Une approche causale des comportements d'achat et post-achat de produits écolabellisés

RESUMÉ Objectifs de la recherche: Depuis quelques années, l'utilisation de l'écologie dans le marketing a connu un essor considérable, aussi bien dans le monde académique que dans la pratique. De nos jours, la notion de label suscite un vif intérêt auprès des entreprises désireuses de promouvoir des produits "verts". Le principe de l'écolabellisation consiste à fournir aux consommateurs, en plus du prix, un nouvel élément de comparaison des produits. Les écolabels sont considérés comme l'un des meilleurs outils pour informer le consommateur, d'une manière claire et compréhensible, de l'impact du produit sur l'environnement. Nous nous intéressons, dans le cadre de notre travail, à l'étude du comportement d'achat des produits écolabellisés. En dépit de leur popularité croissante, les études académiques portant sur les labels écologiques sont relativement rares et de nombreuses problématiques demeurent en suspens. L'étude du comportement d'achat - au sens large - mérite notamment d'être approfondie. Notre recherche a plusieurs volets. Premièrement, nous étudions l'impact des valeurs, de l'implication vis-à-vis de l'écologie, du scepticisme, de la compréhension du label et de la connaissance de l'écologie sur le comportement d'achat de produits écolabellisés. Ensuite, nous testons la cohérence entre comportements écologiques en introduisant un comportement post- achat (le triage des déchets ménagers). Théories sous-jacentes: Notre étude repose sur différents apports académiques relatifs au comportement du consommateur "vert" mais également sur des concepts issus de la psychologie et de la sociologie. Nous présentons d'abord la littérature portant sur la caractérisation du consommateur "vert" (Webster, 1975; Arbuthnot, 1977; Van Liere et Dunlap, 1981; Balderjahn, 1988; Antil, 1984; Grunert et Juhl, 1995; Roberts, 1996). Nous abordons ensuite les études portant sur les valeurs (Schwartz, 1992; 1994), l'implication (Zaichkowsy, 1994), le scepticisme (Gray-Lee, Scammon et Mayer, 1994; Mohr et al., 1998), la compréhension des écolabels (van Dam et Reuvekamp, 1995; Thogersen, 2000) et la connaissance de l'écologie (Maloney et al., 1973, 1975; Arbuthnot, 1977; Pickett et al., 1993). Ces variables nous semblent être les plus à même d'influencer le comportement d'achat de produits écolabellisés. Enfin, sur la base des travaux de Valette-Florence et Roehrich (1993), nous développons un modèle de causalité, centré sur la relation entre les valeurs, l'implication et le comportement. Hypothèses de recherche et opérationnalisation des variables: Nous développons 16 hypothèses de recherche dont 12 portent sur les rapports de causalité entre construits. Par ailleurs, pour mieux comprendre la personnalité du consommateur de produits écolabellisés, nous distinguons les variables reflétant un intérêt collectif (altruisme) de celles reflétant un intérêt individuel (égocentrisme). La mesure des différents construits reposent sur la liste de Schwartz (1992, 1994) pour les valeurs, l'échelle d'implication de Zaichkowsy (1994) pour la publicité, l'échelle développée par Mohs et al. (1998) pour mesurer le scepticisme et une liste de questions portant sur l'écologie (Diekmann, 1996) pour tester le niveau de connaissance. Les comportements d'achat et post-achat sont mesurés respectivement à l'aide de questions relatives à la fréquence d'achat de produits écolabellisés et du triage des déchets ménagers. Collecte des données: Le recueil des données s'effectue par sondage, en ayant recours à des questionnaires auto-administrés. L'échantillon comprend de 368 étudiants provenant de diverses facultés de sciences humaines de Suisse Romande. Analyse des données et interprétation des résultats: Notre étude porte sur le comportement d'achat de trois labels écologiques et sur le triage de 7 déchets ménagers. Les différentes analyses montrent que certaines valeurs ont un impact sur l'implication et que l'implication a une influence positive sur le comportement d'achat et post-achat. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que l'implication sert de variable médiatrice entre les valeurs et le comportement. De plus, la compréhension de l'écolabel influence de manière positive l'achat de produits écolabellisés, la connaissance de l'écologie a une influence positive sur le comportement post-achat et le scepticisme vis-à-vis de l'utilité du triage des déchets ménagers influence négativement le comportement de triage. Implications managériales: Les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu'outre la valeur "protection de l'environnement", d'autres valeurs comme "la stimulation" ou encore "l'accomplissement" influencent de manière significative l'implication vis-à-vis de l'écologie qui à son tour influence l'achat de produits écolabellisés. Le manager doit donc tenir compte du fait que le consommateur est impliqué dans l'écologie. Ensuite, la compréhension du label joue un rôle prépondérant dans l'achat. De plus, le consommateur ne semble pas être sceptique par rapport aux informations fournies par les écolabels et le niveau de connaissance de l'écologie n'affecte pas son comportement. Enfin, le consommateur semble agir de manière cohérente en achetant différents produits écolabellisés. Apports, limites et voies de recherche: Notre étude contribue à l'enrichissement de la recherche sur le comportement du consommateur dans un contexte écologique à plusieurs égards, notamment par l'étude de la relation entre les valeurs, l'implication et le comportement. Néanmoins, la portée de notre recherche est naturellement restreinte en raison du nombre limité de cas étudiés, soit 3 labels écologiques relativement peu connus de notre échantillon. Il serait utile de répéter l'étude en utilisant des labels plus populaires. Par ailleurs, nous avons eu recours à des échelles développées dans des contextes quelque peu différents. En particulier, une échelle d'implication devrait être développée spécifiquement pour le contexte écologique.

