Desenvolvimento de um quadro situacional para a cibersegurança em Portugal

Hoje em dia, as ameaças são cada vez mais frequentes e sofisticadas, do que alguma vez registado. Todo o tipo de empresas/organizações e informação estão sujeitas a estas ameaças. Estes ataques são cada vez mais recorrentes, deixando para trás um rasto de várias quebras de segurança. Existem uma serie de ciberataques que já deixaram a sua marca na historia. Uma das mais notórias, foi o caso da Estónia em 2007, por um grupo pro-kremlin de Transnístria em que vários servidores governamentais, fornecedores de serviço, servidores da banca, entre outros foram alvo de uma serie de ataques, na sua maioria de DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service1),e botnets2. O seu método era tao complicado que o governo da Estónia achava que estavam a ser apoiados pelo governo russo. Isto resultou na paragem de um país ate que o problema fosse normalizado. Considerado um ato de hacktivismo3 pelo que representava algo muito importante para a população russa, um ícone, “the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn”, um elaborado cemitério da altura soviética que o governo da Estónia queria recolocar. Hoje em dia, não só enfrentamos adversários mais sofisticados, como a informação que valorizam é cada vez mais alargada. Estes grupos conseguem fazer coisas inimagináveis com os bits4 mais aparentemente inócuos de informações recolhidas. Como tal, é preciso tomar medidas para garantir a segurança dos cidadãos quando navegam no ciberespaço, no qual as fronteiras são desconhecidas, onde a regulação é insuficiente e a segurança é ainda muito precoce. No plano nacional pode-se afirmar que Portugal possui as capacidades necessárias à proteção do seu ciberespaço. Com a criação do Centro Nacional de Cibersegurança (CNCS), Portugal atingiu um dos objetivos principais da sua estratégia nacional de cibersegurança, em assegurar um ciberespaço livre e seguro e em implementar as medidas e instrumentos necessários à antecipação, deteção, reação e recuperação de situações que, face à iminência ou ocorrência de incidentes ou ciberataques, ponham em causa o funcionamento dos organismos do estado, das infraestruturas críticas e dos interesses nacionais. Partindo de uma analise à estrutura organizacional da cibersegurança em Portugal este trabalho pretende dar um contributo para o que se considera ser uma necessidade, o desenvolvimento de um quadro situacional para a cibersegurança com o objetivo de melhorar o nível de awareness nacional contribuindo assim para o desenvolvimento do modelo de maturidade do CNCS relativamente á prevenção e deteção de incidentes no ciberespaço nacional. Neste sentido foram formulados um conjunto de estudos com o objetivo de dar a entender ao leitor toda a estrutura de um centro de cibersegurança na qual se destaca a proposta de desenvolvimento de um quadro situacional para a cibersegurança em Portugal.

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica e o exercício: impacto da doença no declínio funcional e importância do treino de exercício nos benefícios para a saúde

