Relación entre velocidad/agilidad con indicadores de desempeño muscular y estado nutricional en escolares de 9 a 17 años en Bogotá, D.C. Estudio Fuprecol.

Objetivo: Estimar la relación entre indicadores de desempeño muscular y estado nutricional con la velocidad/agilidad, en una muestra de escolares de instituciones educativas del Distrito de Bogotá, Colombia, perteneciente al estudio FUPRECOL. Materiales y Métodos: estudio transversal, en 2803 niños y 3952 niñas (58.5 %), entre 9 y 17 años de edad, pertenecientes a 24 instituciones educativas del sector oficial, en Bogotá, Colombia. La velocidad/agilidad se evaluó con la prueba de carrera de ida y vuelta 4x10 m y los indicadores de fuerza muscular fueron medidos por medio de fuerza prensil, salto longitudinal. Las asociaciones se estimaron por medio de regresión logística binaria. Resultados: el 74.6 % de las mujeres y el 68.6 % de los varones mostraron bajos niveles de velocidad/agilidad; en mujeres, el modelo de regresión logística binario se observa que aquellas que tener bajos niveles de velocidad/agilidad se asociaba con obesidad (OR 2.25 IC 95 % 1.53-3.11), sobrepeso (OR 1.43 IC 95 % 1.19-1.72), bajos niveles de salto longitudinal (OR 2.06 IC 95 % 1.73-2.44) y tener valores de fuerza prensi no saludable (OR 1.45 IC 95 % 1.25-1.88). En hombres, tener entre 9-12 años, (OR 1.89 IC 95% 1.53-2.53), padecer de sobrepeso (OR 2.11 IC 95% 1.63-2.74) u obesidad (OR 3.00 IC 95% 2.03-4.43), se asoció con bajos niveles de velocidad/agilidad. Conclusión: se encontró que un alto porcentaje de la muestra estudiada tiene bajos niveles de velocidad/agilidad; adicionalmente, se observó una fuerte relación entre los indicadores de adiposidad y desempeño muscular, con los niveles de velocidad/agilidad. Se sugiere la implementación de programas escolares, que contrarresten la aparición de manifestaciones de riesgo cardiometabólico.

Efeitos agudos de um programa de treino de prevenção de lesões na força e equilíbrio muscular dos rotadores dos ombros em nadadores

