Exercício físico e cancro da mama: uma revisão

Introdução – Os efeitos fisiológicos da atividade física e do treino são atualmente motivo de extensa investigação cujos resultados mostraram já de forma incontroversa os seus benefícios em diferentes condições clínicas. Diferentes estudos mostraram já os efeitos benéficos do exercício regular de intensidade leve a moderada na diminuição do risco de cancro, bem como na aptidão física de indivíduos portadores de cancro, submetidos ou não a cirurgia. A prescrição do exercício mais adequado para a sua maior eficácia na melhoria da aptidão física e para a diminuição da fadiga não é, no entanto, ainda consensual. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de rever o conhecimento atual sobre os benefícios do exercício físico em sobreviventes de cancro da mama, bem como sistematizar as linhas orientadoras atuais para a prescrição do exercício físico na referida população. Metodologia – Recorreu-se a uma revisão da literatura, tendo como base as palavras-chave: cancro da mama, sobreviventes de cancro da mama, risco de cancro, exercício físico, atividade física e treino, dando preferência a estudos que, na classificação de Oxford, correspondessem aos níveis I (ensaios clínicos randomizados e revisões sistemáticas) e II de evidência científica (ensaios clínicos não randomizados). Conclusão – Embora se reconheça que o exercício físico é benéfico para a população em geral e existam linhas orientadoras para a prescrição do exercício físico em indivíduos com cancro, estas não são ainda absolutamente consensuais, necessitando sempre de individualização no treino. A investigação em torno das questões que envolvem a adequada prescrição do exercício físico em indivíduos com ou em risco de desenvolver cancro é primordial. ABSTRACT - Introduction – Physiological effects of physical activity and training are currently subject of extensive research which has already showed uncontroversial benefits in different clinical conditions. Different studies have already shown the beneficial effects of mild to moderate regular exercise in decreasing cancer risk and increasing physical fitness of individuals suffering from cancer, undergoing surgery or not. However, the appropriate exercise prescription for greater efficacy in improving physical fitness and decreasing fatigue is not yet consensus. The aim of this study was to review current knowledge about the benefits of exercise on breast cancer survivors and systematize the existing guidelines for prescribing exercise in this population. Methodology – A literature review was conducted based on the keywords: breast cancer, breast cancer survivors, cancer risk, physical exercise, physical activity and training, giving preference to studies in the classification of Oxford corresponded to level I (randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews) and II (no randomized clinical trials) scientific evidence. Conclusion – Although it is recognized that exercise is beneficial for general population and that there are guidelines for exercise prescription for individuals with cancer, there is no absolute agreement and they constantly require individual adaptations in training. Research on issues involving the correct prescription of exercise for individuals with or at risk of developing cancer is vital.

O impacto do uso da tala nocturna na funcionalidade do indivíduo com síndrome do túnel carpiano

A síndrome do túnel carpiano (STC) é considerada a neuropatia compressiva mais comum na população. É causada pela compressão directa sobre o nervo mediano no interior do túnel carpiano, que origina parestesias, dor na mão e disfunção muscular. Como consequência destes sintomas, os indivíduos vêem comprometida a sua funcionalidade ao nível das ocupações e, por consequência, alterado o seu desempenho ocupacional. Este trabalho tem como objectivo principal verificar de que forma a utilização da tala nocturna influencia a funcionalidade do indivíduo com STC. Concomitantemente pretende-se definir em que medida alterações das forças de preensão palmar e de pinças se relaciona com o uso da tala. Por último, identificar quais as variáveis sócio - demográficas e as que caracterizam a patologia que estão relacionadas com o problema em estudo e aos valores obtidos com as escalas do Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BQTC), nos indivíduos dos grupos controlo e experimental. A amostra é constituída por 22 indivíduos no grupo controlo e 24 no grupo experimental, com diagnóstico de STC ligeiro e moderado. Foram aplicados o BCTQ, o dinamómetro e o pinch meter de Jamar. Os resultados deste estudo mostram uma diminuição significativa da sintomatologia da STC, após a aplicação da tala, nos momentos de reavaliação e follow up, (p=0,000 e p=0,004), assim como um aumento significativo da funcionalidade nos dois momentos (p=0,000 e p=0,004). Deste estudo conclui-se que a utilização da tala nocturna beneficia os indivíduos com STC ligeiro e moderado.