RESUMO: A reabilitação respiratória (RR) é uma intervenção abrangente e interdisciplinar dirigida aos doentes respiratórios crónicos e inclui o treino de exercício, programas de educação e de modificação comportamental, entre outros, desenhados individualmente para melhorar o desempenho físico e psicossocial e promover a adesão a longo prazo a comportamentos promotores de saúde. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC) é uma doença comum, afetando cerca de 210 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, com elevada mortalidade e com custos económicos significativos decorrentes do agravamento progressivo da doença, das hospitalizações e de reinternamentos frequentes. Apesar do crescente conhecimento da DPOC e do papel da RR nos benefícios para a saúde, existem aspetos ainda não esclarecidos que têm impacto na prática clínica e de investigação e nas decisões das autoridades de saúde. A primeira parte desta tese focou a DPOC e o seu impacto negativo e incluiu: o estudo da prevalência da DPOC em Portugal; os fatores clínicos e funcionais que se associam à mortalidade em doentes com DPOC avançada; a morbilidade, impacto funcional e risco dos doentes se tornarem dependentes para as atividades diárias e a influência da inflamação sistémica. A prevalência estimada da DPOC de 14,2% indica que esta é uma doença comum em Portugal e alerta para a necessidade de uma maior sensibilização da população, dos profissionais de saúde e autoridades de saúde com vista a um diagnóstico precoce e à alocação dos recursos terapêuticos adequados. A elevada taxa de mortalidade em doentes com DPOC avançada - 36,6% em 3 anos - associou-se a insuficiência respiratória, a elevado número de exacerbações, ao cancro do pulmão e a reduzida capacidade funcional para a marcha, salientando a importância da referenciação precoce para RR, a identificação e o tratamento das comorbilidades e a prevenção das exacerbações. A aplicação de um questionário que avaliou as atividades da vida diária básicas e instrumentais, permitiu identificar um marcador clínico do risco de dependência, complementando as avaliações funcionais e associando-se a outros marcadores de mau prognóstico, como as exacerbações. Em doentes com DPOC, com FEV1 médio de 46,76% (desvio padrão: 20,90%), 67% da categoria D do GOLD, verificou-se uma associação positiva entre a expressão de genes inflamatórios avaliada pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (ARN mensageiro de IFNg, IL1b, IL6, IL8, TNFa, TGFb1, iNOS) e o índice de massa corporal em repouso, acentuando-se após o exercício. Este estudo aponta a inflamação como o potencial elo de ligação entre a obesidade e a inflamação sistémica em doentes com DPOC. A segunda parte da tese focou a RR, nomeadamente os seus efeitos em doentes das categorias GOLD A, B, C e D; o impacto das comorbilidades nos resultados da RR e os resultados de diferentes intensidades de treino aeróbio. Após o programa de RR, verificaram-se melhorias significativas na capacidade de exercício funcional e de endurance e no estado geral de saúde dos doentes de todas as categorias GOLD. Esta classificação não distingue os doentes que melhor poderão beneficiar desta intervenção, indicando que devem ser referenciados para RR, os doentes sintomáticos ou com repercussão na qualidade de vida, independentemente da categoria da DPOC a que pertençam. A prevalência das comorbilidades no grupo de doentes com DPOC que é referenciado para RR, é elevada, sendo as mais frequentes, as cardiovasculares, as respiratórias e as psicológicas. Apesar de poderem diminuir o impacto da RR, os resultados desta foram semelhantes independentemente do número de comorbilidades. A identificação e o tratamento sistemáticos das comorbilidades conferem maior segurança clínica a esta intervenção terapêutica a qual, por apresentar bons resultados, não deve limitar a referenciação dos doentes. Com o programa de RR, verificou-se melhoria significativa em todos os resultados centrados no doente para ambas as intensidades de treino aeróbio, a 60% e a 80% da potência aeróbica máxima (Wmax), com melhoria do estado geral de saúde, nos sintomas e na capacidade para o exercício, o que questiona a indicação sistemática de elevadas intensidades de treino em doentes com DPOC para a obtenção de benefícios a curto prazo. Na terceira e última parte da tese foi estudado o papel da atividade física na DPOC, focando os fatores que influenciam a atividade física diária; a evolução da capacidade funcional e o estado de saúde 2 anos após um programa de RR e o papel da telemonitorização na quantificação e monitorização da atividade física. Confirmámos que os doentes com DPOC são marcadamente sedentários e os fatores que se associaram ao sedentarismo nestes doentes foram a dispneia e a distância percorrida na prova de marcha de seis minutos. Este estudo sublinha a importância do controlo sintomático, nomeadamente da dispneia, bem como, mais uma vez, o potencial papel da reabilitação respiratória no aumento da capacidade funcional para o exercício e na aquisição de hábitos de vida fisicamente ativa. Verificámos que, apesar de os doentes com DPOC apresentarem benefícios clinicamente significativos na capacidade funcional para o exercício e no estado geral de saúde com o programa de RR, apenas os que se mantêm ativos, podem, no final dos dois anos de seguimento, manter os efeitos benéficos desse programa. O sistema de telemonitorização que combina a oximetria e a quantificação da atividade física provou ser clinicamente útil na avaliação da necessidade de oxigenoterapia de longa duração (OLD) e na aferição do débito de oxigénio em repouso, no esforço e no sono, podendo contribuir para uma melhor adequação da prescrição da OLD. A monitorização dos níveis de atividade física regular é um importante instrumento de avaliação dos programas de RR e o seu uso potencial na telereabilitação permitirá prolongar a eficácia dos programas e reduzir os custos associados aos cuidados de saúde.