Implementation and evaluation of an internet health site for adolescents in Switzerland.

Ciao is a website specifically designed for young people and focuses mainly on health issues. This report presents the process of setting up the site and a first evaluation undertaken by using two self-administered questionnaires administered via the website itself. It suggests that it is possible to provide young people with authoritative health information and to facilitate their access to counseling and health care facilities by having young people use such a website.

HIV and STI behavioural surveillance among men who have sex with men in Europe.

This paper describes behavioural surveillance for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe, focusing on the methods and indicators used. In August 2008, questionnaires were sent to European Union Member States and European Free Trade Association countries seeking information on behavioural surveillance activities among eight population groups including MSM. Thirty-one countries were invited to take part in the survey and 27 returned a questionnaire on MSM. Of these 27 countries, 14 reported that there was a system of behavioural surveillance among MSM in their country while another four countries had conducted behavioural surveys of some kind in this subpopulation. In the absence of a sampling frame, all European countries used convenience samples for behavioural surveillance among MSM. Most European countries used the Internet for recruiting and surveying MSM for behavioural surveillance reflecting increasing use of the Internet by MSM for meeting sexual partners. While there was a general consensus about the main behavioural indicators (unprotected anal intercourse, condom use, number of partners, HIV testing), there was considerable diversity between countries in the specific indicators used. We suggest that European countries reach an agreement on a core set of indicators. In addition we recommend that the process of harmonising HIV and STI behavioural surveillance among MSM in Europe continues.

Santé et styles de vie des adolescents âgés de 16 à 20 ans en Suisse (2002). SMASH 2002 : Swiss multicenter adolescent survey on health 2002

Le présent rapport décrit les grandes tendances qui se dégagent des résultats de l'Enquête SMASH 2002 et propose quelques hypothèses pour éclairer la compréhension et les enjeux de la situation actuelle ainsi que des pistes de réflexion pour l'avenir. Cette étude repose sur deux approches complémentaires de la santé: l'une donne la primauté aux aspects sociologiques des conduites de santé ("lifestyle"); l'autre, de nature épidémiologique, met l'accent sur la prévalence des comportements et procède à des analyses dans divers sous-groupes ou dans le temps. L'étude SMASH 2002 fournit une photographie de la situation des adolescents et de leur état de santé : besoins et comportements de santé, facteurs associés et évaluation des grands changements intervenus depuis une dizaine d'années. Ces données doivent permettre de réfléchir à une planification optimale des services de soins et des programmes de prévention et de promotion de la santé en faveur des adolescents. [extraits du résumé des auteurs]

