Thermocapillary Effect in a Thermal Rheological Jet

The process of die swell in polymer jets is an important feature within polymer processing and can be explained through a study of its rheological effects. The existence of a thermocapillary effect, driven by the gradient of its surface tension, should be considered when examining a thermal jet that has a non-uniform temperature distribution on its free surface, as in various polymer processings. Both the rheological effect and thermocapillary effect on die swell can be studied numerically through a finite element method as used on a two-dimensional and unsteady model, in which a Coleman-Noll second-order fluid model is employed. The results show that the expanding angle depends on both the rheological property of the fluid and the pressure at the vessel exit. Although both the thermocapillary and the rheological effects contribute to the cross-section expansion of the fluid jet, the latter is more important in determining the expansion.

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical behaviour in laser clad TiCp/Ni alloy coatings

Coatings of TiCp reinforced composite have been produced by laser cladding. Two kinds of coating with different TiCp origins were investigated, i.e. undissolved TiCp and in situ TiCp. For undissolved TiCp, epitaxial growth of TiC, precipitation of CrB, and a chemical reaction occur at phase interfaces, and nanoindentation loading curves show pop in marks caused by the plastic deformation associated with crack formation or debonding of TiCp from the matrix. As for in situ TiCp, no pop in mark appears. Meanwhile, in situ TiCp produces hardness and elastic modulus values that are higher than those produced by the coating that contains undissolved TiCp.

Behaviour of Gaseous Chlorine and Alkali Metals During Biomass Thermal Utilisation

The behaviour of gaseous chlorine and alkali metals of three sorts of biomass (Danish straw, Swedish wood, and sewage sludge) in combustion or gasification is investigated by the chemical equilibrium calculating tool. The ranges of temperature, air-to-fuel ratio, and pressure are varied widely in the calculations (T=400-1800 K, gimel=0-1.8, and P=0.1-2.0 MPa). Results show that the air excess coefficient only has less significant influence on the release of gaseous chlorine and potassium or sodium during combustion. However, in biomass gasification, the influence of the air excess coefficient is very significant. Increasing air excess coefficient enhances the release of HCl(g), KOH(g), or NaOH(g) as well as it reduces the formation of KCl(g), NaCl(g), K(g), or Na(g). In biomass combustion or straw and sludge gasification, increasing pressure enhances the release of HCl(g) and reduces the amount of KCI(g), NaCl(g), KCI(g), or NaOH(g) at high temperatures. However, during wood gasification, the pressure enhances the formation of KOH(g) and KCI(g) and reduces the release of K(g) and HCl(g) at high temperatures. During wood and sewage sludge pyrolysis, nitrogen addition enhances the formation of KCN(g) and NaCN(g) and reduces the release of K(g) and Na(g). Kaolin addition in straw combustion may enhance the formation of potassium aluminosilicate in ash and significantly reduces the release of KCl(g) and KOH(g) and increases the formation of HCl(g).

A New Modified Expanding Cavity Model for Characterizing the Spherical Indentation Behaviour of Bulk Metallic Glass with Pile-up

Spherical nanoindentation tests were performed on Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass and pile-ups were observed around the indenter. A new modified expanding cavity model was developed to characterize the indentation deformation behavior of strain-hardening and pressure-dependent materials. By using this model, the representative stress-strain response of this bulk metallic glass to hardness and indentation in the elastic-plastic regime were obtained taking into consideration the effect of pile-up.

Post-earthquake behaviour of footings employing densification to mitigate liquefaction

In situ densification is a popular technique to protect shallow foundations from the effects of earthquake-induced liquefaction, current design being based on semiempirical rules. Poor understanding of the mechanisms governing the performance of soil-structure systems during and after earthquakes inhibits the use of narrow densified zones, which could contribute to optimise the use of densification if the increase in post-earthquake settlement is restrained. Therefore this paper investigates the long-term behaviour of a footing built on densified ground and surrounded by liquefiable ground, centrifuge experiments being used to identify the mechanisms occurring in the ground during and after a seismic simulation. The differential excess pore pressure generated in the ground during the shaking and the processes of vertical stress concentration and subsequent redistribution observed under the footing dominate the system behaviour. The results enlighten the complex mechanisms determining the post-earthquake settlement when densification is carried out to mitigate liquefaction effects. The improvement in performance resulting from widening the zone of densification is rationally explained which encourages the development of new design concepts that may enhance the future use of densification as a liquefaction resistance measure. © 2007 Thomas Telford Ltd.