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a comprehensive interdisciplinary intervention that includes, but is not limited to, exercise training, education, and behavior change, individually designed to improve physical and psychological conditions of people with chronic respiratory disease and to promote long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviors. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease, affecting about 210 million people worldwide, with high mortality and significant health-related costs due to disease progression, hospitalizations and frequent hospital readmissions. Although the increasing knowledge about COPD and benefitial outcomes of PR, some aspects with impact in clinical practice, research and health authorities’ decisions, remain to be clarified. The first part of this thesis focused on COPD and its negative impact, including the study of COPD prevalence in Portugal; clinical and functional factors associated with mortality in advanced COPD patients; morbidity, functional impact and risk of others’ dependance to perform activities of daily living; and the role of systemic inflammation. The evidence of 14.2% estimated COPD prevalence as a common disease in Portugal raises the need of an increasing awareness of population, health care professionals and health authorities towards an earlier diagnosis and apropriate treatment resources allocation. High mortality in patients with advanced COPD – 36.6% in 3 years - was associated with respiratory failure, high frequency of exacerbations, lung cancer and a low functional capacity in walking. This highlightens the importance of an earlier referral to PR, comorbidity identification and treatment, and prevention of exacerbations. A questionnaire evaluated basic and instrumental activities of daily living, and identified a clinical marker of the risk of becoming dependent. This clinical marker complemented other functional evaluations and was associated with prognosis markers such as the number of exacerbations. In COPD patients with a mean FEV1 46.76% (SD 20.90%), 67% belonging to GOLD grade D, we found a positive association between inflammatory gene expression evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (IFNg, IL1b, IL6, IL8, TNFa, TGFb1, iNOS RNA messenger) and body mass index at rest, and a further increase with exercise. This study evidenced obesity as one potential link between COPD and systemic inflammation. The second part of this thesis focused PR, namely its outcomes in patients of GOLD categories A, B, C and D; comorbidities impact in PR outcomes, and the impact of different exercise training intensities in patient related outcomes. xviii With PR intervention, we found significant improvement in functional exercise capacity, endurance exercise capacity and health status in patients of all GOLD categories. This classification did not differentiate which patients would benefit more from PR, hence all symptomatic patients with a negative impact in health status should be referred to PR, regardless of the GOLD category they belong to. There is a high prevalence of comorbidities in COPD patients referred to PR, being cardiovascular, respiratory and psychological, the most prevalent. Although some comorbidities might reduce PR impact, the results were similar regardless of the number of comorbidities. Systematic comorbidities identification and treatment provides safety to PR intervention, and its good results should not preclude patients referral. With PR intervention we found a significant improvement in all patient reported outcomes for exercise training intensities at 60% and 80% maximum work rate (Wmax), namely in health status, symptoms and exercise capacity. These findings challenge the current systematic indication of high exercise training intensities to achieve PR short-term benefits. In the third and last part of the thesis, the role of physical activity in COPD was studied, focusing factors that may influence daily physical activity; the evolution of functional capacity and health status two years after a PR program, and the role of a telemonitoring system in physical activity quantification and monitoring. We confirmed that COPD patients are markedly inactive and factors associated with a sedentary lifestyle are dyspnea and 6 minute walking distance. This study emphasized the importance of symptom control, namely of dyspnea, as well as, once again, the potential role of PR in functional exercise improvement and in integrating physically active habits in daily life. We verified that, although COPD patients improve functional exercise capacity and health status after a PR program, only those who kept physical activity habits were able to maintain those effects after 2 years of follow-up. A telemonitoring system that combines oximetry and physical activity quantification proved to be clinically useful in the evaluation of long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) indication, as well as in the titration of oxygen levels at rest, exertion, and sleeping, which might contribute to a more adequate LTOT prescription. Monitoring of daily physical activity levels is an important PR evaluation instrument and its potential use in telerehabilitation might allow lengthening programs efficacy, while reducing health-care costs.

Enantiodivergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of codeine

The present thesis describes our latest results in the chemistry of morphine alkaloids. An enantiodivergent synthesis of codeine utilizing a cis-cyclohexadiene diol derived from microbial whole cell oxidation of ~-bromoethylbenzene,as starting material is discussed. The total synthesis of (+)-codeine in 14 steps featuring a Mitsunobu inversion and two intramolecular Heck cyclizations is presented. Investigation of a regioselective nucleophilic opening of a homochiral vinyl oxirane, which led to a total synthesis of the natural isomer of codeine, is detailed. Furthermore, described herein are novel methodologies designed for the transformation of naturally occurring opiates into medicinally relevant derivatives. Two studies on the conversion of thebaine into the commercially available analgesic hydrocodone, two novel ·transition metal catalyzed N-demethylation procedures for opioids, and the development of a catalytic protocol for N-demethylation and Nacylation of morphine and tropane alkaloids are presented. In addition, reactions of a menthol-based version of the Burgess reagent with epoxides are discussed. The synthetic utility of this novel chiral derivative of the Burgess reagent was demonstrated by an enantiodivergent formal total synthesis of balanol. ii

Phospha-adamantane ligands and phosphorous ionic liquids for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions /

New and robust methodologies have been designed for palladiumcatalyzed cross-coupling reactions involving a library of novel tertiary phosphine ligands incorporating a phospha-adamantane framework. The secondary phosphine, l,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,4,8-trioxa-6-phospha-adamantane was converted into a small library of tertiary phosphine derivatives and the ability of these tertiary phosphaadamantanes to act as effective ligands in the palladium-catalyzed amination reaction and p-alkyl-Suzuki cross-coupling was examined. l,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-6- phenyl-2,4,8-trioxa-6-phosphaadamantane (PA-Ph) used in combination with Pd2(dba)3 CHCI3 facilitated the reaction of an array of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides with a variety secondary and primary amines to give tertiary and secondary amines respectively in good to excellent yields. 8-(2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)- l,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,4,6-trioxa-8-phospha-tricyclo[3.3.1.1*3,7*]decane used in combination with Pd(0Ac)2 permitted the reaction of an array of alkyl iodides, and bromides with a variety aryl boronic acids and alkyl 9-BBN compounds in good to excellent yields. Subsequent to this work, the use of phosphorous based ionic liquids, specifically tetradecyltrihexylphosphonium chloride (THPC), in the Heck reaction provided good to excellent yields in the coupling of aryl iodides and bromides with a variety of olefins.

Enantiodivergent chemoenzymatic synthesis of Balanol and approaches to the synthesis of (+)-Codine

The present thesis reviews the development of a formal enantiodivergent synthesis of the (+)- and (-)-isomers of balanol. This approach commences from a cis-dihydrodiol derived from the enzymatic dihydroxylation of bromobenzene. The stereochemistry of the diol is used to direct the synthesis of two different aziridines, each used in the formal synthesis of one enantiomer of balanol. Also described are several enantioselective approaches to (+ )-codeine. Each strategy begins with the enzymatic dihydroxylation of p-bromoethylbenzene and involves a Mitsunobu inversion and intramolecular Heck reaction as key steps.

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of ent-Neopinone

The present thesis describes the chemoenzymatic synthesis of ent-neopinone. The total synthesis of neopinone was accomplished in 14 steps from B-bromoethylbenzene. The synthesis began with a microbial oxidation of bromobenzene by Escherichia coli JM109(pDTG601) and features a Heck reaction, aldol condensation and a 1,6-conjugate addition.

A DFT Guided/Experimental Approach to Asymmetric Allylation and Phase-Transfer Catalysis

The Dudding group is interested in the application of Density Functional Theory (DFT) in developing asymmetric methodologies, and thus the focus of this dissertation will be on the integration of these approaches. Several interrelated subsets of computer aided design and implementation in catalysis have been addressed during the course of these studies. The first of the aims rested upon the advancement of methodologies for the synthesis of biological active C(1)-chiral 3-methylene-indan-1-ols, which in practice lead to the use of a sequential asymmetric Yamamoto-Sakurai-Hosomi allylation/Mizoroki Heck reaction sequence. An important aspect of this work was the utilization of ortho-substituted arylaldehyde reagents which are known to be a problematic class of substrates for existing asymmetric allylation approaches. The second phase of my research program lead to the further development of asymmetric allylation methods using o-arylaldehyde substrates for synthesis of chiral C(3)-substituted phthalides. Apart from the de novo design of these chemistries in silico, which notably utilized water-tolerant, inexpensive, and relatively environmental benign indium metal, this work represented the first computational study of a stereoselective indium-mediated process. Following from these discoveries was the advent of a related, yet catalytic, Ag(I)-catalyzed approach for preparing C(3)-substituted phthalides that from a practical standpoint was complementary in many ways. Not only did this new methodology build upon my earlier work with the integrated (experimental/computational) use of the Ag(I)-catalyzed asymmetric methods in synthesis, it provided fundamental insight arrived at through DFT calculations, regarding the Yamamoto-Sakurai-Hosomi allylation. The development of ligands for unprecedented asymmetric Lewis base catalysis, especially asymmetric allylations using silver and indium metals, followed as a natural extension from these earlier discoveries. To this end, forthcoming as well was the advancement of a family of disubstituted (N-cyclopropenium guanidine/N-imidazoliumyl substituted cyclopropenylimine) nitrogen adducts that has provided fundamental insight into chemical bonding and offered an unprecedented class of phase transfer catalysts (PTC) having far-reaching potential. Salient features of these disubstituted nitrogen species is unprecedented finding of a cyclopropenium based C-H•••πaryl interaction, as well, the presence of a highly dissociated anion projected them to serve as a catalyst promoting fluorination reactions. Attracted by the timely development of these disubstituted nitrogen adducts my last studies as a PhD scholar has addressed the utility of one of the synthesized disubstituted nitrogen adducts as a valuable catalyst for benzylation of the Schiff base N-diphenyl methylene glycine ethyl ester. Additionally, the catalyst was applied for benzylic fluorination, emerging from this exploration was successful fluorination of benzyl bromide and its derivatives in high yields. A notable feature of this protocol is column-free purification of the product and recovery of the catalyst to use in a further reaction sequence.

