Two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibration of circular cylinders with very low aspect ratio and small mass ratio

The investigation of vortex-induced vibration on very short cylinders with two degrees of freedom has drawn the attention of a large number of researchers. Some investigations on such a problem are carried out in order to have a better understanding of the physics involved in vortex-induced motions of floating bodies such as offshore platforms. In this paper, experiments were carried out in a recirculating water channel over the range of Reynolds number 6000ratios (m⁎=1.00; 2.62 and 4.36) and very low aspect ratios (0.3≤L/D≤2.0) were shown and the results were discussed in depth. Conversely to what would be expected for cylinders with very low aspect ratio, the results showed large motions in the transverse direction with maximum amplitudes around 1.5 diameters for cylinders with L/D=2.0, despite being smaller when the aspect ratio is reduced. Moreover, the response amplitudes presented high values around 0.4 diameters in the in-line direction. In fact, the large transverse motions were related to a strong coupling with the in-line responses, visibly identified in the plots of nondimensional frequency, as well as by the trajectories in the XY-plane, Lissajous figures, particularly in the case of m⁎=1.00 and L/D=2.0, when 8-shape trajectories were clearly observed. The case of m⁎=1.00 deserves more attention because of its smaller amplitude compared to the cases with the same aspect ratio and a larger mass ratio. This counter-intuitive behavior seems to be related to the energy transferring process from the steady stream to the oscillatory hydroelastic system. Finally, it is noteworthy that the characteristic of the “Strouhal-like” number decreases when the aspect ratio decreases, as also observed in previous works available in the literature, most of them for stationary cylinders.

Two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibration of circular cylinders with very low aspect ratio and small mass ratio

The investigation of vortex-induced vibration on very short cylinders with two degrees of freedom has drawn the attention of a large number of researchers. Some investigations on such a problem are carried out in order to have a better understanding of the physics involved in vortex-induced motions of floating bodies such as offshore platforms. In this paper, experiments were carried out in a recirculating water channel over the range of Reynolds number 6000ratios (m⁎=1.00; 2.62 and 4.36) and very low aspect ratios (0.3≤L/D≤2.0) were shown and the results were discussed in depth. Conversely to what would be expected for cylinders with very low aspect ratio, the results showed large motions in the transverse direction with maximum amplitudes around 1.5 diameters for cylinders with L/D=2.0, despite being smaller when the aspect ratio is reduced. Moreover, the response amplitudes presented high values around 0.4 diameters in the in-line direction. In fact, the large transverse motions were related to a strong coupling with the in-line responses, visibly identified in the plots of nondimensional frequency, as well as by the trajectories in the XY-plane, Lissajous figures, particularly in the case of m⁎=1.00 and L/D=2.0, when 8-shape trajectories were clearly observed. The case of m⁎=1.00 deserves more attention because of its smaller amplitude compared to the cases with the same aspect ratio and a larger mass ratio. This counter-intuitive behavior seems to be related to the energy transferring process from the steady stream to the oscillatory hydroelastic system. Finally, it is noteworthy that the characteristic of the “Strouhal-like” number decreases when the aspect ratio decreases, as also observed in previous works available in the literature, most of them for stationary cylinders.

Effect of sex ratio on growth and survival in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) reared in floating cages

[EN]Octopus vulgaris is a potential candidate to diversify European aquaculture for its rapid growth and high market prices (Vaz Pires et al. 2004). One factor affecting industrial development of octopus culture is sexual maturation under rearing conditions. Octopus females can lose up to 30-60% of their initial body weight during egg-laying (Iglesias et al., 2000) and die after the paralarvae hatch (Guerra,1992), while a correlation between males death and spermatic sac depletion has being recently reported by Estefanell et al. (2010b). The present experiment discusses the effect of three different sex ratios on growth, sexual maturation and survival in O. Vulgaris. Conclusions: Discarded bogue from fish farms could be used as alternative diet for the final stage of O. vulgaris ongrowing ; Male segregation would maximize biomass increment ; Under the conditions described, sex ratios close to 1:1 produced higher biomass increment than 4:1

Is the GDH/RNH4+ ratio in the mesozooplankton constant through different oceanic systems?

[EN] Nitrogen (N) is essential for life, but its availability is frequently limited in ocean ecosystems. Among all the compounds which influence the N pool, ammonium (NH4+) represents the major source of N for autotrophs. This NH4+ is provided by bacterial remineralization and heterotrophic grazers, with the mesozooplankton responsible for 12% to 33% of the total NH4+ recycled.  Quantifying the excretion physiology of zooplankton is then, necessary to understand the basis of an aquatic ecosystem’s productivity.
The measurement of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity has been widely used to assess the NH4+ excretion rates in planktonic communities. However, its relationship with the physiology varies with temperature and the nutritional status of the organisms, among other variables. Here we compare the GDH/RNH4+ ratio between oceanic regions with different trophic conditions.  Strengthening our knowledge of the relationship between GDH activities and the NH4+ excretion rates will lead to more meaningful interpretations of the mesoscale variations in planktonic NH4+ excretion.