Risk of drug interaction: combination of antidepressants and other drugs

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of combination of antidepressants with other drugs and risk of drug interactions in the setting public hospital units in Brazil. METHODS: Prescriptions of all patients admitted to a public hospital from November 1996 to February 1997 were surveyed from the hospital's data processing center in São Paulo, Brazil. A manual search of case notes of all patients admitted to the psychiatric unit from January 1993 to December 1995 and all patients registered in the affective disorders outpatient clinic in December 1996 was carried out. Patients taking any antidepressant were identified and concomitant use of drugs was checked. By means of a software program (Micromedex®) drug interactions were identified. RESULTS: Out of 6,844 patients admitted to the hospital, 63 (0.9%) used antidepressants and 16 (25.3%) were at risk of drug interaction. Out of 311 patients in the psychiatric unit, 63 (20.2%) used antidepressants and 13 of them (20.6%) were at risk. Out of 87 patients in the affective disorders outpatient clinic, 43 (49.4%) took antidepressants and 7 (16.2%) were at risk. In general, the use of antidepressants was recorded in 169 patients and 36 (21.3%) were at risk of drug interactions. Twenty different forms of combinations at risk of drug interactions were identified: four were classified as mild, 15 moderate and one severe interaction. CONCLUSION: In the hospital general units the number of drug interactions per patient was higher than in the psychiatric unit; and prescription for depression was lower than expected.

Complexes of copper(II) with 3-(ortho-substituted phenylhydrazo)pentane-2,4-diones: syntheses,properties and catalytic activity for cyclohexane oxidation

Reactions of copper(II) with 3-phenylhydrazopentane-2,4-diones X-2-C6H4-NHN = C{C(= O)CH3}(2) bearing a substituent in the ortho-position [X = OH (H2L1) 1, AsO3H2 (H3L2) 2, Cl (HL3) 3, SO3H (H2L4) 4, COOCH3 (HL5) 5, COOH (H2L6) 6, NO2 (HL7) 7 or H (HL8) 8] lead to a variety of complexes including the monomeric [CuL4(H2O)(2)]center dot H2O 10, [CuL4(H2O)(2)] 11 and [Cu(HL4)(2)(H2O)(4)] 12, the dimeric [Cu-2(H2O)(2)(mu-HL2)(2)] 9 and the polymeric [Cu(mu-L-6)](n)] 13 ones, often bearing two fused six-membered metallacycles. Complexes 10-12 can interconvert, depending on pH and temperature, whereas the Cu(II) reactions with 4 in the presence of cyanoguanidine or imidazole (im) afford the monomeric compound [Cu(H2O)(4){NCNC(NH2)(2)}(2)](HL4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O 14 and the heteroligand polymer [Cu(mu-L-4)(im)](n) 15, respectively. The compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (complexes), electrochemical and thermogravimetric studies, as well as elemental analysis, IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopies (diones) and ESI-MS. The effects of the substituents in 1-8 on the HOMO-LUMO gap and the relative stability of the model compounds [Cu(OH)(L-8)(H2O)]center dot H2O, [Cu(L-1)(H2O)(2)]center dot H2O and [Cu(L-4)(H2O)(2)]center dot H2O are discussed on the basis of DFT calculations that show the stabilization follows the order: two fused 6-membered > two fused 6-membered/5-membered > one 6-membered metallacycles. Complexes 9, 10, 12 and 13 act as catalyst precursors for the peroxidative oxidation (with H2O2) of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, in MeCN/H2O (total yields of ca. 20% with TONs up to 566), under mild conditions.

Alginate-chitosan particulate delivery systems for mucosal immunization against tuberculosis

Although vaccination is still the most cost-effective strategy for tuberculosis control, there is an urgent need for an improved vaccine. Current BCG vaccine lacks efficacy in preventing adult pulmonary tuberculosis, the most prevalent form of the disease. Targeting nasal mucosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection site, will allow a simpler, less prone to risk of infection and more effective immunization against disease. Due to its biodegradable, immunogenic and mucoadhesive properties, chitosan particulate delivery systems can act both as carrier and as adjuvant, improving the elicited immune response. In this study, BCG was encapsulated in alginate and chitosan microparticles, via a mild ionotropic gelation procedure with sodium tripolyphosphate as a counterion. The particulate system developed shows effective modulation of BCG surface physicochemical properties, suitable for mucosal immunization. Intracellular uptake was confirmed by effective transfection of human macrophage cell lines.

