A Bias Compensated Cross-Relation approach to Thermocouple Characterisation

The measurement of fast changing temperature fluctuations is a challenging problem due to the inherent limited bandwidth of temperature sensors. This results in a measured signal that is a lagged and attenuated version of the input. Compensation can be performed provided an accurate, parameterised sensor model is available. However, to account for the influence of the measurement environment and changing conditions such as gas velocity, the model must be estimated in-situ. The cross-relation method of blind deconvolution is one approach for in-situ characterisation of sensors. However, a drawback with the method is that it becomes positively biased and unstable at high noise levels. In this paper, the cross-relation method is cast in the discrete-time domain and a bias compensation approach is developed. It is shown that the proposed compensation scheme is robust and yields unbiased estimates with lower estimation variance than the uncompensated version. All results are verified using Monte-Carlo simulations.

Fabrication and Characterization of Efficient Optical Filter Arrays Implemented by 3D Nanoimprint

In dieser Arbeit werden optische Filterarrays für hochqualitative spektroskopische Anwendungen im sichtbaren (VIS) Wellenlängenbereich untersucht. Die optischen Filter, bestehend aus Fabry-Pérot (FP)-Filtern für hochauflösende miniaturisierte optische Nanospektrometer, basieren auf zwei hochreflektierenden dielektrischen Spiegeln und einer zwischenliegenden Resonanzkavität aus Polymer. Jeder Filter erlaubt einem schmalbandigem spektralen Band (in dieser Arbeit Filterlinie genannt) ,abhängig von der Höhe der Resonanzkavität, zu passieren. Die Effizienz eines solchen optischen Filters hängt von der präzisen Herstellung der hochselektiven multispektralen Filterfelder von FP-Filtern mittels kostengünstigen und hochdurchsatz Methoden ab. Die Herstellung der multiplen Spektralfilter über den gesamten sichtbaren Bereich wird durch einen einzelnen Prägeschritt durch die 3D Nanoimprint-Technologie mit sehr hoher vertikaler Auflösung auf einem Substrat erreicht. Der Schlüssel für diese Prozessintegration ist die Herstellung von 3D Nanoimprint-Stempeln mit den gewünschten Feldern von Filterkavitäten. Die spektrale Sensitivität von diesen effizienten optischen Filtern hängt von der Genauigkeit der vertikalen variierenden Kavitäten ab, die durch eine großflächige ‚weiche„ Nanoimprint-Technologie, UV oberflächenkonforme Imprint Lithographie (UV-SCIL), ab. Die Hauptprobleme von UV-basierten SCIL-Prozessen, wie eine nichtuniforme Restschichtdicke und Schrumpfung des Polymers ergeben Grenzen in der potenziellen Anwendung dieser Technologie. Es ist sehr wichtig, dass die Restschichtdicke gering und uniform ist, damit die kritischen Dimensionen des funktionellen 3D Musters während des Plasmaätzens zur Entfernung der Restschichtdicke kontrolliert werden kann. Im Fall des Nanospektrometers variieren die Kavitäten zwischen den benachbarten FP-Filtern vertikal sodass sich das Volumen von jedem einzelnen Filter verändert , was zu einer Höhenänderung der Restschichtdicke unter jedem Filter führt. Das volumetrische Schrumpfen, das durch den Polymerisationsprozess hervorgerufen wird, beeinträchtigt die Größe und Dimension der gestempelten Polymerkavitäten. Das Verhalten des großflächigen UV-SCIL Prozesses wird durch die Verwendung von einem Design mit ausgeglichenen Volumen verbessert und die Prozessbedingungen werden optimiert. Das Stempeldesign mit ausgeglichen Volumen verteilt 64 vertikal variierenden Filterkavitäten in Einheiten von 4 Kavitäten, die ein gemeinsames Durchschnittsvolumen haben. Durch die Benutzung der ausgeglichenen Volumen werden einheitliche Restschichtdicken (110 nm) über alle Filterhöhen erhalten. Die quantitative Analyse der Polymerschrumpfung wird in iii lateraler und vertikaler Richtung der FP-Filter untersucht. Das Schrumpfen in vertikaler Richtung hat den größten Einfluss auf die spektrale Antwort der Filter und wird durch die Änderung der Belichtungszeit von 12% auf 4% reduziert. FP Filter die mittels des Volumengemittelten Stempels und des optimierten Imprintprozesses hergestellt wurden, zeigen eine hohe Qualität der spektralen Antwort mit linearer Abhängigkeit zwischen den Kavitätshöhen und der spektralen Position der zugehörigen Filterlinien.