Is the GDH/RNH4+ ratio in the mesozooplankton constant through different oceanic systems?

[EN]Nitrogen (N) is essential for life, but its availability is frequently limited in ocean ecosystems. Among all the compounds which influence the N pool, ammonium (NH4+) represents the major source of N for autotrophs. This NH4+ is provided by bacterial remineralization and heterotrophic grazers, with the mesozooplankton responsible for 12% to 33% of the total NH4+ recycled. Quantifying the excretion physiology of zooplankton is then, necessary to understand the basis of an aquatic ecosystem?s productivity. The measurement of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity has been widely used to assess the NH4+ excretion rates in planktonic communities. However, its relationship with the physiology varies with temperature and the nutritional status of the organisms, among other variables. Here we compare the GDH/RNH4+ ratio between oceanic regions with different trophic conditions. Strengthening our knowledge of the relationship between GDH activities and the NH4+ excretion rates will lead to more meaningful interpretations of the mesoscale variations in planktonic NH4+ excretion.

Influence of electric fields over the nucleation ratio of the lithium-potassium sulfate and its pedagogical value

[EN]This paper presents our research about nucleation and its dependency with external conditions, as well as the internal characteristics of the solution itself. Among the research lines of our group, we has been studying the influence of electric fields over two different but related compounds: Lithium-Potassium Sulfate and Lithium-Amonium Sulfate, which both of them show a variation on the nucleation ratio when an electric field is applied during the crystal growth. Moreover, in this paper will be explained a laboratory protocol to teach universitary Science students the nucleation process itself and how it depends on external applied conditions, e.g. electric fields.

Measurement of the atmospheric muon charge ratio with the OPERA detector

The atmospheric muon charge ratio, defined as the number of positive over negative charged muons, is an interesting quantity for the study of high energy hadronic interactions in atmosphere and the nature of the primary cosmic rays. The measurement of the charge ratio in the TeV muon energy range allows to study the hadronic interactions in kinematic regions not yet explored at accelerators. The OPERA experiment is a hybrid electronic detector/emulsion apparatus, located in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory, at an average depth of 3800 meters water equivalent (m.w.e.). OPERA is the first large magnetized detector that can measure the muon charge ratio at the LNGS depth, with a wide acceptance for cosmic ray muons coming from above. In this thesis, the muon charge ratio is measured using the spectrometers of the OPERA detector in the highest energy region. The charge ratio was computed separately for single and for multiple muon events, in order to select different primary cosmic ray samples in energy and composition. The measurement as a function of the surface muon energy is used to infer parameters characterizing the particle production in atmosphere, that will be used to constrain Monte Carlo predictions. Finally, the experimental results are interpreted in terms of cosmic ray and particle physics models.

Caratterizzazione colorimetrica di paste concentrate in funzione del tempo di conservazione.

