dall’applicazione del “direct drive”. Nella soluzione attualmente adottata dall’azienda la vite di estrusione, che gira a velocità relativamente basse, è collegata tramite un riduttore ad un motore asincrono trifase, che ruota a velocità significativamente superiori. L’ipotesi di una soluzione differente prevederebbe l’accoppiamento della vite ad un motore coppia (torque motor) caratterizzato da una elevata coppia e giri relativamente bassi. I vantaggi di tale accoppiamento sarebbero fondamentalmente il risparmio energetico derivante dall’esclusione del riduttore dal meccanismo e la maggiore facilità di regolazione della velocità e di conseguenza anche della portata dell’estrusore. La tesi ha lo scopo di analizzare nel particolare l’attuale situazione dal punto di vista del consumo energetico delle 11 taglie di estrusori, di valutare una soluzione con motore coppia consultando diversi fornitori di motori, di comparare le due varianti dal punto di vista dell’efficienza e dei vantaggi economici.

Unconventional correlated systems

This work comprises three different types of unconventional correlated systems.rnChapters 3-5 of this work are about the open shell compounds Rb4O6 and Cs4O6. These mixed valent compounds contain oxygen in two different modifications: the closed-shell peroxide anion is nonmagnetic, whereas the hyperoxide anion contains an unpaired electrons in an antibonding pi*-orbital. Due to this electron magnetic ordering is rendered possible. In contrast to theoretical predictions, which suggested half-metallic ferromagnetism for Rb4O6,rndominating antiferromagnetic interactions were found in the experiment. Besidesrna symmetry reduction due to the mixed valency, strong electronic correlations of this highly molecular system determine its properties; it is a magnetically frustrated insulator. The corresponding Cs4O6 was found to show similar properties.rnChapters 6-9 of this work are about intermetallic Heusler superconductors. rnAll of these superconductors were rationally designed using the van Hove scenario as a working recipe. A saddle point in the energy dispersion curve of a solid leads to a van Hove singularity in the density of states. In the Ni-based and Pd-based Heusler superconductors presented in this work this sort of a valence instability occurs at the high-symmetry L point and coincides or nearly coincides with the Fermi level. The compounds escape the high density of states at the Fermi energy through a transition into the correlated superconducting state.rnChapter 10 of this work is about the tetragonally distorted ferrimagnetic DO22 phase of Mn3Ga. This hard-magnetic modification is technologically useful for spin torque transfer applications. The phase exhibits two different crystallographic sites that are occupied by Mn atoms and can thus be written as Mn2MnGa. The competition between the mainly itinerant moments of the Mn atoms at the Wyckoff position 4d and the localized moments of the Mn atoms at the Wyckoff position 2b leads to magnetic correlations. The antiferromagnetic orientation of these moments determines the compound to exhibit a resulting magnetic moment of approximately 1 µB per formula unit in a partially compensated ferrimagnetic configuration.