Cómo hacer un proyecto de tesis doctoral

La elaboración de proyectos de tesis de posgrado se ha constituido en una instancia relevante en el desarrollo de las investigaciones y la formación en ciencias sociales. Con el objetivo de ser de utilidad a los estudiantes y los docentes en la construcción de los proyectos de tesis, este artículo reflexiona a acerca del lugar del proyecto en la investigación y las distintas dimensiones que éste adquiere como género literario académico

Pensar os pse : Como escapar dos universais estado e vulnerabilidade?

Neste trabalho partimos da proliferaçao dos projetos sociais esportivos-PSE, no Brasil, como acontecimento. Algo arranjado a partir de ativaçoes que tomamos por universais: especificamente, o Estado e a vulnerabilidade. Pensar este acontecimento sem se deixar conduzir por tais universais é o objetivo deste empreendimento. A base empírica utilizada para isto é retirada de duas teses de doutorado, uma concluída e outra em andamento. Ambas se dedicam ao tema projetos sociais esportivos. A utilizaçao de um referencial teórico que, de uma parte, se dedica a uma análise microfísica e ascendente das relaçoes de poder e governo e, de outra, confere ênfase à funçao da linguagem na produçao daquilo sobre o que se fala, sao condiçao para que se possa desconfiar das intençoes que sao colocadas em funcionamento quando tais projetos, ativados por universais como estes, sao propostos. Pensá-los sempre a partir de suas relaçoes com o Estado tem sido uma constante nas abordagens publicadas. Tomar a vulnerabilidade de cada indivíduo e o que se nomeia vulnerabilidade social parece ser condiçao para que se pense tais projetos. Tentamos abordá-los de outro modo, a partir de seus funcionamentos, estratégias, mecanismos, mesmo quando ainda sao apenas projetos, para que nao fiquemos reféns dos universais e insatisfeitos com nosso próprio pensamento.

Cómo hacer un proyecto de tesis doctoral

La elaboración de proyectos de tesis de posgrado se ha constituido en una instancia relevante en el desarrollo de las investigaciones y la formación en ciencias sociales. Con el objetivo de ser de utilidad a los estudiantes y los docentes en la construcción de los proyectos de tesis, este artículo reflexiona a acerca del lugar del proyecto en la investigación y las distintas dimensiones que éste adquiere como género literario académico

Pensar os pse : Como escapar dos universais estado e vulnerabilidade?

Neste trabalho partimos da proliferaçao dos projetos sociais esportivos-PSE, no Brasil, como acontecimento. Algo arranjado a partir de ativaçoes que tomamos por universais: especificamente, o Estado e a vulnerabilidade. Pensar este acontecimento sem se deixar conduzir por tais universais é o objetivo deste empreendimento. A base empírica utilizada para isto é retirada de duas teses de doutorado, uma concluída e outra em andamento. Ambas se dedicam ao tema projetos sociais esportivos. A utilizaçao de um referencial teórico que, de uma parte, se dedica a uma análise microfísica e ascendente das relaçoes de poder e governo e, de outra, confere ênfase à funçao da linguagem na produçao daquilo sobre o que se fala, sao condiçao para que se possa desconfiar das intençoes que sao colocadas em funcionamento quando tais projetos, ativados por universais como estes, sao propostos. Pensá-los sempre a partir de suas relaçoes com o Estado tem sido uma constante nas abordagens publicadas. Tomar a vulnerabilidade de cada indivíduo e o que se nomeia vulnerabilidade social parece ser condiçao para que se pense tais projetos. Tentamos abordá-los de outro modo, a partir de seus funcionamentos, estratégias, mecanismos, mesmo quando ainda sao apenas projetos, para que nao fiquemos reféns dos universais e insatisfeitos com nosso próprio pensamento.

Distribution of pollen and spores in sediments of ODP Hole 175-1078C

The distribution of pollen in marine sediments is used to record vegetation change on the continent. Generally, a good latitudinal correspondence exists between the distribution patterns of pollen in the marine surface sediments and the occurrence of the source plants on the adjacent continent. To investigate land-sea interactions during deglaciation, we compare proxies for continental (pollen assemblages) and marine conditions (alkenone-derived sea surface temperatures) of two high-resolution, radiocarbon-dated sedimentary records from the tropical southeast Atlantic. The southern site is located West of the Cunene River mouth; the northern site is located West of the Angolan Huambe Mountains. It is inferred that the vegetation in Angola developed from Afroalpine and open savannah during the last Glacial maximum (LGM) via Afromontane Podocarpus forest during Heinrich Event 1 (H1), to an early increase of lowland forest after 14.5 ka. The vegetation record indicates dry and cold conditions during the LGM, cool and wet conditions during H1 and a gradual rise in temperature starting well before the Younger Dryas (YD) period. Terrestrial and oceanic climate developments seem largely running parallel, in contrast to the situation ca. 5° further South, where marine and terrestrial developments diverge during the YD. The cool and wet conditions in tropical West Africa, South of the equator, during H1 suggest that low-latitude insolation variation is more important than the slowdown of the thermohaline circulation for the climate in tropical Africa.