Prevalência de dor cervical e incapacidade funcional na Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto

A dor cervical é cada vez mais um problema comum e incapacitante nos países industrializados. O objectivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência de dor cervical nos últimos seis meses, intensidade da dor e incapacidade funcional em indivíduos com dor cervical. O estudo do tipo observacional, descritivo e transversal. Amostra constituída por alunos, docentes, administrativos e auxiliares da ESTSP (n=285). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário de caracterização da amostra, escala visual analógica e Neck Disability Index. A prevalência de dor cervical foi elevada e a dor classificada como moderada. A incapacidade funcional variou entre ligeira e moderada.

Insuficiência de convergência e atenção visual: estudo exploratório em estudantes do ensino superior

RESUMO: Introdução – A insuficiência de convergência (IC) pode desencadear alterações da atenção visual. Pretende-se investigar se existem alterações na atenção visual em estudantes do ensino superior com IC. Metodologia – Estudo quantitativo, comparativo e correlacional. Participaram 44 estudantes com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 24 anos. Formaram-se dois grupos, um com Visão Binocular Normal (VBN) e outro com IC. O grupo com IC incluiu os indivíduos que apresentaram alterações no ponto próximo de convergência (PPC) e/ou na convergência para perto (C’). Para avaliar a atenção visual utilizou-se o teste de cancelamento de sinos. Resultados – O grupo com VBN foi composto por 32 indivíduos (23 do género feminino) e o grupo com IC por 12 indivíduos (11 do género feminino). No teste de atenção visual verificou-se que o número médio de sinos identificados foi de 34,6 para o grupo com VBN e de 34,3 no grupo com IC. O tempo médio de realização do teste foi de 167,9s e de 198,3s para os grupos de VBN e IC, respetivamente. Observou-se uma correlação moderada positiva entre o PPC e o tempo médio de realização do teste (r≈0,63) e uma correlação fraca positiva entre o número médio de sinos identificados e a C’ (r≈0,16). Por outro lado, a correlação entre o PPC e o número médio de sinos identificados (r≈-0,48) foi fraca negativa e entre a C’ e o tempo médio (r≈-0,05) foi ínfima negativa. Discussão/Conclusões – O grupo com VBN apresenta um número médio de sinos identificados superior ao grupo com IC. Verifica-se ainda que o grupo com IC demorou mais tempo na realização do teste, comparativamente com o grupo com VBN. Estes resultados apontam para uma possível relação entre a IC e a diminuição da atenção visual.

Health, sleep and lack of time: relations to domestic and paid work in nurses

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether reported morbidity and complaints of lack of time and sleep are associated with the burden of professional work and housework among nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional exploratory study was carried out among female nurses and nurse assistants (N=206) of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. The prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: Mean duration of professional work and housework time was 40.4 and 31.6 hours/week, respectively. Long professional working time (over 44 hours/week) were associated with mild emotional disorders (PR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.80), complaints of lack of time for resting/leisure (PR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.31-1.97), housework (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.12-1.97), and childcare (PR=1.99; 95% CI: 1.51-2.63). Long housework time (over 28 hours/week) was associated with lower prevalence of lack of time for childcare (PR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.84). High housework load was associated with lack of personal time and complaints of varicose veins (PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.14-1.50 and PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.08-1.58, respectively). Complaints of varicose veins were also frequent among female nurses with a total work load above 84 hours (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.05-1.61), though this group has shown a lower prevalence of arterial hypertension and recurrent headaches (PR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.83 and PR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.32-0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that both professional and home environments are relevant in the evaluation of work overload on nurses' health and their family and social life. It is stressed the need for instruments for analyzing total workload among female populations.

Plantas ornamentais tóxicas: contributo para a sua caracterização e perceção do risco de exposição ocupacional

Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene do Trabalho.