Aspects professionnels associés à des symptômes de détresse psychique chez des spécialistes des urgences pré-hospitalières

Il y a relativement peu d'études portant sur la santé au travail des professionnels des urgences préhospitalières. Toutefois, quelques études suggèrent que les problèmes de santé mentale sont particulièrement fréquents et graves pour cette population de travailleurs et travailleuses. Notre étude visait d'une part à identifier certains facteurs professionnels associés à différents symptômes chez des professionnels des urgences pré-hospitalières. D'autre part, cette étude visait à identifier et à documenter diverses stratégies de préservation de la santé utiliséespar ces professionnels dans le cadre de leur travailDans un premier temps, une phase qualitative centrée sur l'observation du travail réel a été effectuée. Au cours de cette phase, les chercheurs ont accompagné des équipages de professionnels des urgences pré-hospitalières pour la durée entière de la journée de travail et pour une moyenne d'environ une semaine (4 X 12 heures) par équipage. Les analyses des données d'observation ont été réalisées en équipe multidisciplinaire. Certaines interventions ont été filmées et utilisées dans le cadre d'entretiens en auto-confrontation. Les observations ont été effectuées dans 11 services pour un total de 416 heures d'observation et 70 interventions. L'analyse de l'activité réelle de travail a été effectuée à travers diverses thématiques comme par exemple le travail d'équipe, l'organisation, ou la charge physique. Dans un second temps, un questionnaire a été développé et administré à l'ensemble des ambulanciers (N=669) en Suisse francophone. Cette démarche visait 1-à documenter l'état de santé de ces professionnels et 2- à mettre en évidence des associations entre certains facteurs liés au travail et des indicateurs de santé.Au total, 374 questionnaires ont été retournés. Cette démarche a permis de constater que les professionnels des urgences pré-hospitalières sont nombreux (14 %) à avoir un score élevé (associé à un risque augmenté de troubles psychiques) pour le General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Des associations ont été observées entre le fait d'avoir un score élevé pour le GHQ et certaines caractéristiques du travail (le type d'intervention, le ratio efforts-récompenses de Siegrist, de même que certains aspects organisationnels ou liés à la supervision). 20 % des participants mentionnentaussi souffrir de séquelles psychiques attribuables à des interventions particulièrement diffi ciles sur le plan émotionnel. Les stratégies observées concernent par exemple l'utilisation des ressources disponibles (médecin conseil, collègues, psychologues), différentes stratégies de coping psychologique, des aménagements spontanés des rôles entre collègues, diverses modalités visant à développer/maintenir les compétences.Notre étude confi rme l'importance des problèmes de santé psychique pour des collectifs de professionnels des urgences pré-hospitalières. Notre démarche a aussi permis de constater que ces professionnels ont recours à diverses stratégies pour réguler leur activité de travail. Ces stratégies comportent un potentiel pour la préservation de la santé mentale.

Medical and legal professionals' attitudes towards confidentiality and disclosure of clinical information in forensic settings: a survey using case vignettes.

OBJECTIVE: When potentially dangerous patients reveal criminal fantasies to their therapists, the latter must decide whether this information has to be transmitted to a third person in order to protect potential victims. We were interested in how medical and legal professionals handle such situations in the context of prison medicine and forensic evaluations. We aimed to explore the motives behind their actions and to compare these professional groups. METHOD: A mail survey was conducted among medical and legal professionals using five fictitious case vignettes. For each vignette, participants were asked to answer questions exploring what the professional should do in the situation and to explain their justification for the chosen response. RESULTS: A total of 147 questionnaires were analysed. Agreement between participants varied from one scenario to another. Overall, legal professionals tended to disclose information to a third party more easily than medical professionals, the latter tending to privilege confidentiality and patient autonomy over security. Perception of potential danger in a given situation was not consistently associated with actions. CONCLUSION: Professionals' opinions and attitudes regarding the confidentiality of potentially dangerous patients differ widely and appear to be subjectively determined. Shared discussions about clinical situations could enhance knowledge and competencies and reduce differences between professional groups.