Behaviour analysis of numerical solutions and simulation of coherent structures in compressible mixing layers

For understanding the correctness of simulations the behaviour of numerical solutions is analysed, Tn order to improve the accuracy of solutions three methods are presented. The method with GVC (group velocity control) is used to simulate coherent structures in compressible mixing layers. The effect of initial conditions for the mixing layer with convective Mach number 0.8 on coherent structures is discussed. For the given initial conditions two types of coherent structures in the mixing layer are obtained.

Dynamic Behaviour of Nanoscale Electrostatic Actuators

The dynamic behaviour for nanoscale electrostatic actuators is studied. A two Parameter mass-spring model is shown to exhibit a bifurcation from the case excluding an equilibrium point to the case including two equilibrium points as the geometrical dimensions of the device are altered. Stability analysis shows that one is a stable Hopf bifurcation point and the other is an unstable saddle point. In addition, we plot the diagram phases, which have periodic orbits around the Hopf point and a homoclinic orbit passing though the unstable saddle point.

Elastic Behaviour and Microstructural Characteristics of Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 Bulk Metallic Glass Investigated by Ultrasonic Measurement under Pressure

An ultrasonic pulse-echo method was used to measure the transit time of longitudinal and transverse (10 MHz) elastic waves in a Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 bulk metallic glass (BMG). The measurements were carried out under hydrostatic pressure up to 0.5 GPa at room temperature. On the basis of experimental data for the sound velocities and density, the elastic moduli and Debye temperature of the BMG were derived as a function of pressure. Murnaghan's equation of state is obtained. The normal behaviour of the positive pressure dependence of the ultrasonic velocities was observed for this glass. Moreover, the compression curve, the elastic constants, and the Debye temperature of the BMG are calculated on the basis of the similarity between their physical properties in the glassy state and those in corresponding crystalline state. These results confirm qualitatively the theoretical predictions concerning the features of the microstructure and interatomic bonding in the Nd60Al10Fe20Co10 BMG.

Asymptotic behaviour of approximate Bayesian estimators

Although approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) has become a popular technique for performing parameter estimation when the likelihood functions are analytically intractable there has not as yet been a complete investigation of the theoretical properties of the resulting estimators. In this paper we give a theoretical analysis of the asymptotic properties of ABC based parameter estimators for hidden Markov models and show that ABC based estimators satisfy asymptotically biased versions of the standard results in the statistical literature.

On The Cyclic Bending Behaviour Of A Hard Coating On A Ductile Substrate With Periodic Surface Hardened Regions

A cyclic bending experiment is designed to investigate the interface fracture behaviour of a hard chromium coating on a ductile substrate with periodic surface hardened regions. The unique deflection pattern of the vertical cracks after they run through the coating and impinge at the interface is revealed experimentally. A simple double-layer elastic beam model is adopted to investigate the interfacial shear stresses analytically. A FE model is employed to compute the stresses of the tri-phase structure under a single round of bending, and to investigate the effect of the loading conditions on the deflection pattern of the vertical cracks at the interface. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular Dynamics Study Of Mechanical Behaviour Of Screw Dislocation During Cutting With Diamond Tip On Silicon

By means of Tersoff and Morse potentials, a three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation is performed to study atomic force microscopy cutting on silicon monocrystal surface. The interatomic forces between the workpiece and the pin tool and the atoms of workpiece themselves are calculated. A screw dislocation is introduced into workpiece Si. It is found that motion of dislocations does not occur during the atomic force microscopy cutting processing. Simulation results show that the shear stress acting on dislocation is far below the yield strength of Si.