Synthèse de 4-désoxy hexopyrannoses, C-disaccharides et C-glycosides biologiquement actifs

Les glucides constituent la classe de molécules organiques la plus abondante et ceux-ci jouent des rôles cruciaux dans divers processus biologiques. De part leur importance médicinale, la préparation des désoxy-sucres, des C-glycosides et des C-disaccharides est devenue un sujet de pointe en synthèse organique. De façon générale, cette thèse décrit une nouvelle synthèse de novo des 4-désoxy hexopyrannoses en plus de la préparation de C-glycosides biologiquement actifs. De plus, une attention particulière a été portée à la préparation de novo de 4-désoxy-C-disaccharides. Dans un premier temps, le catalyseur de Cr(III) de Jacobsen et un complexe binaphtol/titane ont été utilisés pour réaliser des hétéro-Diels-Alder énantiosélectives. Les dihydropyrannes ainsi générés ont été transformés en 4-désoxy hexopyrannoses présents dans la nature. De cette façon, un dérivé de l’acide ézoaminuroïque, un précurseur de la désosamine et de la néosidomycine, a été préparé suivant cette approche de novo. De plus, à titre comparatif, la néosidomycine a également été fabriquée selon une approche chiron, à partir du méthyl alpha-D-mannopyrannoside. Finalement, une évaluation biologique préliminaire de la néosidomycine a été effectuée sur une la concanavaline-A (Chapitre 2). Dans un deuxième temps, une allylation stéréosélective sur un aldéhyde lié via des liens C-C à une unité mannoside a permis de générer un alcool homoallylique. Cette dernière fonctionnalité a été transformée en 4-désoxy hexopyrannose de configuration D ou L. De cette façon, la préparation de pseudo 4-désoxy-C-disaccharides, de 4-désoxy-C-disaccharides et de pseudo 4-désoxy aza-C-disaccharides a facilement été réalisée. Les rapports diastéréoisomériques de la réaction d’allylation ont été déterminés en plus de la configuration absolue des nouveaux centres stéréogéniques formés. La transformation des alcools homoallyliques en pyrannes poly hydroxylés ou en lactames poly hydroxylés a été réalisée, en plus de la déprotection de certains membres de cette famille pour une évaluation biologique préliminaire sur la concanavaline-A (Chapitre 3). Finalement, la synthèse de C-glycosides biologiquement actifs a été réalisée selon deux volets: i) préparation de 3-C-mannopyrannosyl coumarines et ii) synthèse de C-galactosides, inhibiteurs de la lectine PA-IL. Pour ce faire, le couplage de Heck a été utilisé à partir d’un ester alpha,bêta-insaturé, attaché à une unité glycosidique via des liens C-C, pour générer un dérivé glycosyl cinnamate de méthyle. Cependant, lorsque le 2-iodophénol est utilisé comme partenaire de Heck, la coumarine correspondante a été isolée. Les dérivés C-galactopyrannosyl cinnamates de méthyle représentent de bons inhibiteurs monovalents de la PA-IL avec un Kd aussi bas que 37 micro M (Chapitre 4).