Management of the risk of HIV infection in male homosexual couples.

OBJECTIVES: To study the ways of managing HIV risk within male homosexual steady relationships (gay couples), including factors associated with consistent condom use during anal sex with the steady partner.¦METHOD: An anonymous and standardized questionnaire completed by a convenience sample of homosexuals in Switzerland in 1997 (n = 1097). Information on the couple was provided by the 74% (n = 786) of male respondents who reported having a steady partner in the past 12 months. Data were analysed by contingency tables and logistic regression.¦RESULTS: Different ways of managing HIV risk were reported: negotiated safety (both HIV negative, condoms abandoned) was chosen by one quarter of the couples, but the most frequent solution was reliance on condoms for anal sex, chosen by more than four in 10. Altogether 84% of couples exhibited safe management of HIV risk within their partnership. The 16% of couples showing inadequate management of HIV risk within the couple mostly relied on questionable assumptions about past or present risks. A total of 74% of couples had spoken about managing HIV risk with possible casual partners. Reported behaviour with the steady partner and with casual partners was highly consistent with claimed strategies chosen to manage HIV risk. Consistent condom use with the steady partner was mostly associated with variables characterizing the relationship: initial 2 years of the relationship, discordant or unknown serological HIV status, non-exclusivity.¦CONCLUSION: Gay couples manage HIV risk in a variety of ways. Most strategies provide adequate protection with casual partners, but leave gaps in protection between the steady partners themselves.

Hyperactivity and attention problems in a Swiss sample of school-aged children: effects of school achievement, child gender, and informants.

OBJECTIVE: The sensitivity and tolerance regarding ADHD symptoms obviously differ from one culture to another and according to the informants (parents, teachers, or children). This stimulates the comparison of data across informants and countries. METHOD: Parents and teachers of more than 1,000 school-aged Swiss children (5 to 17 years old) fill in Conners's questionnaires on ADHD. Children who are older than 10 years old also fill in a self-report questionnaire. Results are compared to data from a North American sample. RESULTS: Swiss parents and teachers tend to report more ADHD symptoms than American parents and teachers as far as the oldest groups of children are concerned. Interactions are evidenced between school achievement, child gender, and informants. A relatively low rate of agreement between informants is found. CONCLUSION: These results strengthen the importance to take into account all informants in the pediatric and the child psychiatry clinic, as well as in the epidemiological studies.

Varicella Zoster Virus CNS disease in hematopoietic cell transplantation: A single center experience

Background: Varciella Zoster Virus (VZV) can lead to serious complications in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) recipients. Central nervous system (CNS) VZV can be one of the most devastating infections in transplant recipients, yet little is known about this rare disease. Objectives: To describe CNS VZV in the post-transplant period and to define potential risk factors in the HCT population. Methods: We reviewed the course of all patients who received a first HCT at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (FHCRC) in Seattle, WA from 1/1996 through 12/2007. Data were collected retrospectively using the Long-Term Follow-Up database, which includes on-site examinations, outside records, laboratory tests, and yearly questionnaires. Patients were classified as CNS VZV if they had laboratory confirmation of VZV in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or had zoster with associated clinical and laboratory findings consistent with CNS disease. Results: A total of six patients developed VZV CNS disease during the evaluation period (table 1). Diagnosis was confirmed in 3/6 by detection of VZV in CSF by PCR. All other patients had a clinical diagnosis based on the presence of CNS symptoms, zoster, lymphocytic pleiocytosis, and response to IV acyclovir. Patients who developed CNS disease had a mean age of 42 years (range 34-51) at time of transplant. CNS disease developed at a mean of 9 months posttransplantation (range 0.5-24 months), and severity varied, ranging from meningitis (3/6) to encephalitis/myelitis (3/6). All had active graft-versus host disease (GHVD) and all were being treated with immunosuppressive therapy at time of diagnosis. Fever and headache were the most common symptoms, but patients who developed focal CNS findings or seizures (3/6) had a more complicated clinical course. While most patients presented with classic VZV/zoster skin lesions, 2/6 patients had no dermatologic findings associated with their presentation. Four (66%) of patients who developed VZV CNS disease died, two related to VZV complications despite aggressive antiviral therapy. Conclusions: In this cohort of HCT patients, VZV CNS disease was a rare complication. Mortality due to CNS VZV is high, particularly in patients who develop focal neurologic findings or seizures. Even in the absence of skin lesions, VZV CNS disease should be considered in patients who develop fevers and neurologic symptoms.