Modelo de previsão meteorológica baseado em sistemas de inferência difusa

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Efficient cyclohexane oxidation with hydrogen peroxide catalysed by a C-scorpionate iron(II) complex immobilized on desilicated MOR zeolite

The hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane iron(II) complex [FeCl2{eta(3)-HC(pz)(3)}] (Fe, pz = pyrazol-1-yl) immobilized on commercial (MOR) or desilicated (MOR-D) zeolite, catalyses the oxidation of cyclohexane with hydrogen peroxide to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, under mild conditions. MOR-D/Fe (desilicated zeolite supported [FeCl2{eta(3)-HC(pz)(3)}] complex) provides an outstanding catalytic activity (TON up to 2.90 x 10(3)) with the concomitant overall yield of 38%, and can be easy recovered and reused. The MOR or MOR-D supported hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane iron(II) complex (MOR/Fe and MOR-D/Fe, respectively) was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, ICP-AES, and TEM studies as well as by IR spectroscopy and N-2 adsorption at -196 degrees C. The catalytic operational conditions (e.g., reaction time, type and amount of oxidant, presence of acid and type of solvent) were optimized. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biodiesel production from waste frying oils over lime catalysts

Biodiesel production from semi-refined oils (SRO) and waste frying oils (WFO) was studied using commercial CaO as heterogeneous catalyst. The methanolysis tests were carried out in mild reaction conditions (62 A degrees C, atmospheric pressure). With such conditions, SRO (soybean and rapeseed) allowed to produce a biodiesel containing 97-98 % of methyl esters (FAME), whereas WFO only provided 86-87 % of FAME. The lower FAME yield for WFO oil is ascribable to the partial neutralization of the catalyst by free fatty acids. Also, soaps formation from the WFO oil reduced the weight yield of the oil phase (containing FAME) obtained and increased the MONG content of the glycerin phase. The catalysts stability tests showed high stability even when WFO oil was processed. Catalytic tests performed with blends of WFO/semi-refined oils showed blending as a good strategy to process low value raw oils with minor decay of the catalyst performance. Both WFO and semi-refined oils showed S-shape kinetics curves thus discarding significant differences of the reaction mechanisms.

Inter-relação de Meloidogyne enterolobii e Pratylenchus brachyurus em variedades de goiabeiras

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Oxorhenium Complexes Bearing the Water-Soluble Tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methanesulfonate, 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane, or Related Ligands, as Catalysts for Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Ketones

New rhenium(VII or III) complexes [ReO3(PTA)(2)][ReO4] (1) (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), [ReO3(mPTA)][ReO4] (2) (mPTA = N-methyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane cation), [ReO3(HMT)(2)] [ReO4] (3) (HMT = hexamethylenetetramine), [ReO3(eta(2)-Tpm)(PTA)][ReO4] (4) [Tpm = hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)methane, HC(pz)(3), pz = pyrazolyl), [ReO3(Hpz)(HMT)][ReO4] (5) (Hpz = pyrazole), [ReO(Tpms)(HMT)] (6) [Tpms = tris(pyrazol-1-yl)methanesulfonate, O3SC(pz)(3)(-)] and [ReCl2{N2C(O)Ph} (PTA)(3)] (7) have been prepared from the Re(VII) oxide Re2O2 (1-6) or, in the case of 7, by ligand exchange from the benzoyldiazenido complex [ReCl2(N2C-(O)Ph}(Hpz)(PPh3)(2)], and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis and electrochemical properties. Theoretical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level of theory indicated that the coordination of PTA to both Re(III) and Re(VII) centers by the P atom is preferable compared to the coordination by the N atom. This is interpreted in terms of the Re-PTA bond energy and hard-soft acid-base theory. The oxo-rhenium complexes 1-6 act as selective catalysts for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclic and linear ketones (e.g., 2-methylcyclohexanone, 2-methylcyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, cyclobutanone, and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone or pinacolone) to the corresponding lactones or esters, in the presence of aqueous H2O2. The effects of a variety of factors are studied toward the optimization of the process.

Homogeneous and heterogenised new gold C-scorpionate complexes as catalysts for cyclohexane oxidation

Gold(III) complexes of type [AuCl2{eta(2)-RC(R'pz)(3)}]Cl [R = R' = H (1), R = CH2OH, R' = H (2) and R = H, R' = 3,5-Me-2(3), pz = pyrazol-1-yl] were supported on carbon materials (activated carbon, carbon xerogel and carbon nanotubes) and used for the oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, with aqueous H2O2, under mild conditions.