Design, synthèse et application en catalyse verte d’un ligand alkyl imidazolium β-cyclodextrine

Le 21e siècle est le berceau d’une conscientisation grandissante sur les impacts environnementaux des processus utilisés pour synthétiser des molécules cibles. Parmi les avancées qui ont marqué ces dernières décennies, il est également question de réduction de déchets, de conservation de l’énergie et de durabilité des innovations. Ces aspects constituent les lignes directrices de la chimie verte. De ce fait, il est impératif de développer des stratégies de synthèse dont les impacts environnementaux sont bénins. Dans ce mémoire nous présentons la synthèse, la caractérisation et l’étude des propriétés catalytiques en milieu aqueux d’un ligand composé d’une unité -cyclodextrine native, d’une unité imidazolium et d’une chaine alkyle à 12 carbones. Ce ligand hybride s’auto-assemble dans l’eau sous forme de micelles, permettant ainsi d’effectuer en sa présence des couplages de Suzuki-Miyaura dans l’eau, avec de bons rendements. La fonctionnalisation de la face primaire de la -cyclodextrine par un noyau alkyl-imidazolium, précurseur de ligand de type carbène N-hétérocyclique, a permis le développement d’un système catalytique vert et hautement recyclable. Dans un deuxième temps, nous présentons l’utilisation du même ligand hybride dans des couplages de Heck dans l’eau, démontrant ainsi la versatilité du ligand.

Photoacoustic investigation of doped InP using open cell configuration

An open cell photoacoustic (PA) configuration has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity of intrinsic InP as well as InP doped with tin and iron. Thermal diffusivity data have been evaluated from variation of phase of PA signal as a function of modulation frequency. In doped samples, we observe a reduced value for thermal diffusivity in comparison with intrinsic InP. We also observed that, while the phase of the PA signal varies linearly with the square root of chopping frequency for doped samples, the intrinsic material does not exhibit such behaviour in the experimental frequency range. These results have been interpreted in terms of the heat generation and phonon assisted heat diffusion mechanisms in semiconductors.

Gärten als Alltagskultur

Der Wunsch nach einem eigenen Garten scheint ungebrochen. Aktuelle Tendenzen in der Stadtentwicklung verlangen auch in diesem Bereich nach zeitgemäßen Ansätzen. Die Ausweisung von innerstädtischen Reihenhausgebieten ist nur eine Antwort darauf. Anhand unterschiedlicher Beispiele erstellt die vorliegende Tagungsdokumentation neu aufkommende Gartenformen abseits klassischer Konzepte vor. Drei Beiträge gehen außerdem der Frage nach, wie sich innovative Projekte aus dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert heute darstellen. Den unterschiedlichen Ansätzen ist eines gemeinsam, sie zeichnen sich durch ihre Alltagsbedeutung aus. Mit Blick auf aktuelle und sich abzeichnende Lebensbedingungen wird die Notwendigkeit gesehen, solchen Qualitäten in der Stadtentwicklungspolitik vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken.

Efecto de la frecuencia léxica y silábica en afasia anómica

Objetivo: este estudio compara el desempeño de dos grupos de participantes con y sin afasia anómica en tareas de decisión léxica (TDL) y de deletreo en relación con el efecto de las variables de frecuencia léxica y silábica. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo con un diseño 2x2x2, donde se administraron la TDL, en la cual cada participante debía decidir si el estímulo presentado correspondía a palabra o pseudopalabra y la tarea de deletreo, donde los participantesdebían deletrear de forma oral cada una de las palabras presentadas auditivamente. Resultados: para la TDL, el grupo experimental presentó mayor porcentaje de error en los estímulos de alta frecuencia silábica, mientras que el control tuvo más errores en aquellos de baja frecuencia silábica. En cuanto a los tiempos de reacción, el grupo experimental tardó más que los controles en resolver la tarea. La tarea de deletreo no mostró diferencia de ejecución por grupos ni condiciones(frecuencia léxica y silábica). Conclusiones: los resultados del presente estudio demuestran el efecto de facilitación de la frecuencia léxica y la inhibición que genera la frecuencia silábica alta, ampliamente soportada por la investigación en población normatizada mediante diferentes lenguajes.

Actions of resiliencia opposite to the housing policies in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina: the social organizations, the institutions, and the massive evictions

The current housing problems in the city of Buenos Aires revolves around two phenomena, the precariousness and the evictions, in a context that is conceived like housing emergency. In response to this situation, some institutional organisms and certain social organizations with territorial roots in the south of the city, began to take forward actions of resilience opposing to the massive evictions, which take place as consequence of the real-estate pressure, and were concerning to the hotels, pensions, tenancies, and usurped houses of this zone of the city. It will be analyzed the actions of resilience displayed by them in their individual and collective dimensions and their relation to housing policies.