Reliability and validity of the cross-culturally adapted French version of the Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) in patients with low back pain.

PURPOSE: To conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) into French according to established guidelines. METHODS: Seventy outpatients with chronic low back pain were recruited from six spine centres in Switzerland and France. They completed the newly translated COMI, and the Roland Morris disability (RMQ), Dallas Pain (DPQ), adjectival pain rating scale, WHO Quality of Life, and EuroQoL-5D questionnaires. After ~14 days RMQ and COMI were completed again to assess reproducibility; a transition question (7-point Likert scale; "very much worse" through "no change" to "very much better") indicated any change in status since the first questionnaire. RESULTS: COMI whole scores displayed no floor effects and just 1.5% ceiling effects. The scores for the individual COMI items correlated with their corresponding full-length reference questionnaire with varying strengths of correlation (0.33-0.84, P < 0.05). COMI whole scores showed a very good correlation with the "multidimensional" DPQ global score (Rho = 0.71). 55 patients (79%) returned a second questionnaire with no/minimal change in their back status. The reproducibility of individual COMI 5-point items was good, with test-retest differences within one grade ranging from 89% for 'social/work disability' to 98% for 'symptom-specific well-being'. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the COMI whole score was 0.85 (95% CI 0.76-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the French version of this short, multidimensional questionnaire showed good psychometric properties, comparable to those reported for German and Spanish versions. The French COMI represents a valuable tool for future multicentre clinical studies and surgical registries (e.g. SSE Spine Tango) in French-speaking countries.

Hakunilan Kultsa/Urban II hanke : pohdintaa yhteisöteatterin merkityksestä alueelle

This thesis analyses what local community theatre activity means to an area and its residents, and whether this kind of activity is meaningful. The objective was to explore whether and how community art can help urban areas to move in the direction of sustainable development: whether art can be part of regional policy development work. Hakunilan Kultsa was founded in 2003. It is an Urban II, European Union project and part of the Community Iniative Programme 2001-2006, financed by the EU. Hakunilan Kultsa is also a co-operation between Vantaa city council's culture and youth services. The project encourages Hakunila residents of different ages to take part in versatile art and cultural intrests in the Hakunila youth centre. People have the opportunity to participate in theatre, expression, arts, dance, performing arts and writing groups. One of the main aims is to found a sustainable community theatre in the area. The thesis examines what effects Hakunilan Kultsa has had so far. Inquiry form and thematical interviews have been used as research methods. Interviews and questionnaires were gathered between Autumn 2004 and Spring 2005. The whole process lasted from Spring 2004 until Spring 2006. The author also made participatory observations during the research process which in turn affected the conclusions. The thesis also deals with associated topics such as urban programmes, sustainable development, Hakunila as a suburban area, resident stimulation, and community thetare work. Hakunilan Kultsa has proved its importance. Based on the enquiries and interviews, the project has effectively presented the possibility for art forms to become hobbies. There is no cultural, age or economical discrimination. The easily accessible site and the low threshold principle make it easy for people to participate. The community theatre has improved the area's public image, increased participation and initiative, and given a voice to the community.

Outcome following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty performed before 1990.