Lo sviluppo negli ultimi decenni di strumentazioni sempre più pratiche, versatili, veloci ed economicamente accessibili, ha notevolmente incrementato la capacità delle aziende, in particolar modo quelle operanti nel settore dell'industria alimentare, nel cogliere le potenzialità di una tecnologia che applica rigore scientifico a una materia a lungo considerata liminale e di secondaria rilevanza, quale quella cromatica. A fronte di ciò, si è ritenuto opportuno introdurre strumenti di misura formalizzati a livello internazionale, atti a individuare e verificare parametri di colore, i quali attestassero la qualità della materia prima utilizzata, nonché riconducibili a una tecnologia di produzione di massa. L’attuale progetto deriva dalla necessità di un’azienda produttrice di concentrati in pasta e semi-lavorati in polvere per la gelateria e la pasticceria, di introdurre un sistema di misurazione oggettiva del colore, che vada a sostituirsi a una valutazione soggettiva, a lungo ritenuta come unico metodo valido di analisi. Il ruolo rivestito all’interno di tale azienda ha consentito, grazie anche al supporto fornito dal Controllo Qualità, la realizzazione di un elaborato finale di sintesi, contenente i risultati delle analisi colorimetriche condotte su alcune paste concentrate. A partire dunque dalla letteratura scientifica elaborata in materia, si è proceduto inizialmente, alla realizzazione di una parte generale riguardante la descrizione del colore, delle sue proprietà e manifestazioni, e dei metodi di misurazione, ripercorrendo le tappe dalla nascita delle prime teorie fino all’adozione di uno spazio di colore universale; una seconda sperimentale, in cui si elaborano- tramite software statistici (Anova , Spectra Magic Nx)- i parametri colorimetrici e il pH dei singoli campioni. In particolare, la determinazione del colore su paste concentrate, ha permesso di valutare in maniera oggettiva le variazioni di colore in termini di coordinate L*, a*, b*, che avvengono durante il periodo di conservazione (24-36 mesi). Partendo dai dati oggettivi di colore, sono state definite semplici equazioni che descrivono l'andamento dei parametri in funzione dei mesi di conservazione e del pH del prodotto. Nell’ottica del miglioramento della gestione della qualità delle aziende specializzate nella produzione di semilavorati-concentrati per le gelaterie, il presente lavoro ha fornito uno spunto per la realizzazione e l’applicazione di un sistema di controllo del colore durante la conservazione del prodotto; ha anche permesso di definire le linee per un sistema di analisi colorimetrica utile alla messa a punto di un database aziendale comprensivo d’indici, stime e annotazioni. Tale database dovrà essere mirato all’ottenimento di un sempre più alto livello di qualità del prodotto, suggerendo allo stesso tempo possibili interventi correttivi (maggior standardizzazione del colore e possibile definizione di un adeguato intervallo di tolleranza), ma anche a un miglioramento nella gestione di problematiche in fase di produzione e quindi, l’incremento della capacità produttiva con conseguente riduzione dei tempi di evasione degli ordini. Tale contributo ha consentito a delineare le future prospettive di sviluppo favorendo l’implementazione (nella realtà aziendale) di un approccio strumentale e quindi oggettivo, in relazione alle più comuni problematiche di tipo colorimetrico, al fine di migliorare il valore qualitativo del prodotto.

Nanocapsules for self-healing materials

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden neue Ansätze für das Konzept der kapselbasierten Selbstheilungsmaterialien untersucht. Die Verkapselung von Selbstheilungsreagenzien in funktionellen Nanokapseln wurde dabei mittels drei verschiedener Herstellungsmethoden in Miniemulsion durchgeführt. Zunächst wurde die Synthese von Kern-Schale-Partikeln mit verkapselten Monomeren für die Ringöffnungs-Metathese-Polymerisation über freie radikalische Polymerisation in Miniemulsionstropfen beschrieben. Durch orthogonale Reaktionen wurden dabei verschiedene chemische Funktionalisierungen in die Schale eingebracht. Die Rolle des Tensides, das Verhältnis von Kernmaterial zu Monomer sowie die Variation der Lösungsmittelqualität hatte dabei einen Einfluss auf die Struktur der Kolloide. Die Heilungsreagenzien blieben auch nach der Verkapselung aktiv, was durch erfolgreich durchgeführte Selbstheilungsexperimente gezeigt werden konnte. Im zweiten Abschnitt wurde die Synthese von Silica-Nanocontainern für Selbstheilungsmaterialien über Hydrolyse und Polykondensation von Alkoxysilanen an der Grenzfläche der Miniemulsionstropfen beschrieben. Dieser Ansatz ermöglichte die effiziente Verkapselung sowohl von Monomeren als auch von Lösungen der Katalysatoren für die Metathese-Polymerisation in einem Einstufenprozess. Die Größe der Kapseln, die Dicke der Schale und der Feststoffgehalt der Dispersionen konnte dabei in einem weiten Bereich variiert werden. Anhand von erfolgreich durchgeführten Selbstheilungsreaktionen, die über Thermogravimetrie und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie verfolgt wurden, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Selbstheilungsreagenzien nach der Verkapselung aktiv blieben. Das dritte Konzept behandelte die Herstellung von polymeren Nanokapseln mittels Emulsions-Lösungsmittelverdampfungstechnik, welche eine milde Methode zur Verkapselung darstellt. Es wurde eine allgemeine und einfache Vorgehensweise beschrieben, in der Selbstheilungsreagenzien in polymeren Nanokapseln unter Verwendung von kommerziell erhältlichen Polymeren als Schalenmaterial verkapselt wurden. Zudem wurden Copolymere aus Styrol und verschiedenen hydrophilen Monomeren über freie radikalische Polymerisation sowie über polymeranaloge Reaktionen hergestellt. Diese statistischen Copolymere waren ebenso wie Blockcopolymere zur Herstellung von wohldefinierten Kern-Schale-Nanopartikeln mittels Emulsions-Lösungsmittelverdampfungsprozess geeignet. rnrnDes Weiteren wurde ein neues Konzept für die Synthese von pH-responsiven Nanokapseln aus tensidfreien Emulsionen unter Verwendung von Copolymeren aus Styrol und Trimethylsilylmethacrylat beschrieben. Der vorgeschlagene synthetische Ansatz ermöglicht dabei die erste Synthese von Nanokapseln über den Emulsions-Lösungsmittelverdampfungsprozess in Abwesenheit eines Tensides. Eine vollständig reversible Aggregation ermöglichte eine leichte Trennung der Nanokapseln von der kontinuierlichen Phase sowie eine Erhöhung der Konzentration der Nanokapseldispersionen auf das bis zu fünffache. Darüber hinaus war es möglich, Selbstheilungsreagenzien in stabilem Zustand zu verkapseln. Abschließend wurde die elektrochemische Abscheidung von mit Monomer gefüllten Nanokapseln in eine Zinkschicht zur Anwendung im Korrosionsschutz behandelt.