Réponse de la végétation riveraine et littorale aux variations forcées de niveaux d’eau lacustres dans les Laurentides méridionales

La végétation riveraine et littorale de l’est du Canada a été sévèrement altérée par la drave et plusieurs barrages lacustres subsistent, mais leurs effets et ceux de leur retrait sont peu documentés. Cette étude visait à: i) mesurer les changements de la structure et de la composition végétale des zones riveraines et littorales en fonction de l’élévation par rapport au plan d’eau, ii) évaluer le temps de retour de la végétation à son état de référence naturel suite au retrait de barrages et iii) déterminer les facteurs régissant les réponses de la végétation à ces variations de niveaux d’eau. La structure et la composition végétale suite à la restauration d’un barrage a été comparée sur deux lacs : un témoin et un comprenant quatre bassins présentant un gradient d’influence du barrage. Suite au retrait de barrage, la végétation a été examinée sur quatre lacs, dont un témoin. Les principaux facteurs qui influençaient la végétation riveraine et littorale en présence d’un barrage étaient l’élévation actuelle par rapport au lac et l’ampleur de l’influence du barrage. Suite à un démantèlement de barrage, les principaux facteurs d’influence étaient l’élévation par rapport au rivage et le nombre d’années depuis le retrait de barrage. En présence d’un barrage, la végétation riveraine était caractérisée par la transformation de hautes terres en forêt humide riveraine qui partageait des caractéristiques avec le témoin. À partir de 1 m d’élévation, la végétation était caractérisée par une forêt sèche. Dans les premières années suivant le retrait de barrage, la végétation littorale était composée d’herbiers submergés mixtes à faible densité avec une forte diversité spécifique près du rivage. La structure et la composition végétale étaient similaires au témoin après 16 ans. Il n’y avait pas d’évidence que les communautés végétales déviaient de leur trajectoire successionnelle naturelle sous l’influence des nouvelles conditions environnementales.

Using the interaural time difference and cross-correlation to localise short-term complex noises

The mammalian binaural cue of interaural time difference (ITD) and cross-correlation have long been used to determine the point of origin of a sound source. The ITD can be defined as the different points in time at which a sound from a single location arrives at each individual ear [1]. From this time difference, the brain can calculate the angle of the sound source in relation to the head [2]. Cross-correlation compares the similarity of each channel of a binaural waveform producing the time lag or offset required for both channels to be in phase with one another. This offset corresponds to the maximum value produced by the cross-correlation function and can be used to determine the ITD and thus the azimuthal angle θ of the original sound source. However, in indoor environments, cross-correlation has been known to have problems with both sound reflections and reverberations. Additionally, cross-correlation has difficulties with localising short-term complex noises when they occur during a longer duration waveform, i.e. in the presence of background noise. The crosscorrelation algorithm processes the entire waveform and the short-term complex noise can be ignored. This paper presents a technique using thresholding which enables higher-localisation abilities for short-term complex sounds in the midst of background noise. To determine the success of this thresholding technique, twenty-five sounds were recorded in a dynamic and echoic environment. The twenty-five sounds consist of hand-claps, finger-clicks and speech. The proposed technique was compared to the regular cross-correlation function for the same waveforms, and an average of the azimuthal angles determined for each individual sample. The sound localisation ability for all twenty-five sound samples is as follows: average of the sampled angles using cross-correlation: 44%; cross-correlation technique with thresholding: 84%. From these results, it is clear that this proposed technique is very successful for the localisation of short-term complex sounds in the midst of background noise and in a dynamic and echoic indoor environment.