A natação competitiva é uma modalidade onde os praticantes realizam grandes volumes de treino diário, na qual a força propulsiva é obtida essencialmente pelos membros superiores, sendo fácil perceber que poderá ocorrer uma sobrecarga do complexo articular do ombro, que promove o desequilíbrio muscular das suas estruturas (Kluemper, Uhl & Hazelrigg, 2006). As lesões na coifa dos rotadores são comuns em natação devido à realização de inúmeras repetições de gestos técnicos que envolvem o complexo articular em causa e afetam nadadores de todas as idades e de todos os níveis (Johnson, Gauvin & Fredericson, 2003), sendo mesmo a lesão músculo-esquelética que mais afeta os nadadores de competição (Walker, Gabbe, Wajswelner, Blanch & Bennell, 2012). A incidência das dores nos ombros atinge 52% dos nadadores de elite e 27% dos nadadores que não são de elite. Também 47% dos nadadores entre os 10 e os 18 anos de idade e 66% dos nadadores seniores, já teve um episódio de dor no ombro (Heinlein & Cosgarea, 2010). De acordo com a literatura consultada, são vários os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de lesões no ombro em nadadores: laxidão e amplitude de movimentos da articulação glenoumeral, discinesia escapular, desequilíbrios de força na coifa dos rotadores, o género, o nível de natação competitiva, técnica e distância de nado e o uso de palas durante os treinos (Walker et al., 2012). Os músculos rotadores dos ombros, desempenham um papel fundamental na mobilidade e estabilidade da articulação glenoumeral. Ligeiros desequilíbrios na relação entre os RI e os RE do ombro, podem potencializar disfunções ou lesões articulares (Batalha et al., 2012). Desequilíbrios musculares no ombro, indicados por um baixo valor de rácio entre os RE e os RI, têm sido observados em pacientes com instabilidade articular glenoumeral, sendo considerado um fator de risco de lesão no ombro (Niederbracht & Schim, 2008; Lin, Ko, Lee, Chen & Wang, 2015). O tratamento de uma lesão desportiva pode ser difícil, dispendioso e moroso, pelo que se justifica a implementação de atividades e programas de prevenção (Parkkari, Kujala & Kannus, 2001; Edouard et al., 2013; Leppänen et al., 2013). Ao nível da prevenção das diferentes patologias do complexo articular dos ombros, especialmente aquelas com incidência na coifa dos rotadores, diversos clínicos e investigadores enfatizaram a importância da realização de programas de treino de fortalecimento dos músculos RI e RE, devido ao seu papel critico no aporte de estabilidade dinâmica e produção de força ao complexo articular do ombro (Tovin, 2006; Jang & Oh, 2014; Kim & Oh, 2015). Num estudo recente, Batalha et al. (2015) demonstraram que um programa de treino de força compensatório tem efeitos benéficos nos músculos da coifa dos rotadores do ombro, proporcionando não só um aumento dos valores de força dos RE e dos RI, mas também aumentando o equilíbrio muscular entre eles. De igual modo Wanivenhaus et al. (2012), defendem que um programa completo que inclua exercícios de flexibilidade e fortalecimento muscular dos ombros, deve formar a base do regime de treino de qualquer atleta de natação competitiva. Complementarmente, Gaunt & Maffulli (2011) referem que qualquer programa de fortalecimento muscular para os ombros dos nadadores, deve tentar reproduzir um número elevado de repetições, bem como a capacidade de resistência muscular, semelhante à que é requerida pela natação pura desportiva. Os mesmos autores referem como exemplo, um mínimo de 3 séries de 10 repetições para cada exercício do programa de treino, defendendo que assim, a coifa dos rotadores irá ser alvo de uma melhor solicitação. Tendo em conta os estudos apresentados e também devido às exigências colocadas pela natação retratadas anteriormente, fará todo o sentido que os nadadores realizem programas de treino para prevenção de lesões no ombro, tendo por base o reforço muscular. Este treino de prevenção de lesões tem sido tema de estudo de vários autores, (Parkkari et al., 2001; Leppänen et al., 2013; Edouard et al., 2013), assente em estudos longitudinais, essencialmente na comprovação e demonstração da sua eficácia. Contudo, são poucos os estudos com nadadores e nenhum autor se debruçou sobre os efeitos a curto prazo, ou seja, os efeitos causados imediatamente após a realização de um programa de prevenção de lesões para os rotadores do ombro. Reportando-nos a estudos com treino de prevenção de lesões nos ombros realizados com nadadores (Batalha et al., 2015, Kluemper, Uhl & Hazelrigg, 2006; Van de Velde, De Mey, Maenhout, Calders, & Cools, 2011), podemos constatar que os programas de treino são realizados antes do treino aquático. Esta metodologia levanta-nos algumas questões acerca dos efeitos inerentes à realização do programa de treino de reforço muscular, nomeadamente ao nível da possível fadiga que se possa instalar, podendo ou não por em causa a realização do treino aquático que se segue nas melhores condições. Desta forma, pretendemos com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos agudos da realização de um programa de treino de prevenção de lesões para a coifa dos rotadores. Para o efeito propomo-nos avaliar a força, resistência e o equilíbrio muscular nos rotadores dos ombros em nadadores de competição, antes e após a realização de um programa de treino de prevenção de lesões. Com os resultados obtidos, esperamos obter algumas indicações sobre se a realização de um programa de treino compensatório tem ou não algum impacto ao nível da coifa dos rotadores dos ombros, que possa por em causa os objetivos de treino aquático a realizar posteriormente.

Neutralisation Of The Pharmacological Activities Of Bothrops Alternatus Venom By Anti-pla2 Iggs.