Modelling, simulation and optimization of maintenance considerations on condition based maintenance

Globalization has increased the pressure on organizations and companies to operate in the most efficient and economic way. This tendency promotes that companies concentrate more and more on their core businesses, outsource less profitable departments and services to reduce costs. By contrast to earlier times, companies are highly specialized and have a low real net output ratio. For being able to provide the consumers with the right products, those companies have to collaborate with other suppliers and form large supply chains. An effect of large supply chains is the deficiency of high stocks and stockholding costs. This fact has lead to the rapid spread of Just-in-Time logistic concepts aimed minimizing stock by simultaneous high availability of products. Those concurring goals, minimizing stock by simultaneous high product availability, claim for high availability of the production systems in the way that an incoming order can immediately processed. Besides of design aspects and the quality of the production system, maintenance has a strong impact on production system availability. In the last decades, there has been many attempts to create maintenance models for availability optimization. Most of them concentrated on the availability aspect only without incorporating further aspects as logistics and profitability of the overall system. However, production system operator’s main intention is to optimize the profitability of the production system and not the availability of the production system. Thus, classic models, limited to represent and optimize maintenance strategies under the light of availability, fail. A novel approach, incorporating all financial impacting processes of and around a production system, is needed. The proposed model is subdivided into three parts, maintenance module, production module and connection module. This subdivision provides easy maintainability and simple extendability. Within those modules, all aspect of production process are modeled. Main part of the work lies in the extended maintenance and failure module that offers a representation of different maintenance strategies but also incorporates the effect of over-maintaining and failed maintenance (maintenance induced failures). Order release and seizing of the production system are modeled in the production part. Due to computational power limitation, it was not possible to run the simulation and the optimization with the fully developed production model. Thus, the production model was reduced to a black-box without higher degree of details.

Ventilation-perfusion ratio in perflubron during partial liquid ventilation

BACKGROUND: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of fluorine-19 allows for the mapping of oxygen partial pressure within perfluorocarbons in the alveolar space (Pao(2)). Theoretically, fMRI-detected Pao(2) can be combined with the Fick principle approach, i.e., a mass balance of oxygen uptake by ventilation and delivery by perfusion, to quantify the ventilation-perfusion ratio (Va/Q) of a lung region: The mixed venous blood and the inspiratory oxygen fraction, which are equal for all lung regions, are measured. In addition, the local expiratory oxygen fraction and the end capillary oxygen content, both of which may differ between the lung regions, are calculated using the fMRI-detected Pao(2). We investigated this approach by numerical simulations and applied it to quantify local Va/Q in the perfluorocarbons during partial liquid ventilation. METHODS: Numerical simulations were performed to analyze the sensitivity of the Va/Q calculation and to compare this approach with another one proposed by Rizi et al. in 2004 (Magn Reson Med 2004;52:65-72). Experimentally, the method was used during partial liquid ventilation in 7 anesthetized pigs. The Pao(2) distribution in intraalveolar perflubron was measured by fluorine-19 MRI. Respiratory gas fractions together with arterial and mixed venous blood samples were taken to quantify oxygen partial pressure and content. Using the Fick principle, the local Va/Q was estimated. The impact of gravity (nondependent versus dependent) of perflubron dose (10 vs 20 mL/kg body weight) and of inspired oxygen fraction (Fio(2)) (0.4-1.0) on Va/Q was examined. RESULTS: In numerical simulations, the Fick principle proved to be appropriate over the Va/Q range from 0.02 to 2.5. Va/Q values were in acceptable agreement with the method published by Rizi et al. In the experimental setting, low mean Va/Q values were found in perflubron (confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.29 with 20 mL/kg perflubron). At this dose, Va/Q in the nondependent lung was higher (CI 0.18-0.39) than in the dependent lung regions (CI 0.06-0.16; P = 0.006; Student t test). Differences depending on Fio(2) or perflubron dose were, however, small. CONCLUSION: The results show that derivation of Va/Q from local Po(2) measurements using fMRI in perflubron is feasible. The low detected Va/Q suggests that oxygen transport into the perflubron-filled alveolar space is significantly restrained.