The goal of this follow-up study was to assess the long-term survival of all patients having undergone a first PTCA between 1981 and 1990 and to relate the outcome to the baseline clinical and angiographic state. Although PTCA has become a widely accepted therapeutic choice for revascularization, the authors lacked information on long-term outcome. Data was collected by questionnaire, the end points being a second PTCA, MI, CABG, death or any of these events. The survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed by a Cox proportional hazards model. Complete follow-up data were collected for 1,071 patients for a mean period of 7.4 years (SEM +/- 1.98 months) with a range of 0 to 14 years. Mean age was 57 years. PTCA was successful in 85% of patients. In-hospital event rates were death 1.3%, MI 4.4%, and emergency CABG 2.9%. Overall survival at 14 years was 69% (SEM +/- 9.6%) and event-free survival was 47% (SEM +/- 5.8%). MI rate was 11%, CABG 15%, and 20% of patients underwent repeat PTCA. Presence of cardiovascular risk factors, poor left ventricular ejection fraction, and prior CABG were significantly associated with poorer event-free survival. The short-term observations are consistent with results reported by the other follow-up studies. In addition, the study found a total survival rate 14 years after a first PTCA of 69% and 47% of the cohort remained event free.

TV taskussa - tänään ja tulevaisuudessa

The objective of my thesis was to find out how mobile TV service will influence TV consumption behaviour of the Finns. In particular the study focuses on the consumption behaviour of a well educated urban people. For my thesis, I provided a detailed analysis of the study results of a large scale questionnaire research FinPilot from the year 2005 based on an assignment of Nokia Ltd. In order to deepen the study results, I focused on the above mentioned group of young people with good education. The goal of the FinPilot research was to give answers to the following questions: what kind of programs, in what kind of circumstances, and for which reasons are they watched when using the mobile television service. The results of the research consisted mainly of data like figures, graphics etc. The data was explaned from the helicopter perspective, for it gave additional value to the research and consequently to my own thesis. My study offered complementary, unique information about their needs as it was based on questionnaires supplemented by individual interviews of the group members, their free comments as well as group discussions. The study results proved that mobile TV service did not increase the total TV consumption time. The time used for watching the mobile TV was significantly shorter than the time for watching the traditional TV. According to my study, the young urban people with good education are more interested to adapt the mobile TV service than the average Finns. Being eager to utilize the added value offered by the mobile TVs they are a potential target group in launching and marketing processes. On the basis of the outcome of the thesis, the future of mobile TV service seems very promising. The content and the pricing, however, have to match the user's needs and expectations. All the study results prove that there exists a social order for mobile TV service.

Chest wall syndrome among primary care patients: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of chest pain differs strongly between outpatient and emergency settings. In general practice, the most frequent cause is the chest wall pain. However, there is a lack of information about the characteristics of this syndrome. The aims of the study are to describe the clinical aspects of chest wall syndrome (CWS). METHODS: Prospective, observational, cohort study of patients attending 58 private practices over a five-week period from March to May 2001 with undifferentiated chest pain. During a one-year follow-up, questionnaires including detailed history and physical exam, were filled out at initial consultation, 3 and 12 months. The outcomes were: clinical characteristics associated with the CWS diagnosis and clinical evolution of the syndrome. RESULTS: Among 24 620 consultations, we observed 672 cases of chest pain and 300 (44.6%) patients had a diagnosis of chest wall syndrome. It affected all ages with a sex ratio of 1:1. History and sensibility to palpation were the keys for diagnosis. Pain was generally moderate, well localised, continuous or intermittent over a number of hours to days or weeks, and amplified by position or movement. The pain however, may be acute. Eighty-eight patients were affected at several painful sites, and 210 patients at a single site, most frequently in the midline or a left-sided site. Pain was a cause of anxiety and cardiac concern, especially when acute. CWS coexisted with coronary disease in 19 and neoplasm in 6. Outcome at one year was favourable even though CWS recurred in half of patients. CONCLUSION: CWS is common and benign, but leads to anxiety and recurred frequently. Because the majority of chest wall pain is left-sided, the possibility of coexistence with coronary disease needs careful consideration.