PET e PET/CT com FDG: comparação de duas bases de dados de referência do normal com SUV

Mestrado em Medicina Nuclear - Área de especialização: Tomografia por Emissão de Positrões

O uso da imagiologia por termografia na medicina dentária

Introdução: No domínio científico da medicina dentária, a termografia é um dos temas mais recentes e que tem levado á publicação de alguns estudos. A combinação da avaliação funcional, características de fluxo sanguíneo e localização anatómica levou a um aumento de aplicações da termografia no diagnóstico clínico. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo uma analise bibliografia existente sobre a termografia e as suas aplicações em medicina e medicina dentária, avaliar a sua utilidade no diagnóstico de patologias da área de atuação médico-dentária. Metodologia: Procedeu-se a uma pesquisa bibliográfica através da identificação de artigos publicados em bases de dados eletrónicas internacionais, PubMed, B-on e Science Direct utilizando palavras-chave e critérios de exclusão e inclusão, que permitiram fazer uma seleção prévia dos artigos a incluir ao longo deste trabalho. Resultados: Após a realização da pesquisa bibliográfica obtiveram-se 30 artigos. A partir da amostra encontrada foram excluídos 93 artigos devido à falta de correspondência do seu conteúdo ao tema proposto. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a termografia é uma técnica de imagem que deteta a distribuição do calor da superfície corporal. A termografia Capta e transforma a radiação infravermelha emitida pela pele humana em imagens que refletem a dinâmica da microcirculação cutânea. A termografia é considerada como um técnica não invasiva, indolor, não ionizante, fornecendo informações quantitativas que permitem que seja uma técnica válida para o diagnóstico clinico complementar.

Leveraging Multiple Features for Image Retrieval and Matching

The goal of image retrieval and matching is to find and locate object instances in images from a large-scale image database. While visual features are abundant, how to combine them to improve performance by individual features remains a challenging task. In this work, we focus on leveraging multiple features for accurate and efficient image retrieval and matching. We first propose two graph-based approaches to rerank initially retrieved images for generic image retrieval. In the graph, vertices are images while edges are similarities between image pairs. Our first approach employs a mixture Markov model based on a random walk model on multiple graphs to fuse graphs. We introduce a probabilistic model to compute the importance of each feature for graph fusion under a naive Bayesian formulation, which requires statistics of similarities from a manually labeled dataset containing irrelevant images. To reduce human labeling, we further propose a fully unsupervised reranking algorithm based on a submodular objective function that can be efficiently optimized by greedy algorithm. By maximizing an information gain term over the graph, our submodular function favors a subset of database images that are similar to query images and resemble each other. The function also exploits the rank relationships of images from multiple ranked lists obtained by different features. We then study a more well-defined application, person re-identification, where the database contains labeled images of human bodies captured by multiple cameras. Re-identifications from multiple cameras are regarded as related tasks to exploit shared information. We apply a novel multi-task learning algorithm using both low level features and attributes. A low rank attribute embedding is joint learned within the multi-task learning formulation to embed original binary attributes to a continuous attribute space, where incorrect and incomplete attributes are rectified and recovered. To locate objects in images, we design an object detector based on object proposals and deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) in view of the emergence of deep networks. We improve a Fast RCNN framework and investigate two new strategies to detect objects accurately and efficiently: scale-dependent pooling (SDP) and cascaded rejection classifiers (CRC). The SDP improves detection accuracy by exploiting appropriate convolutional features depending on the scale of input object proposals. The CRC effectively utilizes convolutional features and greatly eliminates negative proposals in a cascaded manner, while maintaining a high recall for true objects. The two strategies together improve the detection accuracy and reduce the computational cost.