Late Miocene palaeoflora and palaeoclimate of Lincang (China)

The Miocene Lincang leaf assemblage is used in this paper as proxy data to reconstruct the palaeoclimate of southwestern Yunnan (SW China) and the evolution of monsoon intensity. Three quantitative methods were chosen for this reconstruction, i.e. Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA), Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), and the Coexistence Approach (CA). These methods, however, yield inconsistent results, particularly for the precipitation, as also shown in European and other East Asian Cenozoic floras. The wide range of the reconstructed climatic parameters includes the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) of 18.5-24.7 °C and the Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) of 1213-3711 mm. Compared with the modern Lincang climate (MAT, 17.3 °C; MAP, 1178.7 mm), the Miocene climate is slightly warmer, wetter and has a higher temperature seasonality. A detailed comparison on the palaeoclimatic variables with the coeval Late Miocene Xiaolongtan flora from the eastern part of Yunnan allows us to investigate the development and interactions of both South Asian and East Asian monsoons during the Late Miocene in southwest China, now under strong influence of these monsoon systems. Our results suggest that the monsoon climate has already been established in southwest Yunnan during the Late Miocene. Furthermore, our results support that both Southeast Asian and East Asian monsoons co-occurred in Yunnan during the Late Miocene.

Palynology of marine sediment cores from the West African coast

Seven sediment cores from the cruises of the "Meteor" and "Valdivia" were examined palynologically. The cores were retrieved from the lower continental slope in the area of between 33.5° N and 8° N, off the West African coast. Most of the cores contain sediments from the last Glacial and Interglacial period. In some cases, the Holocene sediments are missing. Some individual cores contain sediments also from earlier Glacial and Interglacial periods. The main reason for making this palynological study was to find out the differences between the vegetation of Glacial and Interglacial periods in those parts of West Africa which at present belong to the Mediterranean zone, the Sahara and the zones of the savannas and tropical forests. In today's Mediterranean vegetation zone at core 33.5° N, forests and deciduous forests in particular, are missing during Glacial conditions. Semi-deserts are found instead of these. In the early isotope stage 1, there is a very significant development of forests which contain evergreen oaks; this is the Mediterranean type of vegestation development. The Sahara type of vegetation development is shown in four cores from between 27° N and 19° N. The differences between Glacial and Interglacial periods are very small. It must be assumed therefore that in this latitudes, both Glacial and Interglacial conditions gave rise to desert generally. The results are in favour of a slightly more arid climate during Glacial and more humid one during Interglacial periods. The southern boundary of the Sahara and the adjacent savannas with grassland and tropical woods were situated more to the south during the Glacial periods than they were during the Interglacial ones. In front of today's savanna belt, it can be seen from the palynological results that there are considerable differences between the vegetation of Glacial and Interglacial periods. The woods are more important in Interglacial periods. During the Glacial periods these are replaced from north to south decreasingly by grassland (savanna and rainforest type of vegetation development). The southern limit of the Sahara during stage 2 was somewhat between 12° N and 8° N which is between 1.5 and 5 degrees in latitude further south than it i s today. Not only do these differences in climate and vegetation apply to the maximum of the last Glacial and for the Holocene, but they apparently apply also to the older Glacial and Interglacial periods, where they have been found in the profiles. The North African deset belt can be said to have expanded during Glacial times both towards the north and towards the south. All the available evidence of this study indicates that the grass land or the semi-desert of the Southern Europe cam einto connection with those of the N Africa; there could not have been any forest zone between them. The present study was also a good opportunity for investigating some of the basic marine palynological problems. The very well known overrepresentation of pollen grains of the genus Pinus in marine sediments can be traced as fa as 21° N. The present southern limit for the genus Pinus is on the Canaries and on the African continent as approximately 31° N. Highest values of Ephedra pollen grains even occur south of the main area of the present distribution of that genus. These does not seem to be any satisfactory explanation for this. In general, it would appear that the transport of pollen grains from the north is more important than transport from the south. The results so far, indicate strongly that further palynological studies are necessary. These should concentrate particularly on cores from between 33° N and 27° N as well as between 17° N and 10° N. It would also be useful to have a more detailed examination of sediments from the last Intergalcial period (substage 5 e). Absolute pollen counts and more general examination of surface samples would be desirable. Surface samples should be taken from the shelf down to the bottom of the continental slope in different latitudes.

Neogene floras and palaeoclimatic estimates from various sites of South-West China

Neogene climates and vegetation history of western Yunnan are reconstructed on the basis of known fossil plants using the Coexistence Approach (CA) and Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA). Four Neogene leaf floras from Tengchong, Jianchuan and Eryuan in southwestern China are analyzed by the CA, and the paleoclimatic data of one Miocene carpoflora from Longling and three Pliocene palynofloras from Longling, Yangyi and Eryuan are used for comparison. The Miocene vegetation of the whole of West Yunnan is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and a similar mean annual precipitation is inferred for Tengchong, Longling and Jianchuan. However, by the Late Pliocene a large difference in vegetation occurred between the two slopes of Gaoligong Mountain, western Yunnan. The region of Tengchong retained a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest vegetation, whereas in Yangyi and Eryuan a vertical vegetation zonation had developed, which consists, in ascending order, of humid evergreen broad-leaved, needle and broad-leaved mixed evergreen, and coniferous forests. Distinctively, the Late Pliocene vegetational patterns of West Yunnan were already very similar to those of the present, and the Pliocene mean annual precipitation in Tengchong was markedly higher than that of Yangyi and Eryuan. Considering that the overall vegetation of West Yunnan and the precipitation at Yangyi and Eryuan have undergone no distinct change since the Late Pliocene, we conclude that the Hengduan Mountains on the northern boundary of West Yunnan must have arisen after the Miocene and approached their highest elevation before the Late Pliocene. Furthermore, the fact of the eastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau underwent a slight uplift after the Late Pliocene is also supported.