Basic phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are toxic and induce a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, although the acidic enzyme types are not lethal or cause low lethality. Therefore, it is challenging to elucidate the mechanism of action of acidic phospholipases. This study used the acidic non-toxic Ba SpII RP4 PLA2 from Bothrops alternatus as an antigen to develop anti-PLA2 IgG antibodies in rabbits and used in vivo assays to examine the changes in crude venom when pre-incubated with these antibodies. Using Ouchterlony and western blot analyses on B. alternatus venom, we examined the specificity and sensitivity of phospholipase A2 recognition by the specific antibodies (anti-PLA2 IgG). Neutralisation assays using a non-toxic PLA2 antigen revealed unexpected results. The (indirect) haemolytic activity of whole venom was completely inhibited, and all catalytically active phospholipases A2 were blocked. Myotoxicity and lethality were reduced when the crude venom was pre-incubated with anti-PLA2 immunoglobulins. CK levels in the skeletal muscle were significantly reduced at 6 h, and the muscular damage was more significant at this time-point compared to 3 and 12 h. When four times the LD50 was used (224 μg), half the animals treated with the venom-anti PLA2 IgG mixture survived after 48 h. All assays performed with the specific antibodies revealed that Ba SpII RP4 PLA2 had a synergistic effect on whole-venom toxicity. IgG antibodies against the venom of the Argentinean species B. alternatus represent a valuable tool for elucidation of the roles of acidic PLA2 that appear to have purely digestive roles and for further studies on immunotherapy and snake envenoming in affected areas in Argentina and Brazil.

Genetic Aspects Of Athletic Performance: The African Runners Phenomenon.

The current dominance of African runners in long-distance running is an intriguing phenomenon that highlights the close relationship between genetics and physical performance. Many factors in the interesting interaction between genotype and phenotype (eg, high cardiorespiratory fitness, higher hemoglobin concentration, good metabolic efficiency, muscle fiber composition, enzyme profile, diet, altitude training, and psychological aspects) have been proposed in the attempt to explain the extraordinary success of these runners. Increasing evidence shows that genetics may be a determining factor in physical and athletic performance. But, could this also be true for African long-distance runners? Based on this question, this brief review proposed the role of genetic factors (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, the Y chromosome, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme and the alpha-actinin-3 genes) in the amazing athletic performance observed in African runners, especially the Kenyans and Ethiopians, despite their environmental constraints.

Compartment Syndrome After South American Rattlesnake (crotalus Durissus Terrificus) Envenomation.

In order to report the outcome of a patient who developed compartment syndrome after South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) envenomation, confirmed by subfascial pressure measurement and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 63-year-old male was admitted 1 h after being bitten on the right elbow by a large snake, which was not brought for identification. Physical and laboratory features upon admission revealed two fang marks, local tense swelling, paresthesia, intense local pain, hypertension, coagulopathy, and CK = 1530 U/L (RV < 170 U/L). The case was initially treated with bothropic antivenom (80 mL, intravenously), with no improvement. Evolution within 13-14 h post-bite revealed generalized myalgia, muscle weakness, palpebral ptosis, and severe rhabdomyolysis (CK = 126,160 U/L) compatible with envenoming by C. d. terrificus. The patient was then treated with crotalic antivenom (200 mL, intravenously), fluid replacement, and urine alkalinization. Twenty-four-hour post-bite MRI showed marked muscular edema in the anterior compartment of the right forearm, with a high subfascial pressure (40 mmHg) being detected 1 h later. ELISA of a blood sample obtained upon admission, before antivenom infusion, revealed a high serum concentration of C. d. terrificus venom. No fasciotomy was performed and the patient was discharged seven days later without sequelae. Snakebite by C. d. terrificus with subfascial venom injection may lead to increased intracompartmental pressure.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Metabolic Alterations, Calcium Dysregulation, And Increased Expression Of Extracellular Matrix Proteins In Laminin α2 Chain-deficient Muscle.