Remoção de fósforo pela cianobactéria aphanothece microscopia nageli em cultivos heterotróficos

Nesta dissertação foi demostrada a potencialidade da cianobactéria Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli em cultivo heterotrófico para remover fósforo do efluente de laticínio, bem como o efeito da temperatura no bioprocesso. Para tanto o trabalho é composto por dois artigos. O primeiro intitula-se “Influência da temperatura na remoção de fósforo por Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli em biorreatores heterotróficos”, e teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência da cianobactéria em remover heterotroficamente fósforo total dissolvido do efluente de processamento de laticínios. A análise dos resultados mostrou que a remoção de fósforo é independente de sua concentração no sistema, porém depende fortemente da temperatura. Ficou demostrado, que a remoção é altamente sensível a temperatura principalmente no intervalo de 10ºC – 20ºC e nessas condições a operacionalidade do biorreator deverá ser ajustada para manutenção da eficiência do processo. O segundo artigo tem como título “Dinâmica de remoção de fósforo por Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli em biorreatores heterotróficos” e avaliou a remoção das formas de fósforo reativo, fósforo hidrolisável, fósforo total e fósforo orgânico, total e dissolvida, bem como de DQO e NNTK nas temperaturas de 10ºC, 20ºC e 30ºC em 24 h, a fim de investigar a dinâmica de remoção de diferentes formas de fósforo do efluente de laticínio em biorreatores heterotróficos. Foi possível concluir que a fração de fósforo predominante no efluente de laticínio foi a orgânica dissolvida, seguida de fósforo reativo dissolvido. A cianobactéria foi capaz de remover formas simples de fósforo, como reativo e complexas, fósforo hidrolisável e orgânico, bem como DQO e N-NTK. No que se refere ao fósforo suspenso, foi verificado que as frações de fósforo orgânico suspenso e fósforo suspenso total apresentaram baixa remoção. Foi observado que no intervalo de 20ºC a 30ºC foi registrado o maior desempenho quanto à remoção de fósforo para um tempo de detenção hidráulica de 16 h. Nos experimentos realizados à temperatura de 20ºC foram registrados os melhores valores cinéticos resultando em uma máxima concentração celular de 0,84 g.L-1, velocidade máxima de crescimento de 8,64 dias-1 e produtividade de 3,85 g.L-1. dia-1. Assim, a análise dos resultados permite concluir que a remoção de fósforo, DQO e N-NTK em condições heterotróficas por Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli é rota em potencial para o tratamento de efluente de laticínio.

Characterizing neural tissues with mass spectrometry imaging via enhanced computational approaches

Neuropeptides affect the activity of the myriad of neuronal circuits in the brain. They are under tight spatial and chemical control and the dynamics of their release and catabolism directly modify neuronal network activity. Understanding neuropeptide functioning requires approaches to determine their chemical and spatial heterogeneity within neural tissue, but most imaging techniques do not provide the complete information desired. To provide chemical information, most imaging techniques used to study the nervous system require preselection and labeling of the peptides of interest; however, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) detects analytes across a broad mass range without the need to target a specific analyte. When used with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), MSI detects analytes in the mass range of neuropeptides. MALDI MSI simultaneously provides spatial and chemical information resulting in images that plot the spatial distributions of neuropeptides over the surface of a thin slice of neural tissue. Here a variety of approaches for neuropeptide characterization are developed. Specifically, several computational approaches are combined with MALDI MSI to create improved approaches that provide spatial distributions and neuropeptide characterizations. After successfully validating these MALDI MSI protocols, the methods are applied to characterize both known and unidentified neuropeptides from neural tissues. The methods are further adapted from tissue analysis to be able to perform tandem MS (MS/MS) imaging on neuronal cultures to enable the study of network formation. In addition, MALDI MSI has been carried out over the timecourse of nervous system regeneration in planarian flatworms resulting in the discovery of two novel neuropeptides that may be involved in planarian regeneration. In addition, several bioinformatic tools are developed to predict final neuropeptide structures and associated masses that can be compared to experimental MSI data in order to make assignments of neuropeptide identities. The integration of computational approaches into the experimental design of MALDI MSI has allowed improved instrument automation and enhanced data acquisition and analysis. These tools also make the methods versatile and adaptable to new sample types.

How Long the Night : A Novel ; followed by an essay ‘The Ghosts of Muranów: Confronting Poland’s Jewish Past’

My novel, 'How Long the Night,' and my essay, ‘The Ghosts of Muranów: Confronting Poland’s Jewish Past,’ focus on the relationship between urban space, memory and identity. Before the Second World War Muranów was one of the largest Jewish districts in Europe. In August 1939 Poland’s capital was home to 380,000 Jews, which accounted for about 30 percent of the city’s total population. During the war the district was the central part of the Warsaw Ghetto located near the Umschlagplatz, the place from which Jews were transported to concentration camps. After the failed uprising in 1943 the Nazis burnt the entire quarter to the ground. There was nothing left, except for heaps of rubble. The debris was to be the foundation on which the new socialist realist residential district would stand. The new Muranów, erected on the ashes of the former ghetto, is a space of absence, emptiness and repressed guilt. There are no physical traces of the Jewish presence in the area, except for commemorative plaques, monuments or obelisks. Former tenement houses, shops, synagogues are gone; street names and their layout are different as well. Nevertheless, the former Jewish district is present in images, dreams (or nightmares), in fantasies, memories and stories. My novel and my essay explore the connection between place, history, memory and trauma. The space of Muranów becomes a symbolic trigger for investigation and re-examination of the forgotten or suppressed past. What is more, the novel examines the way a foreign language serves as a tool through which painful and repressed stories can be (re)told.

Zmiany w systemach komunikacji akustycznej ptaków jako bioindykatory zmian w środowisku

Wydział Biologii

Avaliação do potencial da macrófita Pistia stratiotes na exposição de íon cromo (VI): biossorção e tolerância

The environmental pollution caused by industries has increased the concentration of pollutants in the environment, especially in water. Among the most diverse contaminants, there is the metals, who may or may not to be heavy/toxic, causing effluent of difficult treatment when in low concentrations. The search for alternative measures of wastewater effluent treatment has led to studies using phytoremediation technique through the various matrices (plant, fungi, bacteria) as means of polishing treatment to remove contaminants by means of biosorption/bioaccumulation. In order to use the phytoremediation technique for removing metals of the environmental, it have been performed bioassay with the macrophyte Pistia stratiotes. The bioassays were realized with healthy plants of P. stratiotes acclimatized in a greenhouse, at room temperature and lighting conditions during 28 days of cultivate. The cultivations were performed in glass vessels containing 1 L of the hydroponic solution with chromium (VI) in the potassium dichromate form with concentration range 0.10 to 4.90 mg L-1. The experiments were performed by Outlining Central Composite Rotational (OCCR), where the kinetics of bioaccumulation and chlorophyll a fluorescence were monitored in plants of P. stratiotes during cultivation. The collections of the samples and cultive solution were performed according to the OCCR. The chromium levels were measured in samples of P. stratiotes and the remaining solutions by the methodology of atomic absorption spectrometry by flame. The tolerance of P. stratiotes in relation to exposure to chromium (VI) was analyzed by parameters of physiological activity by means of chlorophyll a fluorescence, using the portable fluorometer PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation). The development of P. stratiots and their biomass were related to the time factor, while bioaccumulation capacities were strongly influenced by factors of time and chromium concentration (VI). The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were affected by chromium and the exposure time at the bioassays. It was obtained an higher metal removal from the root in relation to the sheet, reaching a high rate of metal removal in solution. The experimental data removal kinetics were represented by kinetic models Irreversibly Langmuir, Reversible Langmuir, Pseudo-first Order and Pseudo-second Order, and the best fit for the culture solution was the Reversible Langmuir model with R² 0.993 and for the plant the best model was Pseudo-second order with R² 0.760.