Congenital muscular dystrophy with laminin α2 chain deficiency (MDC1A) is one of the most severe forms of muscular disease and is characterized by severe muscle weakness and delayed motor milestones. The genetic basis of MDC1A is well known, yet the secondary mechanisms ultimately leading to muscle degeneration and subsequent connective tissue infiltration are not fully understood. In order to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying MDC1A, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of affected muscles (diaphragm and gastrocnemius) from laminin α2 chain-deficient dy(3K)/dy(3K) mice, using multidimensional protein identification technology combined with tandem mass tags. Out of the approximately 700 identified proteins, 113 and 101 proteins, respectively, were differentially expressed in the diseased gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles compared with normal muscles. A large portion of these proteins are involved in different metabolic processes, bind calcium, or are expressed in the extracellular matrix. Our findings suggest that metabolic alterations and calcium dysregulation could be novel mechanisms that underlie MDC1A and might be targets that should be explored for therapy. Also, detailed knowledge of the composition of fibrotic tissue, rich in extracellular matrix proteins, in laminin α2 chain-deficient muscle might help in the design of future anti-fibrotic treatments. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000978 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000978).

[adherence To Statin Treatment And Associated Factors In Female Users From The Unified Health System (sus)].

To identify the adherence rate of a statin treatment and possible related factors in female users from the Unified Health System. Seventy-one women were evaluated (64.2 ± 11.0 years) regarding the socio-economic level, comorbidities, current medications, level of physical activity, self-report of muscular pain, adherence to the medical prescription, body composition and biochemical profile. The data were analyzed as frequencies, Chi-Squared test, and Mann Whitney test (p<0.05). 15.5% of women did not adhere to the medical prescription for the statin treatment, whose had less comorbidities (p=0.01), consumed less quantities of medications (p=0.00), and tended to be younger (p=0.06). Those patients also presented higher values of lipid profile (CT: p=0.01; LDL-c: p=0.02). Musculoskeletal complains were not associated to the adherence rate to the medication. The associated factors to adherence of dyslipidemic women to statin medical prescription were age, quantity of comorbidities and quantity of current medication.

[gait Speed, Grip Strength And Self-rated Health Among The Elderly: Data From The Fibra Campinas Network, São Paulo, Brazil].

The article seeks to investigate patterns of performance and relationships between grip strength, gait speed and self-rated health, and investigate the relationships between them, considering the variables of gender, age and family income. This was conducted in a probabilistic sample of community-dwelling elderly aged 65 and over, members of a population study on frailty. A total of 689 elderly people without cognitive deficit suggestive of dementia underwent tests of gait speed and grip strength. Comparisons between groups were based on low, medium and high speed and strength. Self-related health was assessed using a 5-point scale. The males and the younger elderly individuals scored significantly higher on grip strength and gait speed than the female and oldest did; the richest scored higher than the poorest on grip strength and gait speed; females and men aged over 80 had weaker grip strength and lower gait speed; slow gait speed and low income arose as risk factors for a worse health evaluation. Lower muscular strength affects the self-rated assessment of health because it results in a reduction in functional capacity, especially in the presence of poverty and a lack of compensatory factors.

Dietary Supplement Usage And Motivation In Brazilian Road Runners.

The consumption of dietary supplements is highest among athletes and it can represent potential a health risk for consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of consumption of dietary supplements by road runners. We interviewed 817 volunteers from four road races in the Brazilian running calendar. The sample consisted of 671 male and 146 female runners with a mean age of 37.9 ± 12.4 years. Of the sample, 28.33% reported having used some type of dietary supplement. The main motivation for this consumption is to increase in stamina and improve performance. The probability of consuming dietary supplements increased 4.67 times when the runners were guided by coaches. The consumption of supplements was strongly correlated (r = 0.97) with weekly running distance, and also highly correlated (r = 0.86) with the number of years the sport had been practiced. The longer the runner had practiced the sport, the higher the training volume and the greater the intake of supplements. The five most frequently cited reasons for consumption were: energy enhancement (29.5%), performance improvement (17.1%), increased level of endurance (10.3%), nutrient replacement (11.1%), and avoidance of fatigue (10.3%). About 30% of the consumers declared more than one reason for taking dietary supplements. The most consumed supplements were: carbohydrates (52.17%), vitamins (28.70%), and proteins (13.48%). Supplement consumption by road runners in Brazil appeared to be guided by the energy boosting properties of the supplement, the influence of coaches, and the experience of the user. The amount of supplement intake seemed to be lower among road runners than for athletes of other sports. We recommend that coaches and nutritionists emphasise that a balanced diet can meet the needs of physically active people.

Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor (g-csf) Positive Effects On Muscle Fiber Degeneration And Gait Recovery After Nerve Lesion In Mdx Mice.

G-CSF has been shown to decrease inflammatory processes and to act positively on the process of peripheral nerve regeneration during the course of muscular dystrophy. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of treatment of G-CSF during sciatic nerve regeneration and histological analysis in the soleus muscle in MDX mice. Six-week-old male MDX mice underwent left sciatic nerve crush and were G-CSF treated at 7 days prior to and 21 days after crush. Ten and twenty-one days after surgery, the mice were euthanized, and the sciatic nerves were processed for immunohistochemistry (anti-p75(NTR) and anti-neurofilament) and transmission electron microscopy. The soleus muscles were dissected out and processed for H&E staining and subsequent morphologic analysis. Motor function analyses were performed at 7 days prior to and 21 days after sciatic crush using the CatWalk system and the sciatic nerve index. Both groups treated with G-CSF showed increased p75(NTR) and neurofilament expression after sciatic crush. G-CSF treatment decreased the number of degenerated and regenerated muscle fibers, thereby increasing the number of normal muscle fibers. The reduction in p75(NTR) and neurofilament indicates a decreased regenerative capacity in MDX mice following a lesion to a peripheral nerve. The reduction in motor function in the crushed group compared with the control groups may reflect the cycles of muscle degeneration/regeneration that occur postnatally. Thus, G-CSF treatment increases motor function in MDX mice. Nevertheless, the decrease in baseline motor function in these mice is not reversed completely by G-CSF.

Omentum For Mammary Disorders: A 30-year Systematic Review.

Although the safety of applying omentum to the female breast for total breast reconstruction is controversial, it has recently been used to treat certain mammary disorders as well. A systematic review was therefore conducted to analyze and establish the suitability and safety of applying omentum to the breast. Covereing the interval from January 1984 to December 2013, we performed searches in MEDLINE, Embase, SciELO, and Google-Scholar for original articles describing the applicability of greater omentum to the breast and its clinical complications. Sixty observational articles with 985 women were chosen. The main clinical indications were total breast reconstruction after mastectomy due to breast cancer (45 studies), radiation damage (23 studies), and congenital Poland syndrome (4 studies). Altogether, 273 complications were identified among the 985 women treated. The most frequent was flap necrosis (26.74 %). The most serious was injury to the digestive system (1.10 %). There was a 35.48 % incidence of local breast cancer recurrence in eight observational studies on oncological risk. Seven of the eight included only women with advanced cancer. One of these studies reported the incidence and relapse time predominantly according to the primary tumor size. Although the oncological risk remains unclear, there was a high volume of complications that affected the digestive system. These findings suggest that omentum has well established applicability, but only for total breast reconstruction of huge defects, where muscular/myocutaneous or perforator flaps may be unsuitable.

Effect Of Concurrent Training With Blood Flow Restriction In The Elderly.

The aim of this present study was to investigate on the effects of concurrent training with blood flow restriction (BFR-CT) and concurrent training (CT) on the aerobic fitness, muscle mass and muscle strength in a cohort of older individuals. 25 healthy older adults (64.7±4.1 years; 69.33±10.8 kg; 1.6±0.1 m) were randomly assigned to experimental groups: CT (n=8, endurance training (ET), 2 days/week for 30-40 min, 50-80% VO2peak and RT, 2 days/week, leg press with 4 sets of 10 reps at 70-80% of 1-RM with 60 s rest), BFR-CT (n=10, ET, similar to CT, but resistance training with blood flow restriction: 2 days/week, leg press with 1 set of 30 and 3 sets of 15 reps at 20-30% 1-RM with 60 s rest) or control group (n=7). Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSAq), 1-RM and VO2peak were assessed pre- and post-examination (12 wk). The CT and BFR-CT showed similar increases in CSAq post-test (7.3%, P<0.001; 7.6%, P<0.0001, respectively), 1-RM (38.1%, P<0.001; 35.4%, P=0.001, respectively) and VO2peak (9.5%, P=0.04; 10.3%, P=0.02, respectively). The BFR-CT promotes similar neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory adaptations as CT.

Reduction Of Oxidative Damage And Inflammatory Response In The Diaphragm Muscle Of Mdx Mice Using Iron Chelator Deferoxamine.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes strongly contribute to pathogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Based on evidence that excess iron may increase oxidative stress and contribute to the inflammatory response, we investigated whether deferoxamine (DFX), a potent iron chelating agent, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the diaphragm (DIA) muscle of mdx mice (an experimental model of DMD). Fourteen-day-old mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of DFX at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, diluted in saline, for 14 days. C57BL/10 and control mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline only, for 14 days. Grip strength was evaluated as a functional measure, and blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment of muscle fiber degeneration. In addition, the DIA muscle was removed and processed for histopathology and Western blotting analysis. In mdx mice, DFX reduced muscle damage and loss of muscle strength. DFX treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of dystrophic inflammatory processes, as indicated by decreases in the inflammatory area and in NF-κB levels. DFX significantly decreased oxidative damage, as shown by lower levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and a reduction in dihydroethidium staining in the DIA muscle of mdx mice. The results of the present study suggest that DFX may be useful in therapeutic strategies to ameliorate dystrophic muscle pathology, possibly via mechanisms involving oxidative and inflammatory pathways.

Semiologia neurológica numa população de escolares da primeira série do ensino fundamental

We evaluated children in the first grade of a elementary school using neurological examination. With no previous knowledgement of their educational performance, were invited all children attending five classes of the first grade of an elementary public school chosen randomly, in Itatiba / Sao Paulo / Brazil, whose parents assigned a Commitment Term for participation in this research. Children who missed three evaluations in different days or whose parents did not assigned the Commitment Term were excluded. The Traditional Neurological Examination (ENT) (Lefevre, 1972) was applied. It was considered for normal the measurement of the skull circumference, proposed by Diament & Rodrigues (1976), and the application of all ENT items. The data were stored in a database of the Epi6 Program (Epidemiologic Information), and analyzed by percentage calculation and by the c2 test. The significance level was 0.05. Children evaluated were 124. The ENT results were normal in 87 (70.16%) and altered in 37 (29.83%). Among the alterations, there were observed: light tremor, light muscular hypotonia, speech acquisition delay, macrocephaly, microcephaly, hyperactivity, cranial nerve syndrome, central facial paralysis. One child presented corticospinal tract impairment syndrome of the distal lower extremities.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: case report

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare genetic disease characterized by widespread soft tissue ossification and congenital stigmata of the extremities. We report on a male child followed for ten years since the age of 3 years and 9 months, when the diagnosis was made. He was born with bilateral hypoplasic hallux valgus and ventricular septal defect, corrected by transsternal approach when 32 months old. Restriction of neck mobility followed and foci of ectopic ossification appeared. Four crises of disease exacerbation were treated with oral prednisone and/or other antiinflammatory drugs. Sodium etidronate 5 to 10 mg/kg/day was prescribed intermittently during about six years but was discontinued due to osteopenia. The disease course has been relentless, with severe movement restriction including the chest wall. A review showed few similar case reports in the Brazilian literature. We revisit the criteria for diagnosis and the essentials of management and treatment.