Air-coupled ultrasonic tomographic imaging of concrete elements

Ultrasonic tomography is a powerful tool for identifying defects within an object or structure. This method can be applied on structures where x-ray tomography is impractical due to size, low contrast, or safety concerns. By taking many ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) readings through the object, an image of the internal velocity variations can be constructed. Air-coupled UPV can allow for more automated and rapid collection of data for tomography of concrete. This research aims to integrate recent developments in air-coupled ultrasonic measurements with advanced tomography technology and apply them to concrete structures. First, non-contact and semi-contact sensor systems are developed for making rapid and accurate UPV measurements through PVC and concrete test samples. A customized tomographic reconstruction program is developed to provide full control over the imaging process including full and reduced spectrum tomographs with percent error and ray density calculations. Finite element models are also used to determine optimal measurement configurations and analysis procedures for efficient data collection and processing. Non-contact UPV is then implemented to image various inclusions within 6 inch (152 mm) PVC and concrete cylinders. Although there is some difficulty in identifying high velocity inclusions, reconstruction error values were in the range of 1.1-1.7% for PVC and 3.6% for concrete. Based upon the success of those tests, further data are collected using non-contact, semi-contact, and full contact measurements to image 12 inch (305 mm) square concrete cross-sections with 1 inch (25 mm) reinforcing bars and 2 inch (51 mm) square embedded damage regions. Due to higher noise levels in collected signals, tomographs of these larger specimens show reconstruction error values in the range of 10-18%. Finally, issues related to the application of these techniques to full-scale concrete structures are discussed.

Detecção de região saliente em imagens usando dissimilaridade de cor e amostragem por pixeis aleatórios

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate and to assess a simple algorithm for automatic estimation of the most salient region in an image, that have possible application in computer vision. The algorithm uses the connection between color dissimilarities in the image and the image’s most salient region. The algorithm also avoids using image priors. Pixel dissimilarity is an informal function of the distance of a specific pixel’s color to other pixels’ colors in an image. We examine the relation between pixel color dissimilarity and salient region detection on the MSRA1K image dataset. We propose a simple algorithm for salient region detection through random pixel color dissimilarity. We define dissimilarity by accumulating the distance between each pixel and a sample of n other random pixels, in the CIELAB color space. An important result is that random dissimilarity between each pixel and just another pixel (n = 1) is enough to create adequate saliency maps when combined with median filter, with competitive average performance if compared with other related methods in the saliency detection research field. The assessment was performed by means of precision-recall curves. This idea is inspired on the human attention mechanism that is able to choose few specific regions to focus on, a biological system that the computer vision community aims to emulate. We also review some of the history on this topic of selective attention.

Tratamiento químico y biológico de efluentes mineros cianurados a escala laboratorio

El cianuro es el compuesto químico empleado por excelencia para la lixiviación de oro en la industria minera. Sin embargo, es altamente tóxico para los organismos que se desarrollan alrededor de las industrias mineras, y para el medio ambiente. Con el fin de reducir los niveles de cianuro libre en efluentes provenientes de la minería, el trabajo se enfocó en determinar las condiciones óptimas para la degradación de cianuro empleando compuestos químicos y un consorcio microbiano. Los ensayos químicos y biológicos se realizaron por separado, utilizando muestras de efluentes provenientes de la minería a diferentes concentraciones de cianuro (280 y 10 mg/l CN-). Para la degradación química se utilizó tres oxidantes diferentes: hipoclorito de sodio, peróxido de hidrógeno y ácido de caro en diferentes concentraciones, pH (10-11) y tiempos de degradación (4,71 y 20,75 h). Para los ensayos de biodegradación se empleó un consorcio microbiano en matraces que contenían el efluente cianurado y medio líquido a pH (11), agitación (200 rpm) y temperatura (20±5°C). Se midió la concentración de cianuro libre, pH y la concentración de biomasa. Los resultados del tratamiento químico mostraron que el mejor compuesto oxidante fue el peróxido de hidrógeno (8:1 gH2O2/gCN-) a pH (10), obteniendo un 92,7% remoción de cianuro libre en 45 minutos (280 mg/l CN-) y un 91,0% de remoción en 25 minutos (10 mg/l CN-). Mientras que en la degradación biológica en matraces la remoción fue del 73,7% (280 mg/l CN-) en 384 h y de 78,6% (10 mg/l CN